Review on generation and evolution of infragravity waves

LIU Ye; LIAO Zhiling; LIU Qi; LI Shaowu

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LIU Ye，LIAO Zhiling，LIU Qi, et al. Review on generation and evolution of infragravity waves[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2026, 48(x)：1–18

Citation:

LIU Ye，LIAO Zhiling，LIU Qi, et al. Review on generation and evolution of infragravity waves[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2026, 48(x)：1–18

Citation:

LIU Ye，LIAO Zhiling，LIU Qi, et al. Review on generation and evolution of infragravity waves[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2026, 48(x)：1–18

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Review on generation and evolution of infragravity waves

1.
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2.
The Lyell Centre for Earth and Marine Science and Technology, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK

Received Date: 2025-10-15
Rev Recd Date: 2026-01-06

Available Online: 2026-01-15

Abstract

Abstract

Infragravity waves (with periods of 25−250 s) are critical components of nearshore hydrodynamic processes and have significant influence on coastal geomorphological evolution and engineering safety. Based on the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy, this paper systematically reviews the latest research progress on the generation mechanisms and evolution characteristics of infragravity waves. Regarding generation mechanisms, the review elaborates on four primary mechanisms: bound long waves, moving breakpoint forcing, bore merging, and wind gusts. Particular attention is given to the theoretical development from the classical equilibrium solution to non-equilibrium solutions for bound long waves, along with the recently proposed unified Green's function approach. In terms of propagation and evolution, the phase variation and energy transfer, nonlinear shoaling, nearshore dissipation, and shoreline reflection of infragravity waves on sloping beaches are introduced. Then, the amplification of infragravity waves over offshore raised topographies and coral reefs is also examined. The article further points out the inherent randomness present during the evolution of infragravity waves. Finally, future research directions are outlined, providing a theoretical reference for further study and application in terms of infragravity waves.
- infragravity waves,
- radiation stress,
- bound long waves,
- moving breakpoint forcing,
- nonlinear shoaling,
- coral reef

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References(126)

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