Species Diversity and Taxonomic Status of Sea Cucumbers in China

Li Fengping¹; Chen Yu; Yang Yi; Wang Aimin; Xu Qiang; Gao Fei

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Li Fengping¹，Chen Yu，Yang Yi, et al. Species Diversity and Taxonomic Status of Sea Cucumbers in China[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2025, 48(x)：1–29

Citation:

Li Fengping¹，Chen Yu，Yang Yi, et al. Species Diversity and Taxonomic Status of Sea Cucumbers in China[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2025, 48(x)：1–29

Citation:

Li Fengping¹，Chen Yu，Yang Yi, et al. Species Diversity and Taxonomic Status of Sea Cucumbers in China[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2025, 48(x)：1–29

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Species Diversity and Taxonomic Status of Sea Cucumbers in China

Li Fengping¹^1
,,
Chen Yu²,
Yang Yi²,
Wang Aimin²,
Xu Qiang²,
Gao Fei^{2
,
,}

1.
School of Ecology
2.
School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China

Received Date: 2025-10-13
Rev Recd Date: 2025-11-25

Available Online: 2025-12-03

Abstract

Abstract

China’s marine waters support abundant sea cucumber resources, with 138 species recorded across 7 orders, 16 families and 61 genera, including 39 species of major nutritional and economic value. These species are widely distributed across tropical, subtropical, and temperate waters, where they play essential roles in maintaining benthic ecological processes, regulating sediment structure, and supporting the development of marine ranching systems. At present, research on sea cucumbers in China has largely focused on aquaculture techniques and the bioactive properties of functional compounds, whereas fundamental studies on taxonomy and systematics remain comparatively limited. Since the establishment of the sea cucumber classification system in the 19th century, taxonomic methodologies have undergone a profound shift from traditional morphology-based approaches to modern molecular systematics. Traditional taxonomy relies primarily on external morphology and ossicle characteristics, with as many as 25 recognized ossicle types. However, the complexity of ossicle structures, the pronounced morphological polymorphism, and the high interspecific similarity and substantial intraspecific variation collectively hinder precise identification of closely related taxa and individuals at different life-history stages when using morphology alone.In recent years, the widespread application of molecular barcoding techniques such as COI and 16S rRNA, together with the rapid development of mitogenomic and whole-genome phylogenetic approaches, has significantly improved the accuracy of species identification and phylogenetic reconstruction. Despite these advances, several challenges persist, including insufficient deep-sea and South China Sea sampling, incomplete specimen coverage, limited molecular datasets, and inconsistent identification standards. Future research should strengthen systematic sampling and long-term monitoring in key marine regions, establish an integrative taxonomic framework combining traditional morphological traits, ossicle microstructure, and multi-gene molecular data, and promote the adoption of environmental DNA (eDNA) non-invasive sampling and AI-assisted digital imaging platforms. The establishment of standardized genetic and morphological databases, together with a national DNA barcode library, will provide essential technical support for rapid species identification and sustainable resource management. This study comprehensively reviews the species diversity patterns and taxonomic progress of Chinese sea cucumbers, identifies the current challenges in holothurian taxonomy, and proposes future directions toward a robust classification framework that underpins biodiversity conservation, ecological restoration, and the sustainable utilization of sea cucumber resources.
- Sea cucumber,
- Species diversity,
- Classification,
- Ossicles,
- Molecular techniques

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References(123)

References

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