Multiscale interactions among the background flow, mesoscale eddy and high-frequency perturbation in the Bay of Bengal

Ji Ye; Yang Yang; Liang Xiangsan

doi:10.12284/hyxb2022109

Volume 44 Issue 9

Aug. 2022

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Haiyang Xuebao > 2022 > 44(9): 23-37

Ji Ye，Yang Yang，Liang Xiangsan. Multiscale interactions among the background flow, mesoscale eddy and high-frequency perturbation in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2022, 44(9)：23–37 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022109

Citation:

PDF( 4059 KB)

Multiscale interactions among the background flow, mesoscale eddy and high-frequency perturbation in the Bay of Bengal

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022109

Ji Ye^1
,,
Yang Yang²,
Liang Xiangsan^{3, 4, 5
,
,}

1.
School of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
2.
College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
3.
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
4.
IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
5.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China

Received Date: 2021-08-25
Rev Recd Date: 2022-03-15

Available Online: 2022-06-01

Publish Date: 2022-08-29

Abstract

Abstract

This study utilizes a new functional analysis tool, multiscale window transform (MWT), to decompose the ocean circulation system in the Bay of Bengal (BOB) into three scale windows, namely, the background flow window (>96 days), the mesoscale window (24–96 days) and the high-frequency window (<24 days), and then uses the canonical energy transfer theory to investigate the intrinsic nonlinear multiscale interactions among these windows, on the basis of an eddy-resolving model simulation. It is found that multiscale interactions are strongest along the northwestern boundary and east of Sri Lanka. With intense barotropic and baroclinic instabilities, the canonical transfers of kinetic energy (KE) and available potential energy (APE) are mainly forward in these two regions. Mesoscale eddy kinetic energy (EKE) reservoir is mainly filled by the barotropic energy pathway with the kinetic energy of the background flow transferring to EKE, and secondarily from the baroclinic energy pathway with APE of the background flow transferring to the mesoscale APE and further converting to EKE. The gained EKE is found to further cascade to high-frequency motions, acting as an important dissipation mechanism of the mesoscale eddies in these regions. In contrast, the central BOB is mainly characterized by inverse KE cascades, where EKE and high-frequency kinetic energy (HKE) are gained via the baroclinic energy pathway, and then feed the background flow through inverse cascade processes. The northwest of Sumatra is also an area with strong mesoscale and high-frequency variability. Both barotropic and baroclinic energy pathways are the sources for EKE and HKE reservoirs in this region, with the baroclinic energy pathway playing the dominant role.
- Bay of Bengal,
- multiscale window transform,
- canonical transfer,
- multiscale interaction,
- barotropic instability,
- baroclinic instability

FullText(HTML)

References(37)

References

[1]	Shankar D, McCreary J P, Han W, et al. Dynamics of the East India coastal current: 1. Analytic solutions forced by interior Ekman pumping and local alongshore winds[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1996, 101(C6): 13975−13991. doi: 10.1029/96JC00559
[2]	Schott F A, Xie Shangping, McCreary J P Jr. Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2009, 47(1): RG1002.
[3]	Cui Wei, Yang Jungang, Ma Yi. A statistical analysis of mesoscale eddies in the Bay of Bengal from 22–year altimetry data[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2016, 35(11): 16−27. doi: 10.1007/s13131-016-0945-3
[4]	Subrahmanyam B, Roman-Stork H L, Murty V S N. Response of the Bay of Bengal to 3−7−day synoptic oscillations during the southwest monsoon of 2019[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2020, 125(6): e2020JC016200.
[5]	Hood R R, Beckley L E, Wiggert J D. Biogeochemical and ecological impacts of boundary currents in the Indian Ocean[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2017, 156: 290−325. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2017.04.011
[6]	Prasanna Kumar S, Nuncio M, Ramaiah N, et al. Eddy-mediated biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal during fall and spring intermonsoons[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2007, 54(9): 1619−1640. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.06.002
[7]	Sanchez-Franks A, Kent E C, Matthews A J, et al. Intraseasonal variability of air-sea fluxes over the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon[J]. Journal of Climate, 2018, 31(17): 7087−7109. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0652.1
[8]	Durand F, Shankar D, Birol F, et al. Spatiotemporal structure of the East India coastal current from satellite altimetry[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, 114(C2): C02013.
[9]	Shetye S R, Gouveia A D, Shenoi S S C, et al. The western boundary current of the seasonal subtropical gyre in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1993, 98(C1): 945−954. doi: 10.1029/92JC02070
[10]	Eigenheer A, Quadfasel D. Seasonal variability of the Bay of Bengal circulation inferred from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2000, 105(C2): 3243−3252. doi: 10.1029/1999JC900291
[11]	McCreary J P, Han W, Shankar D, et al. Dynamics of the East India coastal current: 2. Numerical solutions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1996, 101(C6): 13993−14010. doi: 10.1029/96JC00560
[12]	Potemra J T, Luther M E, O’Brien J J. The seasonal circulation of the upper ocean in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1991, 96(C7): 12667−12683. doi: 10.1029/91JC01045
[13]	Vinayachandran P N, Kagimoto T, Masumoto Y, et al. Bifurcation of the East India coastal current east of Sri Lanka[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(15): L15606. doi: 10.1029/2005GL022864
[14]	Babu M T, Sarma Y V B, Murty V S N, et al. On the circulation in the Bay of Bengal during northern spring inter-monsoon (March–April 1987)[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2003, 50(5): 855−865. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00609-4
[15]	Cheng Xuhua, Xie Shangping, McCreary J P, et al. Intraseasonal variability of sea surface height in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2013, 118(2): 816−830. doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20075
[16]	Chen Gengxin, Wang Dongxiao, Hou Yijun. The features and interannual variability mechanism of mesoscale eddies in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2012, 47: 178−185. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2012.07.011
[17]	Cheng Xuhua, McCreary J P, Qiu Bo, et al. Intraseasonal-to-semiannual variability of sea-surface height in the astern, equatorial Indian Ocean and southern Bay of Bengal[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2017, 122(5): 4051−4067. doi: 10.1002/2016JC012662
[18]	Nuncio M, Kumar S P. Life cycle of eddies along the western boundary of the Bay of Bengal and their implications[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2012, 94: 9−17. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.10.002
[19]	Kumar S P, Nuncio M, Narvekar J, et al. Are eddies nature’s trigger to enhance biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal?[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 31(7): L07309.
[20]	Arunraj K S, Jena B K, Suseentharan V, et al. Variability in eddy distribution associated with East India coastal current from high-frequency radar observations along southeast coast of India[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2018, 123(12): 9101−9118. doi: 10.1029/2018JC014041
[21]	Kurien P, Ikeda M, Valsala V K. Mesoscale variability along the east coast of India in spring as revealed from satellite data and OGCM simulations[J]. Journal of Oceanography, 2010, 66(2): 273−289. doi: 10.1007/s10872-010-0024-x
[22]	Chen Gengxin, Li Yuanlong, Xie Qiang, et al. Origins of eddy kinetic energy in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2018, 123(3): 2097−2115. doi: 10.1002/2017JC013455
[23]	Patnaik K V K R K, Maneesha K, Sadhuram Y, et al. East India coastal current induced eddies and their interaction with tropical storms over Bay of Bengal[J]. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2014, 7(1): 58−68. doi: 10.1080/1755876X.2014.11020153
[24]	Babu M T, Kumar P S, Rao D P. A subsurface cyclonic eddy in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Journal of Marine Research, 1991, 49(3): 403−410. doi: 10.1357/002224091784995846
[25]	Yang Yang, Liang X S. New perspectives on the generation and maintenance of the Kuroshio large meander[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2019, 49(8): 2095−2113. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-18-0276.1
[26]	Yang Yang, Weisberg R H, Liu Yonggang, et al. Instabilities and multiscale interactions underlying the loop current eddy shedding in the gulf of Mexico[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2020, 50(5): 1289−1317. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-19-0202.1
[27]	Liang X S, Anderson D G M. Multiscale window transform[J]. Multiscale Modeling & Simulation, 2007, 6(2): 437−467.
[28]	Liang X S, Robinson A R. Localized multi-scale energy and vorticity analysis: II. Finite-amplitude instability theory and validation[J]. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 2007, 44(2): 51−76. doi: 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2007.04.001
[29]	Liang X S. Canonical transfer and multiscale energetics for primitive and quasigeostrophic atmospheres[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2016, 73(11): 4439−4468. doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0131.1
[30]	Masumoto Y, Sasaki H, Kagimoto T, et al. A fifty-year eddy-resolving simulation of the world ocean−Preliminary outcomes of OFES (OGCM for the Earth Simulator)[J]. Journal of the Earth Simulator, 2004, 1: 35−56.
[31]	Sasaki H, Nonaka M, Masumoto Y, et al. An eddy-resolving hindcast simulation of the quasiglobal ocean from 1950 to 2003 on the earth simulator[M]//Hamilton K, Ohfuchi W. High Resolution Numerical Modelling of the Atmosphere and Ocean. New York, NY: Springer, 2008: 157−185.
[32]	Gonaduwage L P, Chen Gengxi, McPhaden M J, et al. Meridional and zonal eddy-induced heat and salt transport in the Bay of Bengal and their seasonal modulation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2019, 124(11): 8079−8101. doi: 10.1029/2019JC015124
[33]	Yang Yang, Liang X S. The intrinsic nonlinear multiscale interactions among the mean flow, low frequency variability and mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio region[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2019, 62(3): 595−608. doi: 10.1007/s11430-018-9289-4
[34]	Renault L, Molemaker M J, McWilliams J C, et al. Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2016, 46(6): 1685−1704. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0232.1
[35]	Arbic B K, Müller M, Richman J G, et al. Geostrophic turbulence in the frequency–wavenumber domain: eddy-driven low-frequency variability[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2014, 44(8): 2050−2069. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-13-054.1
[36]	Cheng Xuha, McCreary J P, Qiu Bo, et al. Dynamics of eddy generation in the central Bay of Bengal[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2018, 123(9): 6861−6875. doi: 10.1029/2018JC014100
[37]	von Storch J S, Eden C, Fast I, et al. An estimate of the Lorenz energy cycle for the world ocean based on the 1/10° STORM/NCEP simulation[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2012, 42(12): 2185−2205. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-12-079.1