Temperature dependence of sediment oxygen consumption from the Yangtze River Estuary, the Yellow River Estuary and the Yellow Sea nearshore
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摘要: 沉积物耗氧（sediment oxygen consumption，SOC）是量化沉积物中有机碳矿化的关键参数，是了解海洋碳循环的核心，边缘海沉积物耗氧约占全球海洋沉积物耗氧的60%。温度是调控沉积物中微生物呼吸的重要控制因素。然而不同河口及近岸海区沉积物耗氧对温度的响应差异研究较为匮乏，在全球变暖导致沿海海洋海温升高的背景下，这会导致对沉积物耗氧和矿化理解的偏差。本研究选取长江口、黄河口以及黄海近岸沉积物，在2−45 ℃温度跨度以2−3 ℃的温度梯度测定了沉积物耗氧速率对温度的响应。结果表明，3个海域沉积物耗氧随温度呈指数型上升；长江口沉积物耗氧的表观活化能（Eaʹ)为69～77 kJ/mol，温度系数（Q10（15−25℃））在2.6～3.0间，与德国Weser河口沉积物耗氧Q10（0−10℃）相近；黄河口及黄海近岸沉积物耗氧的Eaʹ为51～58 kJ/mol，Q10（15−25℃）值在2.0～2.3间，与加拿大海湾浅层沉积物Q10（10−20℃）相近。长江口沉积物耗氧Eaʹ与Q10（15−25℃）显著高于黄河口及黄海近岸（ANOVA, P<0.01），归因于长江口不稳定型有机碳含量较多从而底物可利用性升高。研究站位沉积物耗氧Q10（15−25℃）整体范围在2.5±0.3间，与全球尺度下沉积物耗氧Q10（2.4±0.4）基本一致，符合大部分生物反应Q10为2−3的范围。本文系统研究了长江口、黄河口及黄海近岸沉积物耗氧的温度响应及差异，为典型河口及近岸沉积物碳矿化与全球气候变暖之间的反馈关系以及模型预测提供了数据支撑。Abstract: Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) is a key parameter for quantifying organic carbon mineralization in sediments, crucial for understanding the marine carbon cycle. The oxygen consumption of sediments in marginal seas account for approximately 60% of global marine sediments. Temperature is a major factor influencing microbial respiration in sediments. However, there is a lack of research on the differences in temperature responses of sediment oxygen consumption across various estuaries and nearshore areas, which may lead to inaccuracies in our understanding of sediment oxygen consumption and mineralization, especially in the context of global warming and rising sea temperatures. This study examined sediment from the Yangtze River Estuary, the Yellow River Estuary, and the Yellow Sea nearshore, measuring sediment oxygen consumption across a temperature range of 2−45 ℃ with 2−3 ℃ increments. Results showed an exponential increase in sediment oxygen consumption with temperature in all three regions. The apparent activation energy (Eaʹ) of sediment oxygen consumption in the Yangtze River Estuary is in the range of 69−77 kJ/mol, and the temperature coefficient (Q10 (15−25℃)) is 2.6−3.0, similar to sediments in the Weser Estuary of Germany. In the Yellow River Estuary and the coastal area of the Yellow Sea, the Eaʹ is 51−58 kJ/mol, and the Q10 (15−25℃) value is 2.0−2.3, comparable to data from shallow sediments in the Canada Bay. The Eaʹ and Q10 (15−25℃) of sediment oxygen consumption in the Yangtze River Estuary are significantly higher than those in the Yellow River Estuary and the Yellow Sea nearshore (AVONA, P<0.01), likely due to higher labile organic carbon content. The range of sediment oxygen consumption Q10 (15−25℃) is 2.5 ± 0.3, basically in line with that of sediment oxygen consumption on a global scale (2.4 ± 0.4), consistent with the range of Q10 being 2−3 for most biological reactions. This study provides critical data on the temperature response and differences in SOC, offering insights into the feedback between carbon mineralization in estuarine and nearshore sediments and global climate change.
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图 1 沉积物采样站位（A5-3, A7-1, A7-2为长江口站位，HD-5为黄河口站位，黄海近岸分别取高潮位与低潮位两份沉积物，站位图由Ocean Data View绘制）
Fig. 1 Sediment sampling stations (A5-3, A7-1, A7-2 are stations at the Yangtze River Estuary, and HD-5 is a station at the Yellow River Estuary; two sediment samples were taken nearshore of the Yellow Sea at high tide and low tide, and the station maps were plotted by Ocean Data View).
图 2 长江口站位2−45 ℃沉积物耗氧速率温度依赖性（a, b, c）及沉积物耗氧速率-温度阿伦尼乌斯拟合曲线（d, e, f）
Fig. 2 Temperature dependence of SOC from 2−45 ℃ at the Yangtze River Estuary station (a, b, c) and Arrhenius fit curves (d, e, f)
图 3 黄河口站位沉积物耗氧速率温度依赖性（a）及沉积物耗氧速率-温度阿伦尼乌斯拟合曲线（b）
Fig. 3 Temperature dependence of SOC from 2-45 ℃ at the Yellow River Estuary station (a) and Arrhenius fit curves (b).
图 4 黄海近岸高潮位、低潮位沉积物耗氧速率温度依赖性（a, b）及沉积物耗氧速率-温度阿伦尼乌斯拟合曲线（c, d）
Fig. 4 Temperature dependence of SOC at high-tide and low-tide levels at the Yellow Sea nearshore station (a, b) and Arrhenius fitting curves (c, d).
图 5 长江口、黄河口及黄海近岸沉积物耗氧温度系数（Q10（15−25℃））
Fig. 5 Comparison of Q10(15−25℃) from the Yangtze River Estuary, the Yellow River Estuary and the Yellow Sea nearshore.
图 6 整理全球热带、温带和寒带沉积物耗氧速率的温度依赖系数文献值。a. 全球海洋温度分布图，数据源于
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/world-ocean-atlas-2023f/bin/woa23f.pl?parameterOption=t ；b. 不同纬度地区沉积物耗氧速率温度依赖系数分布散点图（虚线为Q10均值，灰色覆盖区域表示Q10均值±标准差）。Fig. 6 Global literature values for the temperature dependence (Q10) of SOC rates across tropical, temperate, and polar regions. a. Global sea surface temperature distribution, with data sourced from
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/world-ocean-atlas-2023f/bin/woa23f.pl?parameterOption=t . b. Scatter plot showing the distribution of Q10 values for sediment oxygen consumption rates across different latitudes. (The dashed line represents the mean Q10 value, and the gray-shaded area indicates the mean Q10 ± standard deviation.)表 1 长江口，黄河口和黄海近岸上覆水及沉积物样品基本特征
Tab. 1 Basic characteristics of overlying water and sediment samples from the Yangtze River Estuaries, the Yellow River Estuaries and the Yellow Sea nearshore
站位 深度/m 温度/℃ 盐度 沉积物类型 颜色 气味 A5-3 26.3 11.5 32.1 软泥 灰黑色 微臭 A7-1 11.3 10.4 26.9 软泥 灰黑色 微臭 A7-2 16.2 10.3 28.7 软泥 灰黑色 微臭 HD-5 9.5 10.4 26.9 细砂 红棕色 无味 黄海近岸低潮位 0 5.0 30.8 粗颗粒砂 黄褐色 无味 黄海近岸高潮位 0 5.0 30.8 粗颗粒砂 黄褐色 无味 
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