图  1  观测场示意图

Fig.  1  The location of the platform

图  2  距平均海平面8 m高度的大气稳定度(a)、风向与浪向相对夹角(b)与波龄(c_p/U₈)时序图

Fig.  2  The time series of atmospheric stability, the angle difference between wind and waves, and wave age observed at 8 m above the sea surface

图  3  顺风向观测高度的WC应力占总应力贡献比（τ_wavex/τ）随风向、浪向的夹角差的变化示意图(a)，以及贡献比随湍流应力、WC应力的夹角差的变化示意图(b)，其中(a，b)协谱法

Fig.  3  The contribution ratio of the along-wind WC stress (τ_wavex/τ) to total stress changing with the angle difference between wind and wave (a), and angle difference between turbulent stress and WC stress (b), where (a, b) are derived from the cospectral method

图  4  侧风向观测高度的WC应力占总应力贡献比（τ_wavex/τ）随风向、浪向的夹角差的变化示意图(a)，以及贡献比随湍流应力、WC应力的夹角差的变化示意图(b)，其中(a，b)协谱法

Fig.  4  The contribution ratio of the across-wind WC stress (τ_wavey/τ) to total stress changing with the angle difference between wind and wave (a), and angle difference between turbulent stress and WC stress (b), where (a, b) are derived from the cospectral method

图  5  (a) 利用Z24方案估算浪致拖曳系数与观测比较； (b) 利用J91方案估算浪致拖曳系数与观测比较

Fig.  5  (a) Comparison of the wave-induced dragcoeffi-cient obtained from observational data with Z24scheme; (b) Comparison of the wave-induced dragcoefficient obtained from observational data with J91scheme

图  6  顺风向WC应力占总应力贡献比随风向、浪向的夹角差的变化示意图(a)，以及贡献比随湍流应力、WC应力的夹角差的变化示意图(b)。(a，b)绿色折线代表Z24方案，由公式（13）给出

Fig.  6  The contribution of along-wind WC stress to total stress computed from the Z24 scheme changing with the angle difference between wind and wave (a), between turbulent stress and WC stress (b). In (a) and (b), the green dashed lines represent the results obtained by the Z24 scheme, while the blue dashed lines denote the observational results

图  7  风速为10 m/s、波龄为1.2时的海浪产生的WC应力。图(a)黑线为海浪谱Swave，菱形为海浪成长率$ \gamma $。图(b)为WC应力廓线。剪切不稳定给定的WC应力在临界层（风速和海浪相速度相等的高度）内为常数，之外为零，因此某个频率的WC应力廓线表现为柱状

Fig.  7  The WC stress over the wave spectra (the solid black line in Figure a), here the wave spectra are computed from Donelan et al. by using U₁₀ = 10 m/s and c_p/U₁₀ = 1.2. The diamonds are the wave growth rate. Figure b shows the WC profiles computed from shear instability. The WC stress does not change with height within the critical height and becomes zero above the cirtical height

图  8  涌浪吸收情形时，WC 应力随高度的分布。(a) 不同风速情形；(b) 不同大气稳定度情形

Fig.  8  The profile of WC stress exerted by swell when swell absorbs energy from the atmospheric boundary under different wind speeds (a) and stability (b)

图  9  2012年03月21日07时波龄c_p/u* = 74.56的涌浪激发的WC 应力随高度变化。图中$H = z{\omega _p}$，H_max代表WC应力完全衰减至0的高度。紫实线、黑虚线、红实线和蓝色实线分别为公式（9）、（13）、Cao and Shen大涡模拟^[31]和Buckley and Veron^[29]实验室结果

Fig.  9  The profile of WC stress at 21 07 03 2012, here $H = z{\omega _p}$and H_max is the height where WC stress decay to zero. The purple line, dashed line, red line and blue line are the result from Eqs. (9), (13), Cao and Shen and Buckley and Veron

图  10  (a，c，e，g) 涌浪下WC应力（蓝实线）、湍流应力（红实线）、总应力（黑实线）随高度的变化，橙色虚线为有效波高所在高度，棕色虚线为8m观测面；(b，d，f，h) 涌浪下近海面大气风廓线随高度的变化。(b，d，f，h) 红实线代表Z24方案下风廓线、黑虚线代表传统MOST下大气风廓线、绿实线代表基于Miles剪切不稳定的J91方案下风廓线。(a，b) 2012年02月21日23时（case5）；(c，d) 2012年02月21日11时（case3）；(e，f) 2012年02月20日09时（case5）；(g，h) 2012年04月09日06时30分（case3）

Fig.  10  The profile of WC, turbulent stress and total stress changing with height (a，c，e，g). The orange dashed line and brown line represent the significant wave height and observed height. The wind profiles influencd by waves. The red line, black line, green line represent the result from Z24, MOST and J91. Figures a and b correspond to case 5 under stable conditions, Figures c and d correspond to case 3 under stable conditions, Figures e and f correspond to case 5 under unstable conditions, and Figures g and h correspond to case 3 under unstable conditions

图  11  (a) 观测摩擦速度及利用COARE 3.5算法计算的摩擦速度的比较；(b) 观测摩擦速度及利用Z24浪致应力参数化方案推导的摩擦速度。(a，b) 坐标纵横比皆为1∶1

Fig.  11  Comparison of friction velocity computed from COARE 3.5 (a) and this pare (b) with observation. The solid lines are 1∶1 lines