High-precision analytical method for triple oxygen isotopes of O2 and application to marine gross primary productivity study
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摘要: 海洋总初级生产力是衡量海洋表层浮游植物光合作用强度及生物碳汇效率的关键指标。然而，生物产氧的光合作用及耗氧的呼吸作用同时进行且难以区分，导致海洋原位总生产力的测量极度困难。溶解氧的三氧同位素异常值（17Δ）不受呼吸作用影响，为评估海洋总生产力提供新指标。自然界中17O的丰度极低且易受到N2的质量干扰，本研究突破三氧同位素（δ18O，17Δ）测量的技术瓶颈，利用气相色谱成功分离了溶解气体中的O2、Ar与N2，并确保O2的100%收集。本方法对空气标准17Δ值的长期观测精度达 ± 2.6 per meg，优于国际同类实验室。本研究测定2021年1月南大洋普里兹湾混合层内溶解氧同位素的平均17Δ值为66 per meg，计算得该海域平均总初级生产力为181 mmol O2 m−2 day−1，符合夏季高纬度南大洋总初级生产力较低的特征。本研究建立的氧气三氧同位素高精度分析方法在海洋总生产力研究方面具有极大的应用前景，同时也为大气及冰芯包裹气体等地球科学前沿研究提供技术支撑。Abstract: Gross Oxygen production (GOP) in the surface ocean is a key indicator for evaluating the intensity of phytoplankton photosynthesis and the efficiency of marine biological carbon sequestration. However, photosynthesis and respiration occur simultaneously. It is very difficult to distinguish the total photosynthetic O2 production from respiration O2 consumption. Therefore, in situ measurement of marine GOP is extremely challenging. The triple oxygen isotope anomaly (17Δ) of dissolved oxygen does not change with respiration, providing a new isotopic indicator for evaluating marine GOP. Due to the extremely low natural abundance of 17O and its susceptibility to mass interference from N2, high precision measurement for triple oxygen isotopes (δ18O, 17Δ) of O2 is very difficult. In this study, we developed a high-vacuum pretreatment system and a gas chromatographic purification line. We successfully separated N2 from O2 and Ar for dissolved gases. By precisely controlling the temperature and collection time, we ensured 100% collection of O2 and avoided oxygen isotopic fractionation from purification. Based on this method, the observed long-term external precision of the air standard was ± 2.6 per meg for 17Δ. Then, we analyzed the triple oxygen isotopic compositions of 5 dissolved gas samples collected in Prydz Bay, Southern Ocean, in January 2021. The mean 17Δ value of dissolved oxygen in the mixed layer was 66 per meg, corresponding to an average GOP of 181 mmol O2 m−2 day−1. Our observation is consistent with the relatively low GOP of the high-latitude Southern Ocean during summer. The high-precision analytical method for triple oxygen isotopes of O2 in this study demonstrates great potential for applications in marine GOP research and also provides valuable support for atmospheric and ice core trapped gas studies.
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图 1 海洋混合层的氧循环机制及其同位素分馏效应
a．影响混合层内溶解氧17Δ值的主要过程。b. 海洋氧循环过程中17Δ的分馏示意图
Fig. 1 Ocean mixed layer oxygen cycling and its related oxygen isotopic fractionations
a. Oxygen production and consumption processes in ocean mixed layer; and their typical 17Δ values. b. Schematic diagram of 17Δ – [O2] fractionation during marine oxygen cycling
图 4 经过GC后N2未有效去除（a）和有效去除后（b）的质量扫描结果
质量数28对应N2最主要的分子；32，33，34对应O2不同质量数的分子
Fig. 4 Mass scan of gases with N2 and gases after GC purification
Mass 28 represents the most abundant N2 molecule; mass 32, 33, 34 represent O2 isotopologues
图 5 不同氩气含量对δ17O和δ18O的质量干扰
a.δ17O和δO2/Ar的关系，b.δ18O和δO2/Ar的关系。图中阴影区域表示线性拟合回归线的95%置信区间。
Fig. 5 Mass interference effect of different δO2/Ar ratios on δ17O and δ18O compositions
(a. Relationship between δ17O and δO2/Ar, and b. relationship between δ18O and δO2/Ar. The shaded areas represent the 95% confidence interval of the linear regression line
图 6 2021年1月南大洋普里兹湾混合层内初级生产力及相关参数的分布。17Δ（a）、GOP（b）、δO2/Ar（c）、NCP（d）
Fig. 6 Distributions of primary productivity and related parameters in the Southern Ocean Prydz Bay mixed layer in January 2021. 17Δ(a), GOP(b),δO2/Ar(c), NCP(d)
表 1 参考气经过GC分离管线后的δ17O、δ18O、17Δ和δO2/Ar组成及测量精度（1σ）
Tab. 1 Isotopic composition and analytical precision (1σ) of δ17O, δ18O, 17Δ, and δO2/Ar for the reference gases after passing through the GC purification line
GC温度/℃ 时间 次数 δ17O/‰ δ18O/‰ 17Δ/per meg δO2/Ar/‰ 40 13′00" 2 −0.013 ± 0.021 −0.028 ± 0.005 1.0 ± 18.5 −0.6 ± 0.4 14′00" 5 0.001 ± 0.013 0.001 ± 0.021 0.7 ± 6.2 0.0 ± 0.3 35 13′20″ 2 −0.032 ± 0.009 −0.055 ± 0.034 −2.8 ± 7.8 −1.4 ± 1.5 14′00" 2 −0.014 ± 0.001 −0.025 ± 0.006 −0.8 ± 2.1 −1.2 ± 1.0 14′30″ 7 −0.005 ± 0.009 0.000 ± 0.015 −4.5 ± 4.1 −1.1 ± 1.2 
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表 2 长时间观测空气标样的δ17O、δ18O、17Δ和δO2/Ar测量精度（1σ）
Tab. 2 Long-term observed external precision (1σ) of δ17O, δ18O, 17Δ and δO2/Ar for air standards
温控 测定时间 数量 δ17O/‰ δ18O/‰ 17Δ/per meg δO2/Ar/‰ OMEGA® 2023年5月至2024年4月 33 ± 0.018 ± 0.035 ± 7.1 ± 0.6 宇电® 2024年9月 6 ± 0.014 ± 0.027 ± 2.6 ± 0.4 2024年11月至2025年1月 22 ± 0.016 ± 0.030 ± 3.8 ± 0.3 2025年2月至2025年4月 18 ± 0.013 ± 0.025 ± 2.8 ± 0.3
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表 3 国际上同类实验室发布的δ18O、17Δ及δO2/Ar的测量精度（1σ）
Tab. 3 Analytical precision (1σ) of δ18O, 17Δ and δO2/Ar for air or O2 by different laboratories
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表 4 2021年1月南大洋普里兹湾采样站位的纬度、经度、δ18O、17Δ、δO2/Ar、GOP和NCP数据
Tab. 4 Sampling information of Latitude, longitude, isotopic compositions of δ18O, 17Δ, δO2/Ar, and calculated GOP and NCP for Prydz Bay, Southern Ocean
站位 纬度/°S 经度/°E δ18O/‰ 17Δ/per meg δO2/Ar/‰ GOP/mmol O2 m−2 day−1 NCP/mmol O2 m−2 day−1 P1-01 −64.020 73.042 0.314 59 −134 185 −31 P1-02 −64.508 73.020 −1.014 81 2 339 67 P1-07 −66.677 73.130 0.402 54 −129 84 −15 MF1 −67.582 77.367 −1.263 75 −2 175 38 M10D −68.301 75.312 −0.626 64 −47 121 15
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