Mechanisms of the Absence of Hypoxia in the Pearl River Estuary during Summer of 2023
-
摘要: 本研究针对2023年夏季珠江口未出现底层水缺氧的“异常”现象，综合分析了水文条件、生物地球化学过程及物理驱动机制的影响。基于现场观测数据及与历史数据的对比，发现2023年夏季主要呈现以下特征：珠江径流量较夏季历史均值降低51%，导致陆源营养盐输入通量降低45%，进而生源有机碳的产生量骤降，减少了微生物降解的耗氧底物；同时，航次前15天持续的下降流风不利于形成缺氧；水体垂直混合较强，层化系数（0.074 ± 0.20）低于发生缺氧的三个年份（0.14 ± 0.17，0.38 ± 0.50，0.18 ± 0.20），有利于溶解氧从上层海水得到补充；珠江径流量降低导致河口水体停留时间缩短（1.8天，短于夏季平均径流量下的3.1天），限制了有机物降解耗氧过程对水体溶解氧浓度的影响。以上多因素协同作用导致珠江口2023年夏季未发生底层水缺氧现象。本研究揭示了极端水文气象条件对河口缺氧形成的重要调控作用。Abstract: This study examines the mechanism of the unexpected absence of bottom hypoxia in the lower Pearl River Estuary during summer 2023 through integrated analysis of hydrological, biogeochemical and physical drivers. The Pear River discharge during 2023 summer was only 51% of the historical average summer average. This led to a 45% reduction in riverine nutrient fluxes and a sharp decline in marine-sourced organic carbon production. Persistent northeasterly downwelling-favorable winds during the 15 days preceding sampling weakened stratification (stratification factor of 0.074 ± 0.20 during 2023 cruise versus 0.14 ± 0.17, 0.38 ± 0.50 and 0.18 ± 0.20 during other three cruises of 2015, 2017 and 2018 when hypoxia occurred) enhanced vertical mixing and oxygen replenishment in the bottom water. The reduced river discharge also shortened the water residence time in the estuary to 1.8 days, compared to 3.1 days under average summer discharge conditions, thereby limiting the oxygen-depleting effect of organic matter degradation. The synergistic effect of these factors led to the absence of bottom-water hypoxia in the Pearl River Estuary in summer 2023. This study reveals the important regulating role of extreme hydro-meteorological conditions in the formation of estuarine hypoxia.
-
Key words:
- Pearl River estuary /
- Pear River discharge /
- dissolved oxygen /
- hypoxia
-
图 1 珠江的月平均径流量的时间分布（数据来源于中华人民共和国水利部水文局历年发布的《水情年报》）
Fig. 1 The monthly average discharge of the Pearl River (Data sourced from the Water Situation Annual Report, Hydrology Bureau, Ministry of Water Resources, China).
图 2 2023年8月珠江口航次站位分布图
水深数据来源于General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans的15弧秒间隔全球网格上的水深高程值数据（
https://www.gebco.net/ ），访问时间：2025年1月2日；红色线指示图9断面的位置。Fig. 2 Sampling station distribution in the Pearl River Estuary in August 2023
Bathymetric data were derived from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans global 15-arc-second grid dataset at
https://www.gebco.net/ , accessed on 2 January 2025; the red line indicates the location of the section in Figure 9.
图 3 2023年8月航次期间珠江口表、底层水温度和盐度的空间分布
图中黑色圆点代表站位。
Fig. 3 Spatial distributions of temperature and salinity in the surface and bottom waters of the Pearl River Estuary during the cruise in August of 2023
Black dots denote the sampling stations.
图 4 2023年8月航次期间珠江口表、底层水DO浓度和饱和度的空间分布
图中黑色圆点代表站位。
Fig. 4 Spatial distributions of DO concentration and saturation degree in the surface and bottom waters of the Pearl River Estuary during the cruise in August of 2023
Black dots denote the sampling stations.
图 5 2023年8月珠江口底层水DO浓度与其他年份夏季的比较
白色线代表缺氧阈值63 μmol kg−1，黑色圆点是采样站位；2015年的数据来自Guo等[17]；2017年的数据来自Zhao等[16]；2018年的数据来自Zhao等[28]。
Fig. 5 Comparison of bottom-water DO concentrations and distributions in the Pearl River Estuary between August 2023 and summer periods from other years
The white contour line indicates the hypoxia threshold (63 μmol kg−1), while the black dots denote the sampling stations. Data sources: 2015 data are from Guo et al.[17]; 2017 data are from Zhao et al.[16]; 2018 data are from Zhao et al.[28].
图 6 2015～2023年夏季珠江6～8月的月平均DIN通量逐年变化
Fig. 6 Inter-annual variation of summer (June-August) monthly average DIN flux from the Pearl River (2015～2023)
图 7 珠江口月平均遥感叶绿素a（Chla）浓度的空间分布（
http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu:80/dods/public_data/satellite_product/MODIS_Aqua/chla_mapped_ mon_4km ）Fig. 7 Distribution of satellite-derived chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentration in the Pearl River Estuary (
http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu:80/dods/public_data/satellite_product/MODIS_Aqua/chla_mapped_mon_4km )
图 8 2015、2017、2018和2023年珠江口横澜岛风场的时间序列变化（数据来于香港天文台，
https://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/climat_c.htm ，访问日期: 2024年12月25日图中阴影部分表示航次期间。
Fig. 8 Time series variations of wind field at Waglan Island in the Pearl River Estuary in the summer of 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2023 (data were from the Hong Kong Observatory,
https://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/climat_c.htm , accessed at December 25, 2024)Shaded area indicates the cruise periods.
图 9 2015、2017、2018及2023年夏季珠江口磨刀门外断面密度和溶解氧浓度的垂向分布（断面位置见图2）
Fig. 9 Vertical distributions of density and DO concentration in the sections off the Modaomen Outlet, in the summer of 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2023 (location of this section is shown in Figure 2).
表 1 珠江三大支流径流量与DIN浓度统计
Tab. 1 Summary of discharge and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in the three main tributaries of the Pearl River
支流名称 径流量均值/m3·s−1 径流量标准差/m3·s−1 径流量变异系数/% DIN浓度均值/μmol·L−1 DIN浓度标准差/μmol·L−1 DIN浓度变异系数/% 西江 4270 2007 47.0% 114 22 19.1% 北江 1198 908 75.8% 126 18 14.4% 东江 395 138 34.9% 103 20 19.9% 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 2015～2023年夏季珠江月平均径流量、DIN通量及珠江口潜在生源有机碳产量汇总表
Tab. 2 Summary of monthly average discharge and DIN flux from the Pearl River, and supported potential marine-sourced organic carbon production in the Pearl River Estuary during summers of 2015−2023
年份 6～8月月
平均径流
量/109 m36～8月月
平均DIN
通量/109 mol6～8月月平均
潜在生源有机
碳产量/105 t生源有机碳产量相当
于近十年夏季月平
均值的百分数2015 335 ± 76 38 ± 16 31 ± 13 93% 2016 384 ± 113 44 ± 16 35 ± 13 107% 2017 501 ± 99 57 ± 25 46 ± 20 139% 2018 285 ± 25 33 ± 14 26 ± 11 79% 2019 453 ± 127 52 ± 20 41 ± 16 126% 2020 236 ± 71 27 ± 10 22 ± 8 66% 2021 349 ± 143 40 ± 19 32 ± 15 97% 2022 490 ± 294 56 ± 22 45 ± 17 137% 2023 197 ± 41 23 ± 8 18 ± 6 55% 平均值 359 ± 102 41 ± 12 33 ± 10 −
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 2015、2017、2018和2023年夏季航次期间水体盐度、层化系数（n）和层化稳定性汇总表
Tab. 3 Summary salinity and water stratification factor during the summer cruises
年份 底层水盐度Sb 表层水盐度Ss 水柱平均盐度Sa 层化系数n 层化稳定性E/m−1 2015 34.09 ± 1.53 29.56 ± 5.12 31.80 ± 3.01 0.14 ± 0.17 (3.9±2.5)×10−4 2017 30.71 ± 7.69 20.79 ± 10.01 26.00 ± 8.14 0.38 ± 0.50 (3.5±3.1)×10−4 2018 33.15 ± 2.69 27.76 ± 5.48 30.50 ± 4.48 0.18 ± 0.20 (3.5±2.1)×10−4 2023 32.26 ± 4.41 29.96 ± 4.31 31.27 ± 4.34 0.074 ± 0.20 (-2.7±3.4)×10−4
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 2015、2017、2018和2023年夏季航次期间的水体停留时间汇总表
Tab. 4 Summary water residence time in the Pearl River Estuary during the summer cruises (2015, 2017, 2018, 2023)
年份 Sriver Sestuary Socean Qriver /m3·d−1 Qexchange /m3·d−1 α Vi /m3 T/d 2015 0 27 34 1.0×109 5.0×109 1.0 1.2×1010 2.5 2017 0 22 34 1.2×109 3.5×109 1.2 1.5×1010 4.2 2018 0 24 34 8.3×108 2.8×109 0.82 1.0×1010 3.6 2023 0 29 34 6.0×108 4.1×109 0.59 7.2×109 1.8 四年平均 0 25 34 1.0×109 4.0×109 1.0 1.2×1010 3.1
下载: 导出CSV
表 5 2015、2017、2018和2023年航次期间珠江口海-气界面氧通量汇总
Tab. 5 Summary of air-sea oxygen fluxes during the summer cruises in 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2023 in the Pearl River Estuary
年份 U/m·s−1 K/m·d−1 DOmeasured−DOsaturation/µmol·kg−1 $ {{F}_{{{O}_{2}}} }$/mmol·m−2·d−1 2015 5.0 ± 3.0 3.8 ± 0.1 7.7 ± 38.8 31 ± 152 2017 5.9 ± 1.8 3.6 ± 0.1 -6.7 ± 45.1 -24 ± 163 2018 7.3 ± 2.6 5.7 ± 0.1 23.4 ± 41.9 140 ± 250 2023 5.0 ± 3.4 4.7 ± 0.1 -12.7 ± 37.4 -58 ± 174
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 龚松柏, 高爱国, 倪冠韬, 等. 中国部分河口及其近海水域缺氧现象研究[J]. 水资源保护, 2017, 33(4): 62−69.Gong Songbai, Gao Aiguo, Ni Guantao, et al. Progress in research of hypoxia in estuaries and coastal areas in China[J]. Water Resources Protection, 2017, 33(4): 62−69. [2] 石强, 杨朋金, 卜志国. 渤海冬季溶解氧与表观耗氧量年际时空变化[J]. 海洋湖沼通报, 2014(2): 161−168. doi: 10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2014.02.024Shi Qiang, Yang Pengjin, Bu Zhiguo. The spatial-temporal change of dissolved oxygen and apparent oxygen utilization in the Bohai Sea in winter[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2014(2): 161−168. doi: 10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2014.02.024 [3] 叶丰, 黄小平, 刘庆霞. 2010年夏季珠江口海域溶解氧的分布特征和海气交换通量[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2012, 31(3): 346−351. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6336.2012.03.009Ye Feng, Huang Xiaoping, Liu Qingxia. Characteristics of dissolved oxygen and O2 flux across the water-air interface of the Pearl River Estuary during summer 2010[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2012, 31(3): 346−351. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6336.2012.03.009 [4] Diaz R J. Overview of hypoxia around the world[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2001, 30(2): 275−281. doi: 10.2134/jeq2001.302275x [5] Diaz R J, Rosenberg R. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems[J]. Science, 2008, 321(5891): 926−929. doi: 10.1126/science.1156401 [6] Baird D, Christian R R, Peterson C H, et al. Consequences of hypoxia on estuarine ecosystem function: energy diversion from consumers to microbes[J]. Ecological Applications, 2004, 14(3): 805−822. doi: 10.1890/02-5094 [7] 李祥安. 长江口富营养化水域营养盐输送通量与低氧区形成特征研究[D]. 青岛: 中国科学院海洋研究所, 2010.Li Xiang’an. Studies on the nutrients budgets and characteristics of hypoxia in the Changjiang Estuary[D]. Qingdao: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2010. [8] 杨丽娜, 李正炎, 张学庆. 大辽河近入海河段水体溶解氧分布特征及低氧成因的初步分析[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(1): 51−57. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.2011.01.007Yang Lina, Li Zhengyan, Zhang Xueqing. Distribution characteristics of dissolved oxygen and mechanism of hypoxia in the upper estuarine zone of the Daliaohe River[J]. Environmental Science, 2011, 32(1): 51−57. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.2011.01.007 [9] Dagg M, Benner R, Lohrenz S, et al. Transformation of dissolved and particulate materials on continental shelves influenced by large rivers: plume processes[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2004, 24(7/8): 833−858. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.003 [10] Caballero-Alfonso A M, Carstensen J, Conley D J. Biogeochemical and environmental drivers of coastal hypoxia[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2015, 141: 190−199. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.04.008. [11] Fennel K, Testa J M. Biogeochemical controls on coastal hypoxia[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2019, 11: 105−130. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095138. [12] Conley D J, Carstensen J, Aigars J, et al. Hypoxia is increasing in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(16): 6777−6783. doi: 10.1021/es201212r [13] Rabalais N N, Turner R E, Wiseman W J. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, A. K. A. “the dead zone”[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2002, 33(1): 235−263. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150513 [14] Mee L D. Eutrophication in the Black Sea and a basin-wide approach to its control[M]//Von Bodungen B, Turner K. Science and Integrated Coastal Management. Berlin: Dahlem University Press, 2001: 71-91. [15] Wang Baodong, Wei Qinsheng, Chen Jianfang, et al. Annual cycle of hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2012, 77: 1−5. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.12.007 [16] Zhao Yangyang, Liu Jing, Uthaipan K, et al. Dynamics of inorganic carbon and pH in a large subtropical continental shelf system: interaction between eutrophication, hypoxia, and ocean acidification[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2020, 65(6): 1359−1379. doi: 10.1002/lno.11393 [17] Guo Xianghui, Su Jianzhong, Guo Liguo, et al. Coupling of carbon and oxygen in the Pearl River plume in summer: upwelling, hypoxia, reoxygenation and enhanced acidification[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2023, 128(8): e2022JC019326. doi: 10.1029/2022JC019326 [18] 魏鹏, 黄良民, 冯佳和, 等. 珠江口广州海域COD与DO的分布特征及影响因素[J]. 生态环境学报, 2009, 18(5): 1631−1637. doi: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2009.05.038Wei Peng, Huang Liangmin, Feng Jiahe, et al. Distribution characteristics of COD and DO and its influencing factors in the Guangzhou sea zone of the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(5): 1631−1637. doi: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2009.05.038 [19] Zhang Heng, Li Shiyu. Effects of physical and biochemical processes on the dissolved oxygen budget for the Pearl River estuary during summer[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2010, 79(1/2): 65−88. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.07.002 [20] Yin Kedong, Lin Zhifeng, Ke Zhiyuan. Temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent coastal waters[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2004, 24(16): 1935−1948. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2004.06.017 [21] 叶丰, 黄小平, 施震, 等. 极端干旱水文年(2011年)夏季珠江口溶解氧的分布特征及影响因素研究[J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(5): 1707−1714. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.2013.05.009Ye Feng, Huang Xiaoping, Shi Zhen, et al. Distribution characteristics of dissolved oxygen and its affecting factors in the Pearl River Estuary during the summer of the extremely drought hydrological year 2011[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(5): 1707−1714. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.2013.05.009 [22] 杨威, 罗琳, 高永利, 等. 1999年和2009年夏季珠江口环境要素的对比与分析[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2011, 30(4): 16−23.Yang Wei, Luo Lin, Gao Yongli, et al. Comparison of environmental constituents in the Pearl River Estuary during summer of 1999 and 2009[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2011, 30(4): 16−23. [23] Wang Bin, Hu Jiatang, Li Shiyu, et al. A numerical analysis of biogeochemical controls with physical modulation on hypoxia during summer in the Pearl River estuary[J]. Biogeosciences, 2017, 14(12): 2979−2999. doi: 10.5194/bg-14-2979-2017 [24] Li Gang, Liu Jiaxing, Diao Zenghui, et al. Subsurface low dissolved oxygen occurred at fresh- and saline-water intersection of the Pearl River estuary during the summer period[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2018, 126: 585−591. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.061 [25] Su Jianzhong, Dai Minhan, He Biyan, et al. Tracing the origin of the oxygen-consuming organic matter in the hypoxic zone in a large eutrophic estuary: the lower reach of the Pearl River Estuary, China[J]. Biogeosciences, 2017, 14(18): 4085−4099. doi: 10.5194/bg-14-4085-2017 [26] Zhang Heng, Cheng Weicong, Chen Yuren, et al. Controls on the interannual variability of hypoxia in a subtropical embayment and its adjacent waters in the Guangdong coastal upwelling system, northern South China Sea[J]. Ocean Dynamics, 2018, 68(8): 923−938. doi: 10.1007/s10236-018-1168-2 [27] Zhou Weihua, Yin Kedong, Harrison P J, et al. The influence of late summer typhoons and high river discharge on water quality in Hong Kong waters[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2012, 111: 35−47. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2012.06.004 [28] Zhao Yangyang, Uthaipan K, Lu Zhongming, et al. Destruction and reinstatement of coastal hypoxia in the South China Sea off the Pearl River estuary[J]. Biogeosciences, 2021, 18(8): 2755−2775. doi: 10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021 [29] Qian Wei, Zhang Shi, Tong Chuan, et al. Long-term patterns of dissolved oxygen dynamics in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 2022, 127(7): e2022JG006967. doi: 10.1029/2022JG006967 [30] Li Dou, Gan Jianping, Hui Rex, et al. Vortex and biogeochemical dynamics for the hypoxia formation within the coastal transition zone off the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2020, 125(8): e2020JC016178. doi: 10.1029/2020JC016178 [31] Wei Xing, Zhan Haigang, Ni Peitong, et al. A model study of the effects of river discharges and winds on hypoxia in summer in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016, 113(1/2): 414−427. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.042 [32] Li Xulu, Shi Huaming, Xia Huayong, et al. Seasonal hypoxia and its potential forming mechanisms in the Mirs Bay, the northern South China Sea[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2014, 80: 1−7. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2014.03.003 [33] 李宏亮, 陈建芳, 卢勇, 等. 长江口水体溶解氧的季节变化及底层低氧成因分析[J]. 海洋学研究, 2011, 29(3): 78−87.Li Hongliang, Chen Jianfang, Lu Yong, et al. Seasonal variation of DO and formation mechanism of bottom water hypoxia of Changjiang River Estuary[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2011, 29(3): 78−87. [34] 王金鹏, 周泉, 任秀文, 等. 珠江口及邻近海域缺氧区成因及综合治理建议[J]. 环境保护, 2022, 50(17): 68−71. doi: 10.14026/j.cnki.0253-9705.2022.17.006Wang Jinpeng, Zhou Quan, Ren Xiuwen, et al. The formation causes and comprehensive treatment suggestions of hypoxia area in the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent sea areas[J]. Environmental Protection, 2022, 50(17): 68−71. doi: 10.14026/j.cnki.0253-9705.2022.17.006 [35] 王丽芳, 戴民汉, 翟惟东. 近岸、河口缺氧区域的主要生物地球化学耗氧过程[J]. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 46(S1): 33−37.Wang Lifang, Dai Minhan, Zhai Weidong. Biogeochemical processes associated with dissolved oxygen consumption in hypoxic areas in coastal regions[J]. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 2007, 46(S1): 33−37. [36] Shen Xiaomei, Cai Yanpeng, Su Meirong, et al. High discharge intensified low net ecosystem productivity, hypoxia, and acidification at three outlets of the Pearl River Estuary, China[J]. Water Research, 2022, 214: 118171. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118171 [37] Lu Xiaoqin, Yu Hui, Ying Ming, et al. Western North Pacific tropical cyclone database created by the China meteorological administration[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2021, 38(4): 690−699. doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-0211-7 [38] Wang Bin, Hu Jiatang, Li Shiyu, et al. Impacts of anthropogenic inputs on hypoxia and oxygen dynamics in the Pearl River estuary[J]. Biogeosciences, 2018, 15(20): 6105−6125. doi: 10.5194/bg-15-6105-2018 [39] Qian Wei, Gan Jianping, Liu Jinwen, et al. Current status of emerging hypoxia in a eutrophic estuary: the lower reach of the Pearl River Estuary, China[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2018, 205: 58−67. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2018.03.004 [40] 中国海湾志编纂委员会. 中国海湾志(第十四分册): 重要河口[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 1998. (查阅网上资料, 未找到本条文献英文信息, 请确认) [41] 童娟. 珠江流域概况及水文特性分析[J]. 水利科技与经济, 2007, 13(1): 31−33.Tong Juan. The generalizations and hydrological character analysis of Pearl River Basin[J]. Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy, 2007, 13(1): 31−33. [42] Dickson A G, Sabine C, Christian J R. Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements[M]. Sidney: PICES Special Publication, 2007: 3191. [43] Labasque T, Chaumery C, Aminot A, et al. Spectrophotometric Winkler determination of dissolved oxygen: re-examination of critical factors and reliability[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2004, 88(1/2): 53−60. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.03.004 [44] Redfield A, Ketchum B, Richards F. The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater[M]//Hill M N. The Sea: Vol. 2: The Composition of Sea-Water Comparative and Descriptive Oceanography. New York: Interscience Publisher, 1963: 26−77. [45] Hansen D V, Rattray Jr M. New dimensions in estuary classification[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1966, 11(3): 319−326. doi: 10.4319/lo.1966.11.3.0319 [46] Stewart R H. Introduction to Physical Oceanography[M]. College Station: Texas A&M University, 2008: 127−128. [47] Gordon Jr D C, Boudreau P R, Mann K H, et al. LOICZ biogeochemical modelling guidelines[R]. Texel: Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 1996. [48] Sheldon J E, Alber M. The calculation of estuarine turnover times using freshwater fraction and tidal prism models: a critical evaluation[J]. Estuaries and Coasts, 2006, 29(1): 133−146. doi: 10.1007/BF02784705 [49] Sweeney C, Gloor E, Jacobson A R, et al. Constraining global air-sea gas exchange for CO2 with recent bomb 14C measurements[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, 21(2): GB2015. doi: 10.1029/2006GB002784 [50] Wanninkhof R. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1992, 97(C5): 7373−7382. doi: 10.1029/92JC00188 [51] Benson B B, Krause D. The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1984, 29(3): 620−632. doi: 10.4319/lo.1984.29.3.0620 [52] Millero F J. Chemical Oceanography[M]. 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013: 14, doi: 10.1201/b14753. [53] Liu Zhiqiang, Gan Jianping, Wu Xiaoyan. Coupled summer circulation and dynamics between a bay and the adjacent shelf around Hong Kong: observational and modeling studies[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2018, 123(9): 6463−6480. doi: 10.1029/2018jc013830 [54] Liu Zhiqiang, Zu Tingting, Gan Jianping. Dynamics of cross-shelf water exchanges off Pearl River Estuary in summer[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2020, 189: 102465. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102465 -
计量
- 文章访问数: 13
- HTML全文浏览量: 8
- PDF下载量: 10
- 被引次数: 0
