Remote sensing analysis of spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton bloom phenological characteristics in global ocean
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摘要: 洋区浮游植物水华是指浮游植物快速繁殖致使水体生物量升高的年际周期性现象，对海洋生物化学循环起着重要作用。然而，目前对全球海洋浮游植物水华时空变化特征及其对环境的响应机制仍需深入探究。本文基于2003−2022年MODIS-Aqua（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）的叶绿素a浓度产品，提取了全球海洋浮游植物水华指数（水华持续时间比和水华强度），分析了其时空变化特征、趋势和环境因子间的相关性。结果表明：全球海洋水华指数及其趋势变化的分布具有显著的季节差异和纬向差异，北半球高纬度海域的水华主要出现在4−10月，中低纬度海域的水华主要出现在11月至次年3月，而南半球高纬度海域的水华往往开始于11月并持续至次年3月，中低纬度海域的水华则主要出现在5−9月；水华持续时间比和水华强度主要在北太平洋中低纬海域存在下降趋势，在南半球中高纬海域存在上升趋势；水华指数的分布和趋势都受到环境因子的调控，其中海表面温度和光合有效辐射在高纬度海域对水华有促进作用，在中低纬海域对水华起抑制作用，而海表面风速在高纬度海域对水华起抑制作用，在中低纬度海域对水华起促进作用。Abstract: The phenomenon of marine phytoplankton bloom in ocean refers to the annual cycle increase in biomass caused by rapid reproduction, which plays an important role in the biochemical cycles of marine organisms. However, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of global phytoplankton blooms and their response mechanisms to the environment still require further exploration. Based on the chlorophyll-a products of the MODIS-Aqua (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) from 2003 to 2022, we extracted the bloom indexes of global ocean phytoplankton (the ratio of bloom duration and bloom intensity). Then, we analyzed their spatiotemporal characteristics, trends, and correlations with environmental factors. The results indicated that there are significant seasonal and latitudinal difference in the distribution of the bloom indexes. Blooms in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere mainly occurring from April to October, while in mid-low latitudes, blooms mainly occur from November to March of the following year. In the Southern Hemisphere, blooms develop in the month of November and persist until March of the following year in high latitudes, while those in low and middle latitudes occur from May to September. The ratio of bloom duration and bloom intensity shows a decreasing trend mainly in the mid-low latitude regions of the North Pacific, while increasing trends are observed in mid-high latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution and trends changes of blooms are both regulated by environmental factors. Sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation promote blooms intensity in high latitude waters, but inhibit them in low latitude waters. Meanwhile, the wind speed plays a restraining role in the high latitude sea area and a promoting role in the low latitude sea area.
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Key words:
- Global bloom /
- MODIS /
- temporal and spatial variation /
- trend analysis
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图 1 2003-2022年全球海洋叶绿素a的年均数据有效率分布特征
Fig. 1 Distribution characteristic of averaged PEs of Chlorophyll-a in the global ocean from 2003 to 2022
图 2 2003−2022年全球海洋水华持续时间比空间分布
Fig. 2 The distribution of RD in global ocean from 2003 to 2022
图 3 2003−2022年全球海洋各月水华持续时间比的空间分布
Fig. 3 Distribution of RD for every month in global ocean from 2003 to 2022
图 4 2003−2022年全球海洋年均水华强度空间分布
Fig. 4 The distribution of averaged BI in global ocean from 2003 to 2022
图 5 2003−2022年全球海洋各月水华强度均值的空间分布
Fig. 5 Distribution of averaged RD for every month in global ocean from 2003 to 2022
图 6 2003−2022年全球海洋水华持续时间比趋势（p<0.05）
Fig. 6 The trend of RD in global ocean from 2003 to 2022（p<0.05）
图 7 2003−2022年全球海洋各月水华持续时间比趋势（p<0.05）
Fig. 7 The trends of RD for every month in global ocean from 2003 to 2022（p<0.05）
图 8 2003−2022年全球海洋水华强度趋势（p<0.05）
Fig. 8 The trend of BI in global ocean from 2003 to 2022（p<0.05）
图 9 2003−2022年全球海洋各月水华强度趋势（p<0.05）
Fig. 9 The trends of BI for every month in global ocean from 2003 to 2022（p<0.05）
图 10 水华持续时间比、水华强度与环境因子间的相关性：（a）、（c）、（e）分别为RD与SST、PAR、WS的相关性关系，（b）、（d）、（f）分别为BI与SST、PAR、WS的相关性关系
Fig. 10 The correlation between RD, BI and environmental factors: (a), (c) and (e) are the correlations between RD and SST, PAR and WS, (b), (d) and (f) are the correlations between BI and SST, PAR and WS
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