Olfactory receptors mediate feeding of Pocillopora damicornis in Crown-of-thorns starfish
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摘要: 为探究太阳长棘海星（Acanthaster cf. solaris）对鹿角杯形珊瑚（Pocillopora damicornis）的摄食作用及其分子调控机制，本研究以南海典型的鹿角杯形珊瑚为研究对象，结合行为学实验、转录组测序及胃组织酶活性测定，系统分析了嗅觉受体在其摄食行为中的作用。结果表明，太阳长棘海星在摄食鹿角杯形珊瑚后，化学感受器的基因表达发生显著变化，其中89个基因的表达发生显著上调，335个基因发生显著下调。深入挖掘表达上调基因，发现gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1-like，olfactory receptor 13-like等5个转录组提示的嗅觉受体基因可能在海星识别和摄食鹿角杯形珊瑚过程中发挥了关键作用。同时，摄食行为显著激活胃组织中纤维素酶活性（p < 0.05），而磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和脂肪酶活性也呈增大趋势但未达显著水平，表明纤维素酶可能通过增强对珊瑚和虫黄藻细胞壁的分解能力参与消化过程。本研究初步揭示了太阳长棘海星关键嗅觉受体对摄食行为的介导机制，为深入解析其种群暴发机理提供了重要科学参考。Abstract: To investigate the feeding effects of Acanthaster cf. solaris on Pocillopora damicornis and its molecular regulatory mechanisms, this study focused on the typical Pocillopora damicornis in the South China Sea, combining behavioral experiments, transcriptome sequencing, and enzyme activity assays of stomach tissue to systematically analyze the role of olfactory receptors in the feeding behavior of Acanthaster cf. solaris. The results showed that the expression of chemical receptor genes in the Acanthaster cf. solaris significantly changed during the feeding process on Pocillopora damicornis, with 89 genes being significantly upregulated and 335 genes being significantly downregulated. Further exploration of the upregulated genes revealed that five olfactory receptor genes suggested by the transcriptome, including gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1-like and olfactory receptor 13-like, may play crucial roles in the recognition and feeding on Pocillopora damicornis. Meanwhile, feeding behavior significantly activated cellulase activity in the stomach tissues (p < 0.05), whereas the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and lipase showed an increasing trend but did not reach statistical significance. This suggests that cellulase may be involved in the digestive process by enhancing the degradation of coral skeletons and zooxanthella cell walls. This study provides preliminary insights into the mediation of feeding behavior by key olfactory receptors in Acanthaster cf. solaris and offers important scientific references for further understanding the mechanisms behind population outbreaks.
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图 1 太阳长棘海星的摄食实验系统示意图
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the feeding experiment system for Acanthaster cf. solaris
图 2 正在摄食鹿角杯形珊瑚的太阳长棘海星
a、b和c表示正在摄食鹿角杯形珊瑚的太阳长棘海星
Fig. 2 Acanthaster cf. solaris feeding on Pocillopora damicornis
a, b, and c indicate Acanthaster cf. solaris feeding on Pocillopora damicornis
图 3 鹿角杯形珊瑚被太阳长棘海星摄食前后的状态
a、b和c为珊瑚被摄食前的状态，a′、b′和c′分别为a、b和c中珊瑚被太阳长棘海星摄食后的状态
Fig. 3 Pocillopora damicornis before and after being ingested by Acanthaster cf. solaris
a, b and c indicate Pocillopora damicornis before being ingested, and a', b' and c' indicate Pocillopora damicornis after being ingested by Acanthaster cf. solaris, correspondingly.
图 4 转录组中差异表达基因的火山图（adj.P.val < 0.05，∣log2(Fold Change)∣ ≥ 1）（a）和各样品的PCA图（b）
Fig. 4 Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (adj.P.val < 0.05, ∣log2(Fold Change)∣ ≥ 1) (a) and PCA plot of each sample in the transcriptome analysis (b)
图 5 太阳长棘海星胃消化酶活力
*、**分别表示p < 0.05，p < 0.01
Fig. 5 The activities of digestive enzymes in the stomach of Acanthaster cf. solaris
*, ** indicate p < 0.05，p < 0.01，respectively
表 1 太阳长棘海星对鹿角杯形珊瑚的摄食时长
Tab. 1 Duration of feeding by Acanthaster cf. solaris on Pocillopora damicornis
时间 第1只 第2只 第3只 开始摄食时间 02:50 00:32 01:19 结束摄食时间 07:22 05:06 06:27 总摄食时间 4小时32分钟 4小时34分钟 5小时8分钟 
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表 2 对照组与处理组太阳长棘海星样品的序列数和基因组比对率
Tab. 2 The sequence number and gene alignment rates of Acanthaster cf. solaris transcriptome libraries in the control group and treatment group
组别 序列数 比对率/% 处理组1 36,205,074 90.79 处理组2 36,156,637 89.94 处理组3 36,211,819 90.27 对照组1 36,160,729 89.65 对照组2 36,062,532 88.97 对照组3 36,122,387 90.63
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表 3 介导太阳长棘海星摄食鹿角杯形珊瑚的潜在嗅觉受体
Tab. 3 Potential olfactory receptors mediating the feeding behavior of Acanthaster cf. solaris on Pocillopora damicornis
NCBI号 CDS长度 所编码氨基酸 结构域 变化倍数（处理组/对照组） XP_022093142.1 2421 bpgamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1-like ANF结构域、7tm_3结构域 2.84 XP_022085751.1 1128 bpolfactory receptor 13-like 7tm_1结构域 12.65 XP_022105908.1 2346 bpgamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1-like isoform X1 ANF结构域、7tm_3结构域 134.26 XP_022108164.1 672 bp G-protein coupled receptor 98-like isoform X3 GPS结构域、7tm_2结构域 16.85 XP_022091350.1 3099 bpuncharacterized protein ANF结构域、CLECT结构域、
7tm_3结构域2.50
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