Community characteristics of phototropic pelagic fish in the West-central South China Sea upwelling region during the summer
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摘要: 为了解南海中西部上升流海域鱼类群落特征，利用2014年夏季灯光罩网渔业资源调查数据，对趋光性中上层鱼类群落的种类组成、生物多样性和群落结构进行研究。上升流核心区有鱼类13种，隶属于3目8科11属，优势种为鳞首方头鲳Cubiceps squamiceps；周边海域采集鱼类11种，隶属于2目8科10属，优势种为扁舵鲣Auxis thazard和大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus。鱼类多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均为上升流核心区低于周边海域。上升流核心区平均渔获率为45.9 kg/h，是周边海域的1.63倍。鱼类种类数最大值出现在上升流核心区的FT1断面，与叶绿素a浓度最大值所处断面一致，但渔获率最大值出现在叶绿素a浓度次高的FT2断面。多元方差分析表明上升流核心区和周边海域鱼类群落具有边缘显著差异，主要分歧种为鳞首方头鲳、扁舵鲣、长体圆鲹Decapterus macrosoma、大眼金枪鱼和圆舵鲣Auxis rochei。相关性分析显示，海表叶绿素a浓度是影响研究海域鱼类丰度空间分布最重要的环境因子。Abstract: To understand the characteristics of fish communities in the upwelling waters of the West-central South China Sea, data from the 2014 summer light falling-net fishery resources survey were utilized to study the species composition, biodiversity, and community structure of phototropic pelagic fish communities. There are 13 fish species in the upwelling core region, belonging to 11 genera in 3 orders and 8 families, with the dominant species being the Cubiceps squamiceps; 11 species of fish were collected from the upwelling periphery region, belonging to 10 genera in 2 orders and 8 families, with the dominant species being the Auxis thazard and Thunnus obesus. The fish diversity index, richness index, and evenness index were lower in the upwelling core region than in the periphery waters. The average catch rate in the upwelling core region was 45.9 kg/h, 1.63 times higher than that in the periphery region. PERMANOVA analysis showed that the fish communities in the upwelling core region and the periphery region had marginally significant differences in fish communities, with the main divergent species being Cubiceps squamiceps, Auxis thazard, Decapterus macrosoma, Thunnus obesus, and Auxis rochei. Correlation analysis showed that sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration was the most important environmental factor influencing the spatial distribution of fish abundance.
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Key words:
- light falling-net /
- fish /
- community structure /
- the West-central South China Sea /
- upwelling
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图 1 调查站位示意图
注：ET1-ET5：环境要素调查断面1−5；FT1-FT5：鱼类调查断面1−5。
Fig. 1 Location of survey stations
Note: ET1-ET5: Environmental elements survey sections 1−5; FT1-FT5: Fish survey sections 1−5.
图 3 上升流核心区和上升流周边海域的环境要素随水深的变化
注：UCR：上升流核心区；UPR：上升流周边海域。
Fig. 3 Variation of environmental elements with water depth in the upwelling core region and upwelling periphery region
Note: UCR: Upwelling core region; UPR: Upwelling periphery region.
图 4 五个剖面环境要素随水深的变化
注：FT1：断面1；FT2：断面2；FT3：断面3；FT4：断面4；FT5：断面5。
Fig. 4 Variation of environmental elements with water depth for the five transects
Note: FT1: Environment transect 1; FT2: Environment transect 2; FT3: Environment transect 3; FT4: Environment transect 4; FT5: Environment transect 5.
图 5 （a）上升流核心区和上升流周边海域的各科鱼种数量 (b)五个断面各科鱼种数量
注：UCR：上升流核心区；UPR：上升流周边海域；FT1：断面1；FT2：断面2；FT3：断面3；FT4：断面4；FT5 ：断面5。
Fig. 5 (a) Number of fish species of each family in the upwelling core region and upwelling periphery region (b) Number of fish species of each family at five transects
Note：UCR: Upwelling core region; UPR: Upwelling periphery region; FT1: Fishing transect 1; FT2: Fishing transect 2; FT3: Fishing transect 3; FT4: Fishing transect 4; FT5: Fishing transect 5.
图 6 上升流核心区、周边海域及FT1-FT5断面的渔获组成
注：UCR：上升流核心区；UPR：上升流周边海域；FT1：断面1；FT2：断面2；FT3：断面3；FT4：断面4；FT5 ：断面5；XLIN：凹纹鳞鲀；UHEL：白舌尾甲鲹；ATHA：扁舵鲣；TOBE：大眼金枪鱼；MYCT：灯笼鱼科；SPAR：鲷科；DMAR：蓝圆鲹；CSQU：鳞首方头鲳；GSEX：六带线纹鱼；CFER：平线若鲹；CHIP：鲯鳅；BHIL：日本乌鲂；GSER：蛇鲭；TETR：鲀科；AROC：圆舵鲣；DMAC：长体圆鲹；NDUC：舟鰤。
Fig. 6 Composition of species in upwelling core region, upwelling periphery region, and transects from FT1 to FT5
Note：UCR: Upwelling core region; UPR: Upwelling periphery region; FT1: Fishing transect 1; FT2: Fishing transect 2; FT3: Fishing transect 3; FT4: Fishing transect 4; FT5: Fishing transect 5; XLIN: Xanthichthys lineopunctatus; UHEL: Uraspis helvola; ATHA: Auxis thazard; TOBE: Thunnus obesus; MYCT: Myctophidae; SPAR: Sparidae; DMAR: Decapterus maruadsi; CSQU: Cubiceps squamiceps; GSEX: Grammistes sexlineatus; CFER: Carangoides ferdau; CHIP: Coryphaena hippurus; BHIL: Brama japonica Hilgendorf; GSER: Gempylus serpens; TETR: Tetraodontidae; AROC: Auxis rochei; DMAC: Decapterus macrosoma; NDUC: Naucrates ductor.
图 7 研究区鱼类丰度与海表环境要素的Spearman相关性分析结果
注：ABUN：丰度；CHLA：海表叶绿素a浓度；SLA：海面高度异常；SSC：海表流；SST：海表温度。
Fig. 7 Results of Spearman correlation analysis between fish abundance and sea surface environmental elements in the study region
Note：ABUN: Abundance; CHLA: Sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration; SLA: Sea surface anomaly; SSC: Sea surface current; SST: Sea surface temperature.
表 1 上升流核心区和上升流周边海域的环境要素变化
Tab. 1 Changes in environmental elements in the upwelling core region and upwelling periphery region
环境要素
Environment
elements上升流核心区
Upwelling core
region上升流周边海域
Upwelling periphery
regionSignificance 平均值 （最小值～
最大值）Mean
(Minimum-Maximum)平均值 （最小值～
最大值）Mean
(Minimum-Maximum)水温
Temperature/
(℃)22.50(20.39～23.90) 25.85(24.95～26.49) ** 盐度
Salinity33.13(32.86～33.41) 32.61(32.47～32.69) ** 叶绿素a
Chlorophyll-a/
(mg·m−3)0.79(0.44～1.27) 0.53(0.45～0.61) n.s. 
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表 2 上升流核心区、周边海域及FT1～FT5断面的鱼类种类数
Tab. 2 Number of fish species in upwelling core region, upwelling periphery region, and transects from FT1 to FT5
区域Region 目Order 科Family 属Genus 种Species UCR 3 8 11 13 UPR 2 8 10 11 FT1 1 5 7 9 FT2 2 5 6 8 FT3 2 5 5 6 FT4 1 3 5 6 FT5 2 8 10 11 注：UCR：上升流核心区；UPR：上升流周边海域；FT1：断面1；FT2：断面2；FT3：断面3；FT4：断面4；FT5 ：断面5。 Note：UCR: Upwelling core region; UPR: Upwelling periphery region; FT1: Fishing transect 1; FT2: Fishing transect 2; FT3: Fishing transect 3; FT4: Fishing transect 4; FT5: Fishing transect 5.
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表 3 上升流核心区和周边海域及FT1-FT5断面的渔获率、多样性指数和优势种变化
Tab. 3 Changes in catch rate, diversity indexes, and dominant species in upwelling core region, upwelling periphery region, and transects from FT1 to FT5
区域 Region 渔获率Catch rate/（kg/h） 多样性指数 Diversity index 均匀度指数 Evenness index 丰富度指数 Richness index 优势种Dominate species UCR 45.9 0.92 0.25 0.99 鳞首方头鲳Cubiceps squamiceps UPR 28.1 1.92 0.56 1.21 扁舵鲣Auxis thazard、大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus FT1 15.8 2.25 0.71 1.21 日本乌鲂Brama japonica、扁舵鲣Auxis thazard、大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus、长体圆鲹Decapterus macrosoma FT2 111.9 0.51 0.17 0.58 鳞首方头鲳Cubiceps squamiceps FT3 10.2 1.3 0.5 0.6 圆舵鲣Auxis rochei、鳞首方头鲳Cubiceps squamiceps FT4 53 1.38 0.54 0.63 扁舵鲣Auxis thazard、大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus FT5 3 2.46 0.71 1.64 扁舵鲣Auxis thazard、蓝圆鲹Decapterus maruadsi、长体圆鲹Decapterus macrosoma 注：UCR：上升流核心区；UPR：上升流周边海域；FT1：断面1；FT2：断面2；FT3：断面3；FT4：断面4；FT5：断面5。 Note：UCR: Upwelling core region; UPR: Upwelling periphery region; FT1: Fishing transect 1; FT2: Fishing transect 2; FT3: Fishing transect 3; FT4: Fishing transect 4; FT5: Fishing transect 5.
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表 4 鱼类不同类群组间差异和主要分歧种及其贡献率(> 10%)
Tab. 4 Differences in community structure and contribution rates of different species(> 10%)
种类Species 丰度百分比Ratio of abundance/% 丰度变化Variation in abundance 贡献率Contribution rate/% 上升流核心区 Upwelling core region 上升流周边海域Upwelling periphery region 鳞首方头鲳Cubiceps squamiceps 85.73 7.04 减少 21.4 扁舵鲣Auxis thazard 1.79 50.87 增加 14 长体圆鲹Decapterus macrosoma 4.67 3.42 减少 12.8 大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus 0.25 29.5 增加 11.8 圆舵鲣Auxis rochei 4.88 0 减少 11.3
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