Strengthened marine heatwaves over the Beibu Gulf coral reef regions from 1960 to 2017
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摘要: 在全球气候变化、区域气候因素的共同作用下,海洋热浪频发,北部湾珊瑚礁正处于快速退化之中。探究海洋热浪逐年增强的机制,对预测珊瑚礁未来生长环境具有重要意义。根据北部湾东部4个海洋站(北海、涠洲、海口、东方)实测海表温度历史资料和该海域的相关气候资料,选取SSTA、DHM、DHW、DHD 4种指标,采用相关分析和对比分析法探讨该海域近58年海洋热浪的变化趋势及原因,结果表明:(1)1960−2017年北部湾东部珊瑚礁区海洋热浪爆发的强度及频率逐年波动上升;(2)海洋热浪逐年增强源于全球性的厄尔尼诺事件增多、区域性的高压系统增强及风场减弱等多因素共同作用;(3)全球变暖背景下造成的海洋热浪爆发对北部湾东部海域的珊瑚礁生态系统已经造成不利影响。Abstract: Under the effects of global climate change and regional climate factors, marine heatwaves occur frequently, resulting in a decline of coral reefs over the Beibu Gulf. Understanding the mechanisms of strengthened marine heatwaves is critical for predicting the future evolution of local reef ecosystems. According to sea surface temperature recorded from four marine stations (Beihai, Weizhou, Haikou, Dongfang) in the eastern part of Beibu Gulf, we analyzed the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA), degree heating mouths (DHM), degree heating weeks (DHW) and degree heating days (DHD) which are typical proxies for identifying the marine heat waves (MHW) with its tendency and frequency during the past 58 years. The results show that: (1) The intensity and frequency of marine heat waves (MHW) in 1960−2017 displayed an increasing tendency; (2) The strengthened MHW is probably attributed to many factors, including the increase of El Niño events, regional high-pressure system enhancement, wind weakening; (3) MHW caused by global warming will adversely affect coral reef ecosystems over the Beibu Gulf.
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Key words:
- marine heatwaves /
- SST /
- South China Sea Subtropical High /
- coral reef /
- Beibu Gulf
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图 2 1960−2017年夏季北部湾海域海洋热浪变化趋势
a. SSTA变化趋势;b. DHM变化趋势;c. DHD变化趋势;d. DHW变化趋势;图中趋势线的b为上升率,R为相关系数
Fig. 2 Tendency of marine heatwaves during the summer of 1960−2017 in the Beibu Gulf
a. SSTA tendency; b. DHM tendency; c. DHD tendency; d. DHW tendency; b is rising rate and R is the correlation coefficient
图 3 1960−2017年夏季南海高压指数:强度、面积指数(a);西脊点(b);ONI指数、北部湾海域最热月净热通量(c);南海夏季风强度距平变化[23](d);涠洲岛海洋站SST、NOAA卫星监测SST(e);2015年1月至2016年12月ONI指数(f);净热通量、感热、潜热、短波辐射、长波辐射(g);南海高压指数:强度、面积指数(h);西脊点(i);涠洲岛海洋站SST(j)
Fig. 3 The trend of summer South China Sea subtropical high indexes in 1960−2017: intensity and area index (a), the west-extending ridge(b); ONI index and net heat flux (c); summer wind speed anomalies in the South China Sea[23] (d); SST of Weizhou Marine Station and NOAA (e); the time series from Janauary, 2015 to December, 2016 of ONI index (f); net heat flux, sensible heat, latent heat, short-wave radiation, long-wave radiation (g); intensity and area index (h); the west-extending ridge (i); SST of Weizhou Marine Station (j)
表 1 量化海洋热浪4种指标的计算方法
Tab. 1 Four proxies for defining marine heatwaves
指标 计算方法 SSTA/℃ SSTA=T-LMST;T为海洋站夏季月平均SST序列,LMST为海洋站的长期平均夏季温度 DHM/℃·月 DHM=Ʃ((T-LMST)>0);T为海洋站夏季月平均SST序列,LMST为海洋站的长期平均夏季温度 DHW/℃·周 DHW=(Ʃ7(T-SSTM))max;T为海洋站夏季日平均SST序列,SSTM为海洋站的最热月平均温度气候值 DHD/d DHD=Ʃ(T-LMST);T为海洋站夏季日平均SST序列,LMST为海洋站的长期平均夏季温度 表 2 3次超强E1 Niño事件参数与热浪指标
Tab. 2 E1 Niño index and MHW indexes of three strong E1 Niño events
持续时间/月 峰值强度/℃ 累计SSTA/℃ 连续超过20℃时间/月 涠洲站 东方站 DHM/℃·月 DHD/d DHW/℃·周 DHM/℃·月 DHD/d DHW/℃·周 1982/1983 15 2.2 20.5 4 0.8 54 10.2 0.2 56 8.2 1997/1998 11 2.4 21.7 5 0.5 54 7.8 0 98 7.2 2015/2016 19 2.6 24.9 6 0.5 37 9.5 1 84 7.3 -
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