近30年长江口海域生态系统健康状况及变化趋势研究

陈耀辉; 刘守海; 何彦龙; 秦玉涛; 季晓; 张昊飞; 徐韧

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.007

近30年长江口海域生态系统健康状况及变化趋势研究

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.007

陈耀辉^{1, 2,},
刘守海^{2, 3},
何彦龙^{2, 3},
秦玉涛^{2, 3},
季晓^{2, 3},
张昊飞^{2, 3},
徐韧^4, ,

1.
上海海洋大学海洋生态与环境学院，上海 201306
2.
自然资源部海洋生态监测与修复技术重点实验室，上海 201206
3.
国家海洋局东海环境监测中心，上海 201206
4.
自然资源部中国极地研究中心，上海 200136

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划“海洋环境安全保障”重点专项（2016YFC1402305）；海洋公益性行业科研专项（201305027，201505004-6）；东海分局青年海洋科技基金项目（201801）。

详细信息

作者简介:
陈耀辉（1994-），男，广东省肇庆市人，研究方向为海洋鱼类浮游生物和海洋生态。E-mail：1032373560@qq.com

通讯作者:
徐韧，研究员，主要从事海洋生态环境研究。E-mail：xrhyp@ecs.mnr.gov.cn

中图分类号: P714⁺.5; P76; Q178.53
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- 文章访问数: 349
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-05-27
- 修回日期: 2019-08-28
- 网络出版日期: 2020-11-18
- 刊出日期: 2020-04-25

Study on ecosystem health and variation trend at the Changjiang River Estuary in the past 30 years

Chen Yaohui^{1, 2
,},
Liu Shouhai^{2, 3},
He Yanlong^{2, 3},
Qin Yutao^{2, 3},
Ji Xiao^{2, 3},
Zhang Haofei^{2, 3},
Xu Ren^{4
, ,}

1.
College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China
3.
East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 201206, China
4.
Polar Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China

摘要

摘要: 为评估长江口海域生态系统健康状况，本文以鱼类浮游生物为指示生物，选择1986年、1999年、2007年和2016年4个年份的数据，选取鱼类浮游生物总种类数、底栖鱼种类数、水层鱼种类数、低耐污鱼种类数、高耐污鱼种类数百分比、杂食性鱼种类数百分比、虫食性鱼种类数百分比、肉食性鱼种类数百分比、鱼类取样个体数、天然杂交种种类数百分比等10个评价指标，采用1、3、5赋值法计算4个不同年份的河口生物完整性指数(Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index，EBI)，并以此评价近30年长江口海域生态系统健康状况变化趋势。结果显示，1986年、1999年、2007年和2016年4个不同年份的EBI值分别是52、40、36、34，对应的EBI等级分别为“好”、“一般”、“一般−差”、“差”。通过分析EBI年际变化的结果，发现近30年来长江口海域生态系统健康状况呈现先下降，而后稳定在较低水平的趋势，说明长江口海域生态系统亟需及时进行保护和修复工作。
- 生态系统健康 /
- 鱼类浮游生物 /
- 河口生物完整性指数 /
- 年际变化
Abstract: In order to assess the health status of ecosystem on the Changjiang River Estuary waters, the ichthyoplankton is used to be indicators. Selecting 10 evaluation indices, which are the total number of ichthyoplankton species, number of benthic species, number of column species, number of intolerant species, proportion of tolerant species, proportion of omnivores, proportion of insectivorous, proportion of carnivores, number of individuals in each sample, proportion of hybrid. This study calculates the estuarine biotic integrity index (EBI) value of the 1986, 1999, 2007 and 2016 by using 1, 3, and 5 approximation of value assignment, and assesses the change trend of the ecosystem health in the Changjiang River Estuary water in recent 30 years. The results show that in 1986, 1999, 2007 and 2016, the EBI values were 52, 40, 36 and 34, respectively, and the corresponding EBI levels were “good”, “fair”, “fair-poor” and “poor”, respectively. By analyzing the results of EBI annual changes, it was found that the health status of ecosystem in the Changjiang River Estuary in recent 30 years showed a trend of declining first and then maintaining at a low level, indicating that the ecosystem of the Changjiang River Estuary waters is urgent to carry out timely protection and restoration.
- ecosystem health /
- ichthyoplankton /
- the estuarine biotic integrity index /
- interannual variability

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图 1 不同调查时期长江口海域鱼类浮游生物采样区域和站位分布

Fig. 1 Survey area and sampling stations of ichthyoplankton in the Changjiang River Estuary in different survey periods

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图 2 春季（5月）长江口海域物种数量变化

Fig. 2 Changes in the number of species in the Changjiang River Estuary waters in spring (May)

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表 1 长江口海域EBI评价指标体系

Tab. 1 EBI metric system in the Changjiang River Estuary

属性	指标
种类结构	M1总种类数
	M2底栖鱼种类数
	M3水层鱼种类数
	M4低耐污鱼种类数
	M5高耐污鱼种类数百分比
营养结构	M6杂食性鱼种类数百分比
	M7虫食性鱼种类数百分比
	M8肉食性鱼种类数百分比
鱼类丰度和健康状况	M9鱼类取样个体数
鱼类丰度和健康状况	M10天然杂交种种类数百分比

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表 2 EBI等级划分和对应的特征描述

Tab. 2 Classification of EBI and the characteristic corresponding to its level

EBI值	EBI等级	特征描述
58～60	极好	鱼类浮游生物群落没有受到人类干扰，所有期望的鱼类浮游生物都能捕获，包括耐受性极差的种类；营养结构平衡；没有天然杂交种、极少感染疾病个体
48～52	好	鱼类浮游生物种类数略低于期望值，耐受性极差的种类消失；营养结构显示环境受到一定压力，但仍极少天然杂交个体
40～44	一般	鱼类浮游生物丰度低，低耐受种少；生态环境质量开始下降
28～34	差	鱼类浮游生物种类变少；耐受性弱的种类更少，耐受性强的种类比例增加；天然杂交种比例上升。
12～22	极差	鱼类浮游生物数量较少，且多为耐受性极强的种类；天然杂交种普遍

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表 3 长江口海域鱼类浮游生物名录

Tab. 3 Species categories of ichthyoplankton in the Changjiang River Estuary waters

科	种名	生态类型	1986年	1999年	2007年	2016年
鲱科Clupeidae	远东拟沙丁鱼Sardinops melanostictus	M	+
鲱科Clupeidae	青鳞小沙丁鱼Sardinella zunasi	C	+
鲱科Clupeidae	斑鰶Konosirus punctatus	M	+
鳀科Engraulidae	日本鳀Engraulis japonicus	M	+	+	+	+
鳀科Engraulidae	凤鲚Coilia mystus	B	+	+	+	+
鳀科Engraulidae	黄鲫Setipinna taty	C	+
鳀科Engraulidae	康氏侧带小公鱼Stolephorus commersonnii	C			+
鳀科Engraulidae	赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa kammalensis	C			+
灯笼鱼科Scopelidae	七星底灯鱼Benthosema pterotum	M			+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鳊Parabramis pekinensis	F				+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix	F				+
鲤科Cyprinidae	青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus	F				+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鲤科1 Cyprinidae sp.	F		+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鲤科2 Cyprinidae sp.	F		+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鲤科3 Cyprinidae sp.	F		+
银鱼科Salangidae	大银鱼Protosalanx chinensis	B	+
银鱼科Salangidae	前颌间银鱼Hemisalanx prognathus	B	+	+
银鱼科Salangidae	太湖短吻银鱼Neosalanx prognathus taihuensis	B	+
银鱼科Salangidae	有明银鱼Salanx ariakensis	B			+
鲻科Mugilidae	鰉 Liza haematocheilus	B	+	+		+
鲻科Mugilidae	前鳞龟鰉Chelon affinis	B				+
鲻科Mugilidae	棱鰉Liza carinatus	B			+
鲻科Mugilidae	鲻Mugil cephalus	B	+
鮨科Serranidae	中国花鲈Lateolabrax maculatus	M				+
鮨科Serranidae	鳜Siniperca chuatsi	F				+
鮨科Serranidae	鮨科Serranidae sp.	M	+
鲷科Sparidae	鲷科Sparidae sp.	M		+
杜父鱼科Cottidae	松江鲈Trachidermus fasciatus	B			+
石首鱼科Sciaenidae	黄姑鱼Nibea albiflora	C	+
石首鱼科Sciaenidae	大黄鱼Larimichthys crocea	C		+
石首鱼科Sciaenidae	小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis	C	+	+	+	+
天竺鲷科Apogonidae	细条天竺鲷Apogon lineatus	M	+		+
银汉鱼科Atherinidae	白氏银汉鱼Allanetta bleekeri	C			+
鲬科Platycephalidae	鲬Platycephalus indicus	M	+	+		+
鴨科Callionymidae	单鳍鴨Draculo mirabilis	M		+

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表 4 EBI 指标赋值标准

Tab. 4 EBI metrics score criteria

属性	指标	评分标准
属性	指标	1	3	5
物种组成	M1总种类数	<18	18～28	>28
	M2底栖鱼种类数	<8	8～10	>10
	M3水层鱼种类数	<12	12～18	>18
	M4低耐污鱼种类数	<16	16～25	>25
	M5高耐污鱼种类数百分比	>20%	5%～20%	<5%
营养结构	M6杂食性鱼种类数百分比	>45%	20%～45%	<20%
	M7虫食性鱼种类数百分比	<20%	20%～45%	>45%
	M8肉食性鱼种类数百分比	<1%	1%～5%	>5%
鱼类丰度和健康状况	M9鱼类取样个体数	<60	60～90	>90
鱼类丰度和健康状况	M10天然杂交种种类数百分比	>1%	0～1%	0

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表 5 鱼类浮游生物EBI值

Tab. 5 EBI values of ichthyoplankton

属性	1986年	1999年	2007年	2016年
M1总种类数	5	3	1	3
M2底栖鱼种类数	5	3	1	3
M3水层鱼种类数	5	1	3	1
M4低耐污鱼种类数	5	3	3	1
M5高耐污鱼种类数百分比	3	3	3	1
M6杂食性鱼种类数百分比	3	5	5	3
M7虫食性鱼种类数百分比	1	1	3	1
M8肉食性鱼种类数百分比	5	5	5	5
M9鱼类取样个体数	5	5	5	5
M10天然杂交种种类数百分比	5	5	5	5
EBI值	52	40	36	34

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