The distribution characteristics of hydrothermal plume in mid-ocean ridge and its indicative role in polymetallic sulfide prospecting
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摘要: 热液羽状流是海底热液活动的重要标志，海底多金属硫化物是热液活动的产物。现阶段洋中脊多金属硫化物勘探工作的第一步是开展热液羽状流的近底探测；综合各类异常信息，实现从发现热液活动喷口到发现矿床的突破。本文以热液羽状流为研究对象，从羽状流的近底探测、扩散机制和分布特征3个方面，概述了最新的研究进展和有待完善的方面，阐述了羽状流在洋中脊多金属硫化物找矿中的指示作用，最后总结性地指出时空连续性、参数多元化将是热液探测的发展趋势，有助于提升对热液羽状流分布特征的认识，将为热液区分布模式的研究提供更加精细的探测资料。Abstract: Hydrothermal plume is an important symbol of hydrothermal activity. Seafloor polymetallic sulfide deposits are products of hydrothermal activity. At the present stage, seafloor polymetallic sulfide prospection and exploration in the mid-ocean ridges are mainly based on the detection of hydrothermal plume and combined with the comprehensive anomaly detection information to realize the breakthrough from the discovery of hydrothermal vents to the discovery of mineral deposits. Based on the hydrothermal plume as the research object, from the three aspects of near-bottom observations, dispersion mechanism and distribution characteristics, this paper summarizes the latest progress and aspects need to be improved of hydrothermal plume, and emphasizes the hydrothermal mapping as a prospective tool for seafloor polymetallic sulfide deposits in the mid-ocean ridges. Finally, this paper points out in conclusion that the spatial and temporal continuity, parameter diversification will be the development trend of hydrothermal detection, which will help promote understanding of hydrothermal plume distribution characteristics and will provide more detailed data to the study on the model of the hydrothermal fields.
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图 1 洋中脊上已知的和未发现的热液区的数目与扩张速率的分布关系[5]
整个柱高代表预测的热液区数目
Fig. 1 Stacked bar histogram of known and predicted number of active vent fields as functions of spreading rate for mid-ocean ridges, distinguishing those discovered since year 2000[5]
Entire column height represents the predicted number of vent fields
图 3 国际海洋痕量元素及同位素生物地球化学循环研究计划（GEOTRACES）项目GP16航次在东太平洋南部15°S海域的调查站位分布和浓度等值线[45]
3Hexs表示减去背景海水和空气中的3He浓度所得的异常值
Fig. 3 Interpolated concentrations and station map along the US GEOTRACES GP16 eastern Pacific zonal transect[45]
The 3Hexs presents the total concentration of 3He deducts the background values of sea water and air
图 5 热液区发生率、热液区分布间距与洋脊扩张速率间的分布规律
红色小圈表示InterRidge数据库中统计的27段不同扩张速率的洋脊。倒三角（加拉帕格斯扩张中心的东部，eastern Galapagos Spreading Center，eGSC）、大圆圈（加拉帕格斯扩张中心的中部，center Galapagos Spreading Center，cGSC）、菱形（劳扩张中心，Eastern Lau Spreading Center，ELSC）、正方形（东太平洋海隆的北部，northern East Pacific Ridge，nEPR）分别表示Baker等[3]重新开展热液探测的4段快速、中速扩张洋脊；红色表示通过InterRidge数据库计算的热液区发生率和热液区分布间距，绿色表示通过最新热液探测资料计算的结果，紫色表示通过详细的海底摄像观测资料计算的热液区发生率和热液区分布间距；只有nEPR和sEPR（东太平洋海隆的南部，southern East Pacific Ridge，斜三角形） 开展了 详细的海底摄像观测
Fig. 5 Hydrothermal frequency vs. spreading rate, spacing vs. spreading rate
27 ridge sections using data from the InterRidge database (small red dots). Inverted triangle(eastern Galapagos Spreading Center, eGSC), large circle (center Galapagos Spreading Center, cGSC), diamond (Eastern Lau Spreading Center, ELSC) and square (northern East Pacific Ridge, nEPR) represent 4 segments of spreading ridge studied in Baker et al[3]. Results for these sections are from InterRidge Database (large red symbol), Baker et al[3] (green), and results from visual seafloor observations (purple). nEPR and sEPR (southern East Pacific Rise, skewed triangles) carried out detailed visual seafloor observations
表 1 羽状流的异常分布特征及热液区发育类型
Tab. 1 Distribution characteristics of hydrothermal plume and types of hydrothermal fields
序号 羽状流的异常分布特征 热液流体类型 热液区发育类型 温度 示踪指标含量 浊度及是否伴随“黑烟” 典型热液区 1 >350℃ 高Fe，H2S；高CH4、Mn 伴随“黑烟”，明显浊度异常 Rainbow 高温热液流体 高温离散热液区 2 >350℃ 高Fe，H2S；低CH4、Mn 伴随“黑烟”，明显浊度异常 Snake Pit 高温热液流体 高温离散热液区 3 100～300℃ 高CH4；低Fe、H2S 无“黑烟”，上升流：高温清澈中性浮力层：热液微生物 Lost City 高温清澈热液流体 高温离散热液区 4 100～300℃ 高Fe；低H2S 无“黑烟”，上升流：高温清澈中性浮力层：Fe氢氧化物 EPR 9°30′N 高温清澈热液流体 高温离散热液区 5 <35℃，有时达100℃ CH4、H2S、Fe、Mn等 无“黑烟”，无明显浊度异常 Endeavour 洋脊 低温弥散热液流体 低温弥散热液区 注：“黑烟”指从高温热液喷口释放形成的黑色流体。 
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