Distribution characteristics of hypoxia and controlling factors on the East China Sea shelf in autumn
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摘要: 长江口−东海陆架是全球最大的季节性低氧区之一，其对区域生物地球化学和生物生态过程具有显著影响，但目前对该低氧区在秋季消退期的变化过程和控制机制仍缺乏深入的认识。本研究利用2017年9月在东海陆架所获取的多学科调查资料，刻画了秋季该海域低氧区的空间分布和背景理化环境特征，并结合对水文动力和生物地球化学过程的分析，深入探讨了低氧区的控制因素。结果表明，秋季东海陆架中部（浙江近海40～60 m等深线范围内）存在一东北−西南向的底层溶解氧（DO）低值区（DO质量浓度 ＜ 4 mg/L，最低值为2.52 mg/L），且低氧水在近岸侧呈现出一定的抬升趋势。该低氧区基本处于黑潮次表层水近岸分支（也称为台湾暖流底层水）的影响范围内，跃层和黑潮次表层水近岸分支外缘处的锋面限制了内部低氧水与上层水体及周围水体的氧交换，形成了东海陆架低氧区在秋季得以维持的水动力条件；黑潮次表层水近岸分支在浙江近海的涌升是导致东海陆架近岸侧中上层出现DO低值区的重要原因。秋季浙江近海低盐水的东南向离岸扩展和上升流所带来的营养盐为现场初级生产提供了重要的物质基础，进而在一定程度上影响着东海陆架低氧区的强度。同时，分析指出秋季随着黑潮次表层水近岸分支的南退与向海移动，东海陆架低氧核心区亦将进一步向南和离岸侧退缩甚至消亡。本研究可为深入认识秋季长江口−东海陆架低氧区的消退过程和控制机制等提供重要科学依据。Abstract: The Changjiang Estuary-East China Sea (ECS) shelf system is one of the world's largest seasonal hypoxic zones, significantly influencing regional biogeochemical and ecological processes. However, the variation processes and controlling mechanisms during its autumn decay phase remain a limited understanding. Using multidisciplinary survey data collected from the ECS shelf in September 2017, this study documents the spatial distribution of the hypoxic zone and the characteristics of physical and chemical environment in autumn. And through analysis of hydrodynamic and biogeochemical processes, the controlling factors of hypoxia are further investigated. Results reveal a northeast-southwest oriented bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) minimum zone (DO mass concentration ＜ 4 mg/L, minimum of 2.52 mg/L) over the mid-shelf off Zhejiang within the 40−60 m isobath, showing a certain uplift tendency on its nearshore side. This hypoxic zone is basically within the influence area of the Kuroshio subsurface water (KSSW) nearshore branch (also known as the bottom water of the Taiwan Warm Current). The pycnocline and front structures near the outer edge of this branch restrict oxygen exchange between the hypoxic water and the overlying and surrounding water, providing hydrodynamic conditions that sustain the hypoxia into the autumn. The upwelling of the KSSW nearshore branch is identified as a major cause of the mid-water hypoxia over the inner shelf. Furthermore, the nutrients transported by southeastward offshore expansion of low-salinity water and upwelling at Zhejiang coast serve as a critical material foundation for in situ primary production, which partly modulates the intensity of the hypoxic zone. It is also shown that as the KSSW nearshore branch retreats southward and seaward in autumn, the core of the hypoxic zone moves correspondingly southward and offshore, eventually dissipating. This study provides an important insight into the decay processes and controlling mechanisms of the hypoxic zone in the Changjiang Estuary-ECS shelf system during autumn.
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Key words:
- hypoxic zone /
- Kuroshio Subsurface Water /
- stratification /
- front /
- upwelling /
- biogeochemical process /
- East China Sea shelf
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图 1 秋季东海陆架主要流场格局（改绘自Yang等[39]）和调查站位
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of main currents on the East China Sea shelf in autumn and sampling stations
图 2 秋季东海陆架温度、盐度和密度的平面分布
Fig. 2 Horizontal distribution of temperature, salinity and density on the East China Sea shelf during autumn
图 3 秋季东海陆架各断面温度、盐度、密度、DO、DO饱和度、AOU、PO4-P和Chl a的垂向分布
Fig. 3 Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, density, DO, DO saturation, AOU, PO4-P and Chl a along each section on the East China Sea shelf during autumn
图 4 秋季东海陆架DO、DO饱和度、AOU、PO4-P和Chl a的平面分布
Fig. 4 Horizontal distribution of DO, DO saturation, AOU, PO4-P and Chl a on the East China Sea shelf during autumn
图 5 秋季调查海域各环境因子间的关系
a. 各站位底层DO质量浓度与水深；b. 底层DO质量浓度与底层温度；c. 底层DO质量浓度与底层盐度；d. 底层DO质量浓度与跃层强度（∆ρ/z）；e. 30 m和50 m水层中的DO质量浓度与温度；f. 30 m和50 m水层中的DO质量浓度与密度
Fig. 5 Relationships between environmental factors in the surveyed area during autumn
a. Bottom DO mass concentrations and station depth; b. DO mass concentrations and temperature in bottom layer; c. DO mass concentrations and salinity in bottom layer; d. DO mass concentrations and pycnocline intensity in bottom layer (∆ρ/z); e. DO mass concentrations and temperature in 30-m and 50-m layers; f. DO mass concentrations and density in 30-m and 50-m layers
图 6 秋季东海陆架底层(a)和KSSW影响区(b)的温度-盐度-DO聚点图
Fig. 6 Temperature-salinity-DO scatter plots in bottom layer (a) and Kuroshio Subsurface Water (KSSW)-dominated region (b) on the East China Sea shelf during autumn
图 7 秋季调查海域各环境因子间的关系
a. 表层和10 m水层中的PO4-P浓度与盐度；b. 表层和10 m水层中的Chl a质量浓度与盐度；c. 50 m水层中的PO4-P浓度与温度；d. 50 m水层中的PO4-P浓度与密度；e. 底层DO质量浓度与表层Chl a质量浓度（图中所指的“KSSW近岸分支西南锋面”位置详见图2f）；f. 底层DO质量浓度与底层PO4-P浓度
Fig. 7 Relationships between environmental factors in the surveyed area during autumn
a. PO4-P concentrations and salinity in surface and 10-m layers; b. Chl a mass concentrations and salinity in surface and 10-m layers; c. PO4-P concentrations and temperature in 50-m layer; d. PO4-P concentrations and density in 50-m layer; e. bottom DO mass concentrations and surface Chl a mass concentrations; f. DO mass concentrations and PO4-P concentrations in the bottom layer
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