Research progress on sexual reproduction of scleractinian corals
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摘要: 造礁珊瑚的有性繁殖是维持珊瑚礁生态系统结构和功能的关键生物学过程，直接决定珊瑚种群的动态更新与遗传多样性，对于珊瑚礁生态系统的稳定与演化具有重要意义。本文综述造礁珊瑚有性繁殖的研究进展，包括：（1）珊瑚的繁殖类型；（2）珊瑚的性腺发育；（3）珊瑚的排卵与受精；（4）珊瑚的胚胎发育；（5）珊瑚幼虫的固着过程；（6）珊瑚幼体的发育。现有进展表明，珊瑚有性繁殖过程受内源生物机制与外源环境因子协同调控，但其具体分子机制及过程仍不明了。未来需高度关注环境因子对造礁珊瑚排卵时间的影响、诱导珊瑚幼虫固着的机制、早期共生关系的建立与可塑性，以及建立分子辅助育种方法筛选耐热型珊瑚等方面。Abstract: Sexual reproduction in scleractinian corals is a fundamental biological process that sustains the structure and function of coral reef ecosystems. It directly determines population dynamics and genetic diversity, thereby playing a crucial role in the stability and evolution of coral reefs. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of coral sexual reproduction, including: (1) reproductive strategies, (2) gonadal development, (3) spawning and fertilization, (4) embryogenesis, (5) larval settlement, and (6) juvenile development. Current research indicates that coral sexual reproduction is jointly regulated by endogenous biological mechanisms and exogenous environmental factors; however, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unclear. Future studies should focus on elucidating the environmental regulation of spawning timing, mechanisms inducing larval settlement, establishment and plasticity of early symbiotic relationships, and the development of molecular-assisted breeding strategies for selecting thermotolerant coral strains.
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图 1 摩羯鹿角珊瑚（Acropora cervicornis）不同时相配子的显微结构（图片改自Vargas-Ángel等[27]）
A−D和E−H分别依次为第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞及精巢。cgb：刺丝囊；g：肠系膜；gvc：消化循环腔；m：中胶层；no：凹痕；sc：波浪形边缘
Fig. 1 Micrographs of A. cervicornis during Gonadal Development (modified from Vargas-Ángel et al.[27])
A−D and E−H represent oocytes and spermaries at stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ, respectively. cgb: cnidoglandular band; g: gastrodermis; gvc: gastrovascular cavity; m: mesoglea; no: notches; sc: scalloping
图 2 肉质扁脑珊瑚的胚胎及幼虫发育过程[69]
a. 卵母细胞；b. 2细胞期；c. 4细胞期；d. 8细胞期；e. 16细胞期；f. 32细胞期；g. 桑葚胚期（64细胞期）；h. 桑葚胚期（128细胞期）；i. 囊胚早期；j. 囊胚晚期；k. 原肠胚早期；l. 原肠胚中期；m. 浮浪幼虫早期；n1, n2. 浮浪幼虫中期；o. 浮浪幼虫晚期。所有标尺都为 200 μm
Fig. 2 The early development of P.carnosus[69]
a. Oocytes; b. 2-cell stage; c. 4-cell stage; d. 8-cell stage; e. 16-cell stage; f. 32-cell stage; g. morula stage (64-cell stage); h. morula stage (128-cell stage); i. early blastula stage; j. later blastula stage; k. early gastrula stage; l. middle gastrula stage; m. early planula stage; n1, n2. middle planula stage; o. later planula stage. All rulers indicate 200 μm
图 5 丛生盔形珊瑚的幼虫发育（改自Wei等[84]）
a. 幼虫在69 h时出现试探附着行为，b. 排卵后5 d观察到幼虫附着成功，有6个明显的肠系膜，c. 第9 d观察到共生虫黄藻和体壁，d、e. 1个月后观察到12个触手和6个隔片，f、g. 后续幼体触手不断增长
Fig. 5 G. fascicularis post-settlement development (modified from Wei et al.[84])
a. Larvae started settling at 69 h; b. larvae settled successfully at 5 d, with 6 mesenteries; c. zooxanthellae and the body wall were observed at 9 d; d, e. after 1 month, 12 tentacles and 6 septa were evident; f, g. the juvenile tentacles continued to elongate
表 1 生物化学因素与物理因素对珊瑚幼虫固着过程的影响[86–87]
Tab. 1 Effects of biochemical and physical factors during larval settlement[86–87]
影响因素 幼虫行为 生物化
学因素壳状珊瑚藻（Crustose Coralline Algae, CCA）及其代谢产物 诱导或排斥幼虫固着、不同种
幼虫对CCA的选择存在差异微生物膜及其代谢产物 诱导或排斥幼虫固着 物理因素 环境光和附着基的颜色 影响固着深度、方向、位置 附着基的材质和结构 影响附着率 沉积物 影响附着率及对附着基的选择 温度 影响附着率及寻找合适
附着基的时间水流 影响幼虫的扩散能力和
珊瑚连通性压强 影响固着深度 
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