Numerical simulation of tides and tidal currents in Sanmen Bay and adjacent waters based on FVCOM
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摘要: 理解区域海洋潮汐过程对保障海洋工程建设、降低海洋环境污染等具有重要意义。近年来，三门湾区域频繁开展围垦等海洋开发活动，一定程度改变了湾内水动力环境。本文基于三维非结构有限体积海洋模式FVCOM（Finite Volume Community Ocean Model），构建了三门湾及邻近海域数值模型，利用三门湾口门处3个站点的实测潮流数据以及两个站点的潮位数据验证了模型的可靠性。在此基础上，分析了当前三门湾及邻近海域的潮汐、潮流的分布特征和潮波的传播特征，并通过对比 2000 年与 2020 年岸线条件下的敏感性实验结果，量化分析了围垦引起的岸线变迁对湾内水动力环境的影响。结果表明，研究海域以正规半日潮为主，M2分潮振幅最大（1.5～2 m），S2次之，两者均呈现由东南向西北传播的特征。潮流方面，湾内以往复流为主，M2分潮潮流椭圆长半轴最大可达1 m/s；余流在地形复杂区域可高达0.4 m/s，湾内余流从东北岸向湾内流入，西南岸向湾外流出；潮能通量密度向湾口传播过程中逐渐衰减，在口门处减弱至约 20 kW/m。对比分析表明，随着岸线变迁，湾内涨潮优势增强，湾顶区域M2分潮振幅减小了0.2 m。湾口东北侧余流方向发生逆转，由向外流转为向内流，部分深水水道区域潮能通量密度相比减小了约40 kW/m。通过与实测资料对比，本研究所进行数值模拟结果与实测资料基本吻合，能够反映出近年来三门湾水动力状况，为研究典型近海海湾围垦对水环境动力的影响提供科学依据。Abstract: Understanding regional tidal processes is of great significance for ensuring the safety of marine engineering construction and mitigating marine environmental pollution. In recent years, frequent marine development activities, particularly land reclamation projects, have been implemented in Sanmen Bay, resulting in measurable alterations to the hydrodynamic environment within the bay. Based on the three-dimensional unstructured-grid finite-volume coastal ocean model(FVCOM), a numerical model for Sanmen Bay and the adjacent waters was established. The model was validated against observed current data from three stations near the bay mouth and tidal elevation data from two stations inside the bay. Based on this validation, the tides and currents distribution characteristics as well as tidal wave propagation in Sanmen Bay and its adjacent waters were analyzed. Furthermore, by comparing the results of sensitivity experiments under the 2000 and 2020 shoreline conditions, the impacts of shoreline changes induced by reclamation on the hydrodynamic environment within the bay were quantitatively assessed. Results demonstrate that the study area exhibits predominantly semidiurnal tides, with the M2-constituent showing the largest amplitude (1.5−2 m), followed by S2, both propagating from southeast to northwest. The tidal currents within the bay are primarily rectilinear, with the maximum semi-major axis of the M2 tidal current ellipse reaching 1 m/s. Residual currents in topographically complex regions can reach 0.4 m/s. Within the bay, the residual flow enters from the northeast coast and exits toward the open sea along the southwest coast. The tidal energy flux density gradually decays during its propagation toward the bay mouth, weakening to about 20 kW/m at the entrance. Comparative analysis reveals that shoreline modifications have enhanced flood dominance within the bay, reduced M2 amplitude by 0.2 m in the bay-head region. The residual current direction has reversed from outward to inward flow along the northeastern bay mouth, while tidal energy flux density decreased by approximately 40 kW/m in some deeper channels. The numerical simulations show good agreement with field measurements, effectively reflecting recent hydrodynamic conditions in Sanmen Bay and providing scientific support for studying the impact of typical coastal reclamation on hydrodynamics.
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Key words:
- Sanmen Bay /
- FVCOM /
- tides and currents /
- reclamation
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图 1 三门湾2000−2020年围垦区域分布
底图为2000年假彩色卫星影像
Fig. 1 Distribution of reclamation areas in Sanmen Bay from 2000 to 2020
Base map: false-color satellite image from 2000
图 2 三门湾地理位置（a）、计算网格（b）及地形与测站分布（c）
Fig. 2 Sanmen Bay: geographic location (a), computational grid (b), and bathymetry and station distribution (c)
图 4 C1站点模式结果与实测流速、流向对比
a–f为大潮，g–l为小潮
Fig. 4 Comparison between simulated and observed current speed/direction at Station C1
a–f: Spring tide; g–l: neap tide
图 5 C2站点模式结果与实测流速、流向对比
a–f为大潮，g–l为小潮
Fig. 5 Comparison between simulated and observed current speed/direction at Station C2
a–f: Spring tide; g–l: neap tide
图 6 C3站点模式结果与实测流速、流向对比
a–f为大潮，g–l为小潮
Fig. 6 Comparison between simulated and observed current speed/direction at Station C3
a–f: Spring tide; g–l: neap tide
图 7 三门湾及邻近海域F、G系数的空间分布
Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of coefficients F and G in Sanmen Bay and adjacent waters
图 8 三门湾及邻近海域潮汐不对称特征
a. 不对称系数空间分布；b. 实验组间差异（Exp1减Exp2）
Fig. 8 Tidal asymmetry characteristics in Sanmen Bay and adjacent waters
a. Spatial distribution of asymmetry coefficients, b. inter-experimental differences (Exp1 minus Exp2)
图 9 三门湾及邻近海域M2分潮（a）、S2分潮（b）、K1分潮（c）和O1分潮（d）的等振幅线（虚线，单位：m）和同潮时线[细实线，单位：（°）]分布
Fig. 9 Distributions of co-amplitude lines (dotted, unit: m) and co-phase lines [thin solid, unit: (°)] for M2-constituent (a), S2-constituent (b), K1-constituent (c) and O1-constituent (d) in Sanmen Bay and adjacent waters
图 10 三门湾M2和S2分潮参数实验对比
a, b. M2分潮振幅和迟角差异(Exp1减Exp2)；c, d. S2分潮振幅和迟角差异(Exp1减Exp2)
Fig. 10 Experimental comparison of tidal constituents in Sanmen Bay
a, b. Differences in amplitude and phase lag of M2-constituent (Exp1 minus Exp2); c, d. differences in amplitude and phase lag of S2-constituent (Exp1minus Exp2)
图 11 三门湾及邻近海域M2（a）、S2（b）潮流椭圆
红色代表逆时针方向，蓝色代表顺时针方向
Fig. 11 Tidal current ellipses of M2 (a) and S2 (b) in Sanmen Bay and adjacent waters
The red represent counterclockwise rotation, and the blue represent clockwise rotation
图 12 三门湾表层余流分布Exp1（a）和Exp2（b）
Fig. 12 Distribution of surface residual currents in Sanmen Bay: Exp1(a) and Exp2 (b)
图 13 2020年A−B剖面余流分布及5个站点垂向余流分布
站点1～5代表图中竖虚线位置的点位
Fig. 13 Distributions of residual currents along the A–B transect and vertical profiles at five stations in 2020
Stations1−5 represent the locations indicated by the vertical dashed lines in the figure
图 14 三门湾潮能通量分布特征
a. Exp2方案；b. Exp1方案；c. 方案间差异（Exp1减Exp2）
Fig. 14 Characteristics of tidal energy flux distribution in Sanmen Bay
a. Exp2, b. Exp1, c. inter-scenario differences (Exp1 minus Exp2)
表 1 潮位与潮流站点信息
Tab. 1 Information of elevation and current field stations
观测内容 站点 纬度 经度 时间范围 时间间隔 观测层次 潮位 T1 29°13′N 121°58′E 2023年9月15日0时至2023年9月30日23时 1 h H 潮位 T2 29°02′N 121°36′E 2023年9月15日0时至2023年9月30日23时 1 h H 潮流 C1 28°58′N 121°50′E 2023年9月16日9时至2023年9月17日10时；
2023年9月23日9时至2023年9月24日10时1 h 0（表层）、0.2H、 0.4H、0.6H、 0.8H、H（底层） 潮流 C2 28°53′N 121°54′E 2023年9月17日9时至2023年9月18日10时；
2023年9月24日11时至2023年9月25日12时1 h 0（表层）、0.2H、 0.4H、0.6H、 0.8H、H（底层） 潮流 C3 28°45′N 121°58′E 2023年9月16日9时至2023年9月17日10时；
2023年9月23日9时至2023年9月24日10时1 h 0（表层）、0.2H、 0.4H、0.6H、 0.8H、H（底层） 注：H表示观测点处的总水深。 
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表 2 敏感性实验方案
Tab. 2 Sensitivity experiment design
方案 岸线年份 岸线来源 网格点数 模拟时间 潮位驱动 实验目的 Exp1 2020 Landsat 8 23669 2023年9月1日0时至2023年10月6日23时（共37 d） TPXO9 atlas 表征现状动力格局 Exp2 2000 Landsat 7 25044 2023年9月1日0时至2023年10月6日23时（共37 d） TPXO9 atlas 量化岸线变迁对潮汐潮流的影响
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表 3 各站点流速、流向模拟与实测数据的均方根误差（RMSE）
Tab. 3 RMSE between simulated and observed current speed/direction at each station
站点 层次 流速/（m·s−1） 流向/（°） 大潮 小潮 大潮 小潮 C1 表层 0.09 0.08 23.01 19.60 C1 中层 0.09 0.07 22.27 23.28 C1 底层 0.14 0.06 24.22 23.66 C2 表层 0.06 0.07 20.70 45.16 C2 中层 0.13 0.08 20.20 31.48 C2 底层 0.17 0.11 26.20 32.28 C3 表层 0.16 0.11 50.90 46.70 C3 中层 0.20 0.15 57.09 51.00 C3 底层 0.22 0.19 52.26 57.70 均值 0.14 0.10 30.98 36.76
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