Distribution pattern and influencing factors of seabed surface sediments in Qinzhou Bay
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摘要: 钦州湾作为典型的河口−海湾复合系统，其海床表层沉积物空间分布模式及其变化极可能影响航槽地貌稳定与船只安全。本文基于2024年洪枯季采集的钦州湾高密度表层沉积物样品与水文数据，系统探讨了海床沉积物季相变化特征及驱动机制。结果表明：钦州湾表层沉积物以砂为主，平均粒径在洪季为3.67φ（约为0.079 mm），在枯季为3.39φ（约为0.095 mm），海床沉积物在枯季较洪季偏粗。洪季期间，海床沉积物主要包括中砂、细砂、极细砂、粗粉砂、中粉砂及细粉砂6种沉积类型，其中内湾以粉砂和细砂为主，龙门通道北段为细砂，南出口及外湾中段为中砂，东西航道两侧则再度细化。枯季沉积物包括中砂、细砂、极细砂、粗粉砂及中粉砂5种类型。内湾和龙门通道以及外湾西侧均以细砂为主，外湾中部分布中砂，外湾东部沉积物细化。钦州湾海床沉积物在洪枯季EOF分析的第一模态中都展现为“内湾细、通道粗、外湾中部粗两侧细”的沉积格局。然而，洪季EOF分析的第二模态为外湾中东部以细砂为主的沉积模式；枯季第二模态则为内湾以极细砂为主，外湾东西侧分别以细砂、粗粉砂为主的沉积格局。钦州湾海床沉积格局主要受径流与潮流耦合作用控制，局部展现的差异化沉积受控通道束流效应及航道疏浚、运河建设和水产养殖等人类活动的综合影响。
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关键词:
- 钦州湾 /
- 海床 /
- 表层沉积物 /
- 经验正交函数（EOF）
Abstract: Qinzhou Bay is a typical estuary–bay coupled system. Seabed surface sediments distribution pattern in the bay and their variations can substantially influence navigation-channel geomorphological stability and vessel safety. Based on high-density seabed surface sediment samples and hydrological data collected in Qinzhou Bay during the flood and dry seasons of 2024, this study systematically investigates the seasonal variability of seabed surface sediments and the driving mechanisms. The results show that seabed surface sediments in Qinzhou Bay are dominated by sand. The mean grain size is 3.67φ (0.079 mm) in the flood season and 3.39φ (0.095 mm) in the dry season, indicating a coarser tendency in the dry season. During the flood season, six sediment types are identified, including medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, coarse silt, medium silt and fine silt, with silts and fine sand dominating the inner bay, fine sand dominating the northern Longmen Channel, medium sand dominating the southern outlet and the central outer bay while sediments on both sides of the eastern and western navigation channels turning finer again. During the dry season, five sediment types are identified, including medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, coarse silt and medium silt. Fine sand dominates the inner bay, the Longmen Channel and the western outer bay, medium sand dominates the central outer bay and sediments in the eastern outer bay become finer. The distribution of seabed surface sediment in Qinzhou Bay is characterized by "fine in the inner bay, coarse in the channel, coarse in the central outer bay and fine on the two sides", which is consistent in flood and dry seasons, as shown in the first mode of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF). However, the second mode of EOF suggest different characters in the flood and dry seasons. Specifically, the flood season is characterized by "fine sand dominating the central–eastern outer bay" while the dry season is characterized by "very fine sand dominating the inner bay, fine sand and coarse silt dominating the western and eastern sides of the outer bay, respectively". The seabed surface sediment distribution in Qinzhou Bay is primarily controlled by the coupled effects of runoff and tidal currents, while local sedimentation differences are jointly influenced by channel constrained flow effects and human activities such as channel dredging, canal construction and aquaculture industry.-
Key words:
- Qinzhou Bay /
- Seabed /
- surface sediments /
- Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF)
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图 2 钦州湾海床洪（a, b）枯（c, d）季表层沉积物类型分布
Fig. 2 Distribution of surface sediment types and Shepard triangulation during flood (a, b) and dry (c, d) seasons in Qinzhou Bay
图 3 钦州湾洪季表层沉积物粒度主要参数
Fig. 3 Characteristics of grain-size parameters of the sediments from Qinzhou Bay during the flood season
图 4 钦州湾枯季表层沉积物粒度主要参数
Fig. 4 Characteristics of grain-size parameters of the sediments from Qinzhou Bay during the dry season
图 5 钦州湾洪季表层沉积物粒度的前两个模态的特征权重与空间特征向量
Fig. 5 Eigenweightings and eigenvectors of the first two modes of surface sediments of Qinzhou Bay during the flood season
图 6 钦州湾枯季表层沉积物粒度的前两个模态的特征权重与空间特征向量
Fig. 6 Eigenweightings and eigenvectors of the first two modes of surface sediments of Qinzhou Bay during the dry season
图 7 钦州湾洪（a）枯（b）季风向以及潮流流向
Fig. 7 Wind direction and tidal current current direction of flood (a) and dry (b) seasons in Qinzhou Bay
图 8 钦州湾洪（a, c）枯（b, d）表（a, b）底（c, d）层水体浊度
Fig. 8 Turbidity of surface (a, b) layer and bottom (c, d) layer of flood (a, c) and dry (b, d) seasons in Qinzhou Bay
图 9 钦州湾洪枯季各点位沉积物组分统计
a. 点位分布，b. 洪枯季蚝排区和非蚝排区组分统计
Fig. 9 Statistical analysis of sediment components in Qinzhou Bay during flood and dry seasons
a. Point distribution, b. the component statistics of oyster and non oyster row areas in the flood and dry seasons
表 1 矩值法MMFr粒度参数定性描述
Tab. 1 Qualitative description of particle size parameters using the moment method MMFr
偏态 峰度 描述术语 范围 描述术语 范围 极负偏 <−0.53 很平坦 <1.46 负偏 −0.53～−0.13 平坦 1.46～2.35 近对称 −0.13～0.13 中等 2.35～3.15 正偏 0.13～0.53 尖锐 3.15～4.88 极正偏 >0.53 很尖锐 4.88～10.42 非常尖锐 >10.42 
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