基于GPM卫星数据的海面阵风计算方法研究

池淏; 张有广

doi:10.12284/hyxb20250117

基于GPM卫星数据的海面阵风计算方法研究

doi: 10.12284/hyxb20250117

池淏^1,,
张有广^2, ,

1.
卫星海洋环境监测预警全国重点实验室（国家海洋环境预报中心），北京 100081
2.
卫星海洋环境监测预警全国重点实验室（国家卫星海洋应用中心），北京 100081

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划新型海洋观测资料同化技术支撑项目(2021YFC3101502)。

详细信息

作者简介:
池淏（2000—），男，甘肃省天水市人，主要从事海面风场研究。E-mail：2313400008@hhu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张有广，男，研究员，主要从事海洋微波遥感研究。E-mail：zhangyouguang@mail.nsoas.org.cn

中图分类号: P732.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-09
- 修回日期: 2025-11-21
- 网络出版日期: 2025-12-01
- 刊出日期: 2025-12-31

A method for calculating ocean surface gusts using GPM satellite data

Chi Hao^1
,,
Zhang Youguang^{2
, ,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Prediction, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Prediction, National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China

摘要

摘要: 海面阵风对海洋资源利用、海洋研究以及海上运输与工程安全具有重要意义。但目前观测手段有限，海面阵风数据缺失严重。本文利用全球降水观测计划（GPM）搭载的双频降雨雷达（DPR）和微波成像仪（GMI），使用微波成像仪的亮度温度信息对Ku波段后向散射系数进行修正，并结合ERA5海面风速反演海面阵风，以此来提高海面阵风观测效率。结果表明：反演得到的阵风风速与ERA5阵风风速的相关系数（R）为0.93，均方根误差（RMSE）为1.81 m/s；与NDBC浮标数据相比，R为0.78，RMSE为1.88 m/s。国内HY-2B卫星基于该方法得到的阵风结果与NDBC浮标数据相比，R为0.90，RMSE为1.84 m/s。将二者的海面风速均使用NDBC浮标海面风速作为参考，二者的反演结果均得到明显提高，表明精确的海面风速对阵风反演结果具有较好影响。同时，由于GPM卫星主被动观测频段相比于HY-2B卫星更接近，得到的阵风精度也优于HY-2B卫星反演的阵风精度。
- 全球降水测量计划（GPM） /
- 海面阵风 /
- 反演算法 /
- 后向散射系数 /
- 亮度温度
Abstract: Ocean surface gusts are of great significance for marine resource utilization, ocean research, and the safety of maritime transportation and engineering. However, observational methods are limited, and surface gust data remain scarce. In this study, we employ the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite. Brightness temperatures from GMI are used to correct Ku-band backscattering coefficients, which are then combined with ERA5 surface wind speeds to retrieve sea surface gusts, thereby enhancing gust retrieval capability. The results show that the retrieved gusts achieve a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.93 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.81 m/s compared with ERA5 gusts, and R = 0.78 with RMSE = 1.88 m/s against NDBC buoy data. Retrievals from the HY-2B satellite using the same method yield R = 0.90 and RMSE = 1.84 m/s against buoy observations. Replacing ERA5 wind speeds with buoy measurements as reference further improves the retrieval accuracy of both GPM and HY-2B, highlighting the importance of accurate surface wind input. Moreover, due to its active–passive observation frequencies being more consistent with buoy observations, the GPM satellite achieves higher gust retrieval accuracy than HY-2B.
- Global Precipitation Measurement /
- sea surface gusts /
- inversion method /
- backscattering coefficient /
- brightness temperature

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图 1 10.6 GHz亮温示意图

Fig. 1 Brightness temperature diagram at 10.6 GHz

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图 2 Ku波段后向散射系数示意图

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of Ku-band backscattering coefficient

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图 3 HY-2B雷达高度计Ku波段后向散射系数示意图

Fig. 3 Ku-band backscatter coefficient map from HY-2B radar altimeter

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图 4 HY-2B校正辐射计18.7 GHz亮温示意图

Fig. 4 18.7 GHz brightness temperature map from HY-2B calibrated radiometer

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图 5 与ERA5验证的NDBC浮标位置示意

Fig. 5 Locations of NDBC buoys used for validation with ERA5

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图 6 2020年6月1日开阔海域示意图

Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of open sea areas on June 1, 2020

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图 7 GPM卫星Ku波段后向散射系数与10.6 GHz亮温变化

Fig. 7 Variation of Ku-band backscattering coefficient and 10.6 GHz brightness temperature observed by GPM satellite

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图 8 2020年7月1日ERA5海面风速沿轨示意图

Fig. 8 Schematic of ERA5 sea surface wind speed along the track on July 1, 2020

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图 9 2020年7月1日ERA5海面阵风沿轨示意图

Fig. 9 Schematic of ERA5 sea surface gusts along the track on July 1, 2020

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图 10 2020年7月1日GPM反演阵风示意图

Fig. 10 Schematic of GPM-retrieved gusts on July 1, 2020

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图 11 与GPM验证的NDBC浮标位置示意

Fig. 11 Locations of NDBC buoys used for validation with GPM

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图 12 2020年6月1日HY-2B观测海面风速示意图

Fig. 12 HY-2B observations of sea surface wind speed on June 1, 2020

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图 13 HY-2B观测海面风速与NDBC浮标海面风速对比

Fig. 13 Comparison of HY-2B observed sea surface wind speed with NDBC buoy measurements

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图 14 2020年7月1日HY-2B观测海面阵风示意图

Fig. 14 HY-2B observations of sea surface gusts on July 1, 2020

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图 15 HY-2B阵风风速与NDBC阵风风速对比散点图

Fig. 15 Comparison of HY-2B and NDBC gust wind speeds using a scatter plot

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图 16 HY-2B阵风风速与GPM星下点阵风风速对比散点图

Fig. 16 Comparison scatter plot of gust wind speed between HY-2B and GPM Nadir Points

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图 17 替换海面风速的HY-2B阵风和GPM阵风与NDBC浮标阵风对比散点图

Fig. 17 Comparison of HY-2B- and GPM-derived gusts, replacing sea surface wind speed, with NDBC buoy observations using a scatter plot

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表 1 ERA5与NDBC浮标匹配分析结果和浮标位置信息

Tab. 1 Matching analysis results of ERA5 and NDBC buoy data and specific information of buoys

NDBC 浮标站点	纬度	经度	距离/km	匹配对数量	ERA5与浮标海面风速		ERA5与浮标阵风风速
NDBC 浮标站点	纬度	经度	距离/km	匹配对数量	R	RMSE/(m·s⁻¹)	R	RMSE/(m·s⁻¹)
41040	14.54°N	53.14°W	12.92	2186	0.89	1.01	0.85	1.33
41049	27.51°N	62.27°W	2.15	2154	0.83	1.13	0.75	1.59
44008	40.50°N	69.25°W	0.34	2190	0.83	1.49	0.80	2.28
46001	56.30°N	148.03°W	5.39	2133	0.95	1.04	0.94	1.32
46013	38.24°N	123.32°W	6.10	2145	0.88	2.58	0.90	2.54
46066	52.76°N	155.02°W	3.01	2069	0.95	0.88	0.94	1.41
51000	23.53°N	153.79°W	5.29	2173	0.85	0.99	0.82	1.36
51004	17.54°N	152.23°W	4.71	2149	0.83	0.86	0.80	1.21

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表 2 2020年7月至12月阵风风速反演结果

Tab. 2 Gust wind speed retrieval results from July to December 2020

时间	匹配对数量	R	RMSE/(m·s⁻¹)	Bias/(m·s⁻¹)	Std/(m·s⁻¹)
2020年7月	6075650	0.93	1.85	0.51	1.78
2020年8月	4410339	0.92	1.93	0.56	1.85
2020年9月	5915724	0.92	1.90	0.32	1.87
2020年10月	3476700	0.94	1.77	0.47	1.70
2020年11月	3406292	0.92	1.72	0.47	1.65
2020年12月	3499744	0.95	1.63	0.57	1.52
2020年7月至12月合计	26789989	0.93	1.81	0.37	1.78

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表 3 ERA5数据和阵风反演数据与NDBC浮标数据对比

Tab. 3 Comparison of ERA5 data and gust retrieval data with NDBC buoy observations

	R	RMSE/(m·s⁻¹)	Bias/(m·s⁻¹)	Std/(m·s⁻¹)
浮标海面风速与ERA5海面风速	0.71	2.02	−1.23	1.60
浮标阵风与ERA5阵风	0.64	2.25	0.32	2.22
浮标阵风与GPM反演阵风	0.78	1.88	−0.93	1.63
浮标阵风与替换海面风速的GPM反演阵风	0.97	0.68	0.30	0.61

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