Similarities and differences in statistical characteristics of mesoscale eddies between southeastern tropical Indian Ocean and northern South China Sea
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摘要: 热带东南印度洋和南海北部均在地形和背景环流特征方面具有相似性，且均存在较为活跃的中尺度涡运动。本文基于卫星高度计观测，对这两个海域中尺度涡的统计特征、季节和年际变化进行了对比分析。结果表明，生成于热带东南印度洋和南海的中尺度涡数量均随其生命周期增长近似指数衰减，平均以0.2 m/s的速度向西或西南移动，但前者的平均半径更大，后者的平均振幅更强。在季节变化方面，涡动能均在北半球春季最小，在秋季最大，但热带东南印度洋涡旋生成数在夏−秋季最多，而南海北部在冬−春季最多。在年际变化方面，热带东南印度洋和南海北部涡旋活动均受到厄尔尼诺−南方涛动（ENSO）的影响，在厄尔尼诺年涡动能更强，而拉尼娜年涡动能更弱，但ENSO影响这两个海域中尺度涡的机制略有不同，前者主要通过调制印尼贯穿流，从而抑制或增强该海域斜压不稳定能量实现，而后者主要通过改变南海局地风场，从而产生风应力旋度异常实现。此外，热带东南印度洋中尺度涡还受到印度洋偶极子的影响，而南海北部中尺度涡则与印度洋偶极子之间相关较弱。Abstract: Both the southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean and the northern South China Sea are similar in topography and background circulation characteristics, and both have active mesoscale eddy motion. Based on satellite altimeter data, the seasonal and interannual variations of mesoscale eddies in these two sea areas are compared. The results show that the number of mesoscale eddies generated in the southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean and the northern South China Sea decay exponentially with the growth of their life cycle. Mesoscale eddies in these two sea areas move to the west or southwest with an average speed of 0.2 m/s, but the average radius of the former is larger and the average amplitude of the latter is stronger. In terms of seasonal variation, the eddy kinetic energy is smallest in spring and largest in autumn in the northern hemisphere, but the eddy generation number in the southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean is largest in summer-autumn and the northern South China Sea is largest in winter-spring. In interannual variation, the eddy activity in the southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean and the northern South China Sea is affected by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The eddy kinetic energy is stronger In El Niño year and weaker in La Niña year, but the mechanism of ENSO affecting the mesoscale eddy in these two areas is slightly different. The former is mainly achieved by modulating Indonesian Throughflow to suppress or enhance the baroclinic instability energy in this area, while the latter is mainly achieved by changing the local wind field in the northern South China Sea to produce wind stress curl anomaly. In addition, the mesoscale eddy in the southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean is also affected by the Indian Ocean Dipole, while the correlation between the mesoscale eddy in the northern South China Sea and the Indian Ocean Dipole is weak.
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图 1 1993–2020年热带东南印度洋（SETIO）和南海北部（NSCS）平均涡动能分布
a.SETIO海域；b.NSCS海域
Fig. 1 Mean eddy kinetic energy distribution in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) and northern South China Sea (NSCS)
a. SETIO sea area; b.NSCS sea area
图 2 热带东南印度洋(SETIO)和南海北部(NSCS)涡旋生成数量分布
a.SETIO反气旋涡；b.SETIO气旋涡；c.NSCS反气旋涡；d.NSCS气旋涡
Fig. 2 Distribution of eddy numbers in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) and northern South China Sea (NSCS)
a. SETIO anticyclonic eddies; b.SETIO cyclonic eddies; c. NSCS anticyclonic eddies; d.NSCS cyclonic eddies
图 3 热带东南印度洋（SETIO）（a）和南海北部（NSCS）（b）涡旋生命周期分布特征
Fig. 3 Distribution characteristics of eddy life time in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) (a) and northern South China Sea (NSCS) (b)
图 4 热带东南印度洋（SETIO）和南海北部（NSCS）涡旋振幅分布特征
a. SETIO反气旋涡；b. SETIO气旋涡；c. NSCS反气旋涡；d. NSCS气旋涡
Fig. 4 Distribution characteristics of eddy numbers in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) and northern South China Sea (NSCS)
a. SETIO anticyclonic eddies; b. SETIO cyclonic eddies; c. NSCS anticyclonic eddies; d.NSCS cyclonic eddies
图 5 热带东南印度洋（SETIO）和南海北部（NSCS）涡旋半径分布特征
a. SETIO反气旋涡；b.SETIO气旋涡；c.NSCS反气旋涡；d.NSCS气旋涡
Fig. 5 Distribution characteristics of eddy numbers in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) and northern South China Sea (NSCS)
a. SETIO anticyclonic eddies; b. SETIO cyclonic eddies; c. NSCS anticyclonic eddies; d.NSCS cyclonic eddies
图 6 热带东南印度洋（SETIO）和南海北部（NSCS）涡旋轨迹分布
a. SETIO反气旋涡；b. SETIO气旋涡；c. NSCS反气旋涡；d. NSCS气旋涡
Fig. 6 Distribution of eddy trajectory in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) and northern South China Sea (NSCS)
a. SETIO anticyclonic eddies; b. SETIO cyclonic eddies; c. NSCS anticyclonic eddies; d.NSCS cyclonic eddies
图 7 热带东南印度洋（SETIO）和南海北部（NSCS）涡旋移动速度分布
a. SETIO反气旋涡 b. SETIO气旋涡 c. NSCS反气旋涡 d. NSCS气旋涡
Fig. 7 Distribution of eddy velocity in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) and northern South China Sea (NSCS)
a. SETIO anticyclonic eddies; b. SETIO cyclonic eddies; c. NSCS anticyclonic eddies; d.NSCS cyclonic eddies
图 8 热带东南印度洋（SETIO）和南海北部（NSCS）涡旋生成数量和EKE的季节分布
a. 涡动能；b. 涡旋生成数；c. SETIO海域反气旋与气旋涡；d. NSCS海域反气旋与气旋涡。MAM：3−5月，JJA：6−8月，SON：9−11月，DJF：12−2月
Fig. 8 Distribution of eddy velocity in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) and northern South China Sea (NSCS)
a. Eddy kinetic energy; b. eddy number; c. anticyclonic eddies and cyclonic eddies in SETIO sea area; d. anticyclonic eddies and cyclonic eddies in NSCS sea area. MAM: March−May, JJA: June−August, SON: September−November, DJF: December−February
图 9 热带东南印度洋（SETIO，a–d）和南海北部（NSCS，e–h）气旋涡（CE）和反气旋涡（AE）生命周期的季节变化
a、e. 春季；b、f. 夏季；c、g. 秋季；d、h. 冬季
Fig. 9 Seasonal variation of life time of cyclonic eddy (CE) and anticyclonic eddy (AE) in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO, a–d) and northern South China Sea (NSCS, e–h)
a, e. spring; b, f. summer; c, g. fall; d, h. winter
图 10 热带东南印度洋（SETIO，a−d）和南海北部（NSCS，e−h）气旋涡（CE）和反气旋涡（AE）振幅的季节变化
a、e. 春季；b、f. 夏季；c、g. 秋季；d、h. 冬季
Fig. 10 Seasonal variation of amplitude of cyclonic eddy (CE) and anticyclonic eddy (AE) in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO, a−d) and northern South China Sea (NSCS, e−h)
a, e. spring; b, f. summer; c, g. fall; d, h. winter
图 11 热带东南印度洋（SETIO，a–d）和南海北部（NSCS，e–h）气旋涡（CE）和反气旋涡（AE）半径的季节变化
a、e. 春季；b、f. 夏季；c、g. 秋季；d、h. 冬季
Fig. 11 Seasonal variation of radiusof cyclonic eddy (CE) and anticyclonic eddy (AE) in southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO, a–d) and northern South China Sea (NSCS, e–h)
a, e. spring; b, f. summer; c, g. fall; d, h. winter
图 12 涡动能异常值年际信号与Niño3.4指数超前滞后相关关系（a），涡动能异常值年际信号与DMI指数超前滞后相关关系（b）
图中虚线表示置信度检验区间，绝对值大于虚线说明通过95%的置信度检验
Fig. 12 Lead-lag correlation between interannual anomaly signals of eddy kinetic energy and Niño3.4 index (a), Lead-lag correlation between interannual anomaly signals of eddy kinetic energy and DMI (b)
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表 1 不同文献对热带东南印度洋中尺度涡活动及动力参数的统计结果
Tab. 1 Statistics of activities and dynamic parameters of mesoscale eddies in Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean from previous studies
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