Study on the influence of Typhoon “Muifa” on the macrobenthic community of tidal flat
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摘要: 台风会对潮滩生态系统造成严重影响，特别是对大型底栖动物群落组成及分布影响显著。台风期间现场资料匮乏，导致人们对台风如何影响生态系统的认识仍十分有限。为此，本研究选取长江口崇明东滩盐沼-光滩断面于2022年9月台风“梅花”前、中、后进行水动力观测和大型底栖动物同步采样。研究发现：（1）台风“梅花”期间，盐沼中有效波高是正常天气下的2～4倍，浪流联合剪切应力是正常天气下的10倍；（2）台风“梅花”过后1周内，盐沼中底栖动物的物种数、丰度、生物量分别是台风前的1.9倍、3.8倍、3.0倍，优势种种类（谭氏泥蟹（Ilyoplax deschampsi）、拟沼螺（Assiminea sp.）、堇拟沼螺（Assiminea violacea）、河蚬（Corbicula fluminea））比台风过境前（拟沼螺、谭氏泥蟹、河蚬）增加了一种（堇拟沼螺），第一优势种由拟沼螺变为谭氏泥蟹；（3）台风“梅花”过后1周内，盐沼中大型底栖动物的物种数、丰度和生物量均增加，而盐沼前缘光滩上大型底栖动物的丰度降低，原因是盐沼前缘光滩上的底栖动物（谭氏泥蟹、拟沼螺、河蚬）在台风导致的强水动力胁迫下，迅速迁移至水动力相对弱的盐沼中；（4）台风“梅花”过后2周，盐沼中大型底栖动物的丰度恢复。本研究结果表明盐沼植被不仅具有消浪缓流、保滩护岸等生态服务功能，还可在台风期间为底栖动物提供避难所。Abstract: Typhoons can have serious impacts on tidal flat ecosystems, particularly on the composition and distribution of macrobenthic communities. However, there is a lack of field data during typhoons, and the understanding of how typhoons affect the ecosystem is still limited. Therefore, this study conducted hydrodynamic observations and synchronous sampling of macrobenthic organisms before, during, and after Typhoon “Muifa”in September 2022, along the salt marsh-mudflat transect in the Chongming Dongtan area of the Changjiang River estuary. The study found: (1) During Typhoon “Muifa”, the effective wave height in the salt marshes was 2−4 times that of normal weather, and the combined wave-current shear stress was 10 times higher. (2) Within a week after Typhoon “Muifa”, the species number, abundance, and biomass of macrobenthic organisms in the salt marshes were 1.9, 3.8, and 3.0 times higher than before the typhoon, respectively. The dominant species of the salt marsh (Ilyoplax deschampsi, Assiminea sp., Assiminea violacea, Corbicula fluminea) increased by one (Assiminea violacea) compared with that before the typhoon (Assiminea sp., Ilyoplax deschampsi, Corbicula fluminea), and the primary dominant species shifting from Assiminea sp. to Ilyoplax deschampsi. (3) Within a week after Typhoon “Muifa”, the indicators of species number, abundance, and biomass of macrobenthos in the salt marsh increased, while the abundance of macrobenthic organisms on the mudflats at the forefront of the salt marsh decreased. This is attributed to the macrobenthic organisms (Ilyoplax deschampsi, Assiminea sp., Corbicula fluminea) on the mudflats migrating rapidly to the relatively less hydrodynamically stressed salt marshes during the strong hydrodynamic stress caused by the typhoon. (4) Two weeks after Typhoon “Muifa”, the abundance of macrobenthos in salt marshes recovered. The results of this study indicate that salt marsh vegetation not only provides ecological services such as wave attenuation, flow reduction, and shoreline protection, but also serves as a refuge for macrobenthic organisms during typhoons.
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Key words:
- typhoon /
- hydrodynamic force /
- microbenthic community /
- Chongming Dongtan
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图 1 研究区位置和台风路径（a），崇明东滩示意图（红色矩形中）（b），盐沼−光滩大型底栖动物采样站点A、站点B和水动力观测点（c）
Fig. 1 Location of the study area and typhoon path (a), schematic diagram of Chongming Dongtan (within the red rectangle) (b), and the macrobenthic sampling stations A and B, as well as the hydrodynamic observation point in the salt marsh-mudflat (c)
图 2 水动力观测仪器布置示意图
ADV、RBR-wave探头分别位于底床上方25 cm、10 cm处
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the arrangement of hydrodynamic observation instruments
ADV and RBR-wave probes are located 25 cm and 10 cm above the bottom bed, respectively
图 3 2022年台风“梅花”前、中、后崇明东滩盐沼站点A水动力变化
a. 风速和风向；b. 水深和波高；c. 流致剪切应力$ {\tau }_{c} $和浪致剪切应力$ {\tau }_{w} $；d. 浪流联合剪切应力$ {\tau }_{cw} $；灰色部分表示台风期间
Fig. 3 Hydrodynamic variation diagram of Chongming Dongtan Salt Marsh Site A before, during and after Typhoon “Muifa” in 2022
a. Wind speed and direction; b. water depth and wave height; c. flow-induced shear stress and wave-induced shear stress; d. combined wave-current shear stress; the gray part indicating the typhoon period
图 4 2022年台风“梅花”前、后崇明东滩盐沼站点A大型底栖动物的物种数（A）、丰度（B）、生物量（C）
柱状图顶部的字母表示ANOVA检验结果，不同的字母表示两次采样结果差异显著（p < 0.05）
Fig. 4 Species number (A), abundance (B) and biomass (C) of macrobenthos at Chongming Dongtan Salt Marsh Site A before and after Typhoon “Muifa” in 2022
The letters at the top of the bar chart represent ANOVA test results, and different letters indicate significant differences between the two sampling results (p < 0.05)
表 1 水动力观测仪器的设置参数
Tab. 1 Setting parameters of hydrodynamic observation instruments
仪器 距底床
高度/cm频率/Hz 测量物理
参数间隔/min 每burst
采样数量ADV 25 64 流速 5 3 840 RBR-wave 10 16 水深、波高 5 1 024 
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表 2 2022年台风“梅花”前、中、后崇明东滩盐沼站点A各潮周期风速、最大水深、有效波高、流致剪切应力、浪致剪切应力、浪流联合剪切应力
Tab. 2 Wind speed, maximum water depth, effective wave height, flow-induced shear stress, wave-induced shear stress, and combined wave-current shear stress for different tidal cycles before, during, and after Typhoon Muifa in 2022 at Site A in the Chongming Dongtan salt marsh
潮 风速/(m∙s−1) 最大水深/m 有效波高/m 流致剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2) 浪致剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2) 浪流联合剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2) 变化范围 平均 变化范围 平均 变化范围 平均 变化范围 平均 变化范围 平均 变化范围 平均 台风前 T1 3.4～5.8 4.7 0.0～1.1 0.7 0.0～0.1 0.1 0～1 0 2～8 4 0～2 0 T2 3.9～5.7 4.6 0.0～0.4 0.3 0.0～0.1 0.1 0 0 2～8 4 0～1 0 T3 1.7～5.1 3.1 0.0～1.3 0.8 0.0～0.1 0.1 0～3 1 3～12 7 0～4 1 T4 3.2～4.5 3.7 0.0～0.7 0.4 0.0～0.1 0.1 0～1 0 2～13 6 0～2 1 T5 3.4～6.0 4.4 0.0～1.4 0.9 0.0～0.2 0.1 0～8 2 2～9 5 0～9 2 T6 3.8～4.9 4.4 0.0～1.0 0.6 0.0～0.2 0.1 0～1 0 2～8 4 0～1 1 T7 4.0～5.3 4.5 0.0～1.4 0.9 0.0～0.2 0.1 0～5 2 3～24 15 0～8 2 T8 4.0～5.9 4.6 0.0～1.1 0.7 0.0～0.2 0.1 0～2 1 2～26 17 0～3 1 台风期间 T9 2.6～12.3 5.5 0.0～1.3 0.9 0.0～0.4 0.2 0～4 1 5～38 19 0～6 3 T10 11.0～12.0 11.5 0.0～1.3 0.8 0.0～0.4 0.2 0～3 1 0～44 19 0～5 2 T11 2.9～12.4 8.6 0.0～1.4 0.9 0.0～0.4 0.3 0～3 1 4～73 37 0～6 3 T12 1.1～6.1 4.2 0.0～1.2 0.7 0.0～0.4 0.2 0～3 1 3～24 15 0～4 2 T13 8.6～29.6 21.2 0.0～1.8 1.1 0.0～0.8 0.4 2～24 12 1～12 8 0～25 13 台风后 T14 6.9～9.6 8.4 0.0～0.7 0.3 0.0～0.2 0.1 0～4 2 4～10 7 0～5 3 T15 3.3～6.1 4.8 0.0～0.4 0.2 0.0～0.1 0.1 0～3 1 — — 0～3 1 T16 1.0～3.1 2.0 0.0～0.6 0.4 0.0～0.1 0.1 0～1 0 1～15 8 0～1 0 T17 1.5～3.2 2.2 0.0～0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 — — — — — — T18 5.4～6.8 6.0 0.0～0.6 0.3 0.0～0.2 0.1 0～1 1 1～10 7 0～2 1 T19 12～13.9 13.1 0.0～0.3 0.2 0.0～0.1 0.1 0～6 1 2～12 6 0～6 2 注：—表示数据缺失，加粗字体表示台风期间。
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表 3 2022年台风“梅花”前、后崇明东滩光滩站点B大型底栖动物的丰度（ind./m2）、生物量（g/m2）
Tab. 3 Abundance (ind./m2) and biomass (g/m2) of macrobenthos at Chongming Dongtan mudflat Station B before and after Typhoon “Muifa” in 2022.
门类 物种 台风前 台风后 2022年9月10日 2022年9月18日 丰度 生物量 丰度 生物量 软体动物 河蚬 107 37.477 32 11.263 拟沼螺 11 0.007 / / 缢蛏 16 67.840 27 162.330 节肢动物 谭氏泥蟹 27 0.277 / / 安氏白虾 / / 16 0.673 日本旋卷蜾蠃蜚 11 0.060 13 0.047 环节动物 背蚓虫 43 0.133 11 0.007 小头虫 / / 11 0.007 足刺拟单指虫 / / 5 0.233 疣吻沙蚕 5 0.087 11 0.267 总数 220 105.881 126 174.827 注：/表示未采集到该物种。
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表 4 2022年台风“梅花”前、后崇明东滩盐沼站点A大型底栖动物的丰度（单位：ind./m2）、生物量（单位：g/m2）、相对重要性指数IRI
Tab. 4 Abundance (unit: ind./m2), biomass (unit: g/m2) and relative importance index (IRI) of macrobenthos at Chongming Dongtan Salt Marsh Site A before and after Typhoon “Muifa” in 2022
门类 物种 台风前 台风后 2022年9月8日 2022年9月10日 2022年9月18日 2022年9月27日 丰度 生物量 IRI 丰度 生物量 IRI 丰度 生物量 IRI 丰度 生物量 IRI 软体动物 绯拟沼螺 64 0.181 1 067 5 0.005 58 80 0.027 222 155 0.245 1876 光滑狭口螺 27 0.123 489 27 0.186 376 75 0.187 235 21 0.021 252 河蚬 59 4.085 4 604 43 7.915 4 602 107 12.315 2 427 107 9.499 6 191 堇拟沼螺 85 0.656 1 810 11 0.005 114 960 7.680 3 938 149 0.811 2 112 拟沼螺 373 1.819 6 945 672 4.741 9 491 1 696 8.133 6 014 336 2.811 5 271 微小螺 / / / / / / 133 0.005 363 / / / 节肢动物 谭氏泥蟹 91 3.883 4 868 181 5.851 4 963 544 29.205 6 546 117 5.664 4 298 安氏白虾 / / / 5 0.096 106 / / / / / / 环节动物 多眼虫 11 0.069 214 11 0.064 145 / / / / / / 白毛钩虫 / / / 5 0.171 145 / / / / / / 背蚓虫 / / / / / / 16 0.011 45 / / / 多齿围沙蚕 / / / / / / 5 0.005 15 / / / 尖叶长手沙蚕 / / / / / / 5 0.005 15 / / / 软背鳞虫 / / / / / / 59 0.021 163 / / / 小头虫 / / / / / / 5 0.005 15 / / / 注：/表示未采集到该物种；IRI > 2 000时为优势种，IRI列字体加粗的物种为优势种。
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