Meiofaunal community and eco-environment quality evaluation in mangroves off Chaoshan coastal zone
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摘要: 红树林是海岸带的重要生态屏障，也是气候变化和人类活动的敏感区；底栖动物是对环境变化最直接的响应群体。基于2021年4月在潮汕海岸带红树林分布区7个站位的现场观测和样品采集，对沉积物环境、小型底栖动物的群落特征、空间分布及生态环境质量进行了分析。研究区共发现15个小型底栖动物类群，自由生活海洋线虫占丰度上的绝对优势（90.32%）；多毛类在生物量上居首（58.44%）。小型底栖动物平均丰度较其他红树林略高，其丰度分布和海洋线虫丰度，叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿酸、有机碳和重金属（Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr和Hg）含量具有相似的空间格局：中部区域莲阳河北岸最高，向南向北均降低。不同斑块间的动物群落相似性较高（70%），解释其群落结构差异分布的最佳环境因子是重金属Pb。海洋线虫与桡足类的丰度比（N/C）、潜在生态风险指数和沉积物质量分级结果均表明研究区环境质量整体较差。Abstract: Mangroves are a crucial ecological barrier for coastal zones, and sensitive areas to climate change and human activities, where benthic fauna responds directly to the sedimentary environment because of their intimate contact and relatively fixed settlement habitats. In-situ observations and sample collections were carried out at 7 stations in the mangrove area off the Chaoshan coastal zone, in April 2021, for further analysis of the sedimentary environment, meiofaunal communities, and eco-environment quality evaluation. A total of 15 meiofauna groups were identified. Free-living marine nematodes were the most dominant group, accounting for 90.32% of the total abundance of meiofauna; while polychaetes were the first in biomass (58.44%). The average abundance of meiofauna was slightly higher than that of the other mangrove forests. The spatial pattern of the meiofaunal abundance exhibited a similar distribution trend to that of the abundance of nematodes and the content of chlorophyll a (Chl a), phaeophorbide, organic carbon, and heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Hg): all the parameters showed the highest values in the northern of the Lianyang River, and decreased towards the south and north. Meiofaunal communities in different patches shared a high similarity of 70%, and the best explanation factor for the differences in the meiofauna community was the content of heavy metal Pb. The abundance ratio of marine nematodes to copepods (N/C), the possible ecological risk index, and the sediment quality grading all indicated a poor environmental state in the area investigated.
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Key words:
- mangrove /
- meiofauna /
- heavy metals pollution /
- ecological evaluation /
- Chaoshan coastal zone
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图 6 小型底栖动物类群丰度、生物量等与环境因子相关性分析结果
Salt：盐度；DO：溶解氧含量；Md：中值粒径；Grave：砾含量；Sand：砂含量；Silt：粉砂含量；Clay：黏土含量；Chl a：叶绿素a含量；Pha：脱镁叶绿酸含量；TOC：总有机碳含量；NA. 线虫丰度（Nematoda abundance）；CA. 桡足类丰度（Copepod abundance）；PA. 多毛类丰度（Polychaeta abundance）；MA. 小型底栖动物总丰度（meiofaunal abundance）；MB.小型底栖动物总生物量（meiofaunal biomass）
Fig. 6 Results of correlation analysis between abundance and biomass of meiofauna and environmental factors
Salt: salinity; DO: Dissolved oxygen content; Md: nominal diameter; Grave: Gravel content; Sand: Sand content; Silt: Silt content; Clay: Clay content; Chl a: chlorophyll a content ; Pha: pheophorbide Content; TOC: Total organic carbon content; NA: Nematoda abundance; CA: Copepod abundance; PA: Polychaeta abundance; MA: meiofaunal abundance: MB: meiofaunal biomass
图 3 小型底栖动物类群组成
a. 类群组成丰度占比；b.类群组成生物量占比
Fig. 3 Composition of each meiofaunal group
a. meiofaunal group proportions (Percentage from abundance data); b. meiofaunal gro up proportions (Percentage from biomass data).
图 4 小型底栖动物丰度、生物量及垂直分布
a. 小型底栖动物丰度和生物量的分布，丰度单位为ind./(10 cm2)，生物量单位为µg/(10 cm2)；b. 小型底栖动物各类群的垂直分布（%）
Fig. 4 Abundance, biomass, and vertical distribution of meiofaunal abundance
a. Abundance [ind./(10 cm2)] and biomass [µg/(10 cm2)] of meiofauna; b. vertical distribution of meiofauna (Percentage from abundance data)
图 5 小型底栖动物群落结构的聚类分析和MDS分析结果
a .CLUSTER 聚类分析; b.MDS分析
Fig. 5 CLUSTER analysis and metric multidimensional scaling plot for meiofaunal community structure
a.CLUSTER analysis plot; b. Metric multidimensional scaling plot
图 7 潜在生态风险指数评价结果
背景颜色的绿色表示$ {E}_{r}^{i} $的轻微生态风险评价区间
Fig. 7 Evaluation results of potential ecological risk index
The green color indicates slight ecological risk for $ {E}_{r}^{i} $
图 8 各指标评价沉积物质量结果
a. N/C以50以上为污染的评价结果；b. N/C > 10为污染的评价结果；c. 根据标准的有机碳评价结果；d. 根据标准的石油类评价结果；e. 所测8个指标 (重金属和石油类) 的海洋沉积物质量分级结果；f. 潜在生态风险指数（RI）评价结果
Fig. 8 Evaluation of sediment results by various indicators
a. Nematode copepod ratio (N/C greater than 50 indicates organic pollution); b. nematode copepod ratio (N/C greater than 10 indicates organic pollution); c. organic carbon evaluation results; d. petroleum evaluation results; e. the classification results of marine sediment quality; f. potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) evaluation results
表 1 重金属地球化学背景值（
$ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}} $ ）和毒性响应系数（$ {{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}} $ ）Tab. 1 Geochemical background values (
$ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}} $ ) and toxicity response coefficients ($ {{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}} $ ) of heavy metalsCd Pb Zn Cu Cr Hg As ${ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}}} $/(mg·kg−1) 0.07 19.00 23.00 15.00 60.00 0.03 7.30 $ {{{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ 30.00 5.00 1.00 5.00 2.00 40.00 10.00 
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表 2 潜在生态风险指数与生态风险关系
Tab. 2 The potential Ecological Risk Index and Ecological Risk Relationship
轻微 中等 较强 强烈 极强 ${ {{C}}_{{d}} }$ $ {{{C}}_{{d}} }$ < 1 1 < $ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ < 8 8 < $ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ < 16 $ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ > 16 $ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}} }$ $ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 40 40 ≤ $ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 80 80 ≤ $ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 160 160 ≤ $ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 320 $ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ ≥ 320 $ {{{\mathrm{RI}}}} $ RI < 150 150 ≤ RI < 300 300 ≤ RI < 600 RI ≥ 600
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表 3 调查站位环境因子数据
Tab. 3 The environmental factors at the sampling sites
环境因子 义丰溪 黄厝草溪 莲阳河莲阳河口 外砂河 YFX HCC1 HCC2 LYH1 LYH2 LYH3 WSH 盐度 12.39 ± 1.90 10.16 ± 1.73 10.99 ± 2.32 25.89 ± 1.14 23.47 ± 1.74 26.49 16.91 pH 8.00 ± 0.08 7.72 ± 0.14 7.34 ± 0.21 7.19 ± 0.20 7.43 ± 0.13 8.17 7.83 溶解氧含量/(mg·L−1) 5.06 ± 0.70 3.79 ± 1.30 1.04 ± 0.22 2.05 ± 1.22 0.81 ± 0.38 5.61 3.71 中值粒径 7.02 ± 0.11 6.12 ± 0.09 6.46 ± 0.11 6.56 ± 0.23 6.70 ± 0.31 1.99 4.40 砾含量/% 0.28 2.31 0.46 0.33 0.15 0.82 0.13 砂含量/%S 11.97 22.51 13.84 12.47 9.08 73.39 42.89 粉砂含量/%T 63.66 65.86 69.85 74.07 75.40 19.69 47.34 粘土含量/% 24.09 9.32 15.86 13.13 15.37 6.10 9.64 沉积物类型 YT T T T T S ST 叶绿素a含量/(mg·kg−1) 4.25 ± 2.82 33.96 ± 10.08 31.67 ± 26.35 7.92 ± 3.56 3.81 ± 3.21 5.67 11.21 脱镁叶绿酸含量/(mg·kg−1) 11.26 ± 2.96 28.35 ± 6.63 30 ± 15.73 13.29 ± 3.65 10.93 ± 4.75 5.24 8.49 石油类含量/(mg·kg−1) 320 ± 96.40 2792 ±2108 3237 ±1506 3533 ±2493.36 1038 ± 361.35513 273 总有机碳含量/% 1.94 ± 0.48 3.83 ± 0.55 7.17 ± 1.94 3.85 ± 1.68 5.10 ± 1.23 2.11 1.71 重金属含量/(mg·kg−1) Cd 0.19 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.43 1.11 ± 0.43 0.15 ± 0.02 0.30 ± 0.06 0.14 0.13 Pb 90.10 ± 4.76 69.00 ± 1.21 66.97 ± 5.10 70.37 ± 8.26 68.83 ± 6.67 78.70 76.20 Zn 172.67 ± 3.77 264.67 ± 81.71 302.00 ± 55.31 167.33 ± 25.70 183.33 ± 5.73 127.00 108.00 Cu 47.63 ± 1.00 63.53 ± 13.42 82.77 ± 2.51 52.03 ± 2.23 49.03 ± 2.74 33.90 25.50 Cr 72.90 ± 1.87 91.67 ± 13.89 125.33 ± 6.34 71.37 ± 4.60 68.53 ± 10.77 62.30 50.40 Hg 0.10 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0 0.11 ± 0 0.10 0.07 As 17.13 ± 3.92 13.23 ± 0.39 12.60 ± 1.34 14.17 ± 1.92 14.27 ± 2.49 8.78 11.20
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表 4 重金属地累积指数（Igeo）分布
Tab. 4 Spatial distributions of geoaccumulation indexes (Igeo) of heavy metals
重金属 YFX HCC LYH WSH 平均值 污染情况 1 2 1 2 3 Cd −6.80 −4.77 −4.28 −7.15 −6.18 −7.26 −7.35 −6.26 无污染 Pb 10.16 9.77 9.73 9.80 9.77 9.96 9.91 9.87 严重 Zn 11.37 11.99 12.18 11.33 11.46 10.93 10.69 11.42 严重 Cu 8.90 9.31 9.69 9.02 8.94 8.41 7.99 8.89 严重 Cr 11.51 11.84 12.29 11.48 11.42 11.28 10.98 11.54 严重 Hg −8.92 −8.57 −8.34 −8.81 −8.79 −9.04 −9.44 −8.84 无污染 As 6.38 6.01 5.94 6.11 6.12 5.42 5.77 5.96 严重
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