Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic and sediment transport and analysis of geomorphic erosion and deposition in the Taiwan Strait
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摘要: 台湾海峡是我国最大的海峡，也是东海和南海进行物质和能量交换的主要通道。海峡内地形变化剧烈，海洋动力环境复杂，加上两侧众多山溪性河流携带大量泥沙流入海洋，是研究动力沉积作用的理想场所。目前，由于缺乏海峡整体的高分辨率地形以及相关实测水文数据，以整个台湾海峡为研究区域的动力沉积模拟尚不多见。本文基于高分辨率地形和相关水文数据，建立了台湾海峡水动力数值模型，耦合泥沙输运模块，模拟台湾海峡的动力沉积过程，并用现场观测资料对模型进行了验证。动力模拟结果表明，台湾海峡的潮流流场由南、北两个潮波控制，具有明显的时间和空间特征，潮流流速夏季大于冬季，海峡中部小于南北两侧，北侧小于南侧。基于冲淤模拟结果，将台湾海峡划分为淤积区、侵蚀区、冲淤平衡区三大类共计7个沉积分区，淤积区沉积速率最大可达5 cm/a，主要集中在台湾浅滩北部，侵蚀区冲刷速率为2～5 cm/a。结合模拟结果，本文建立了台湾海峡沉积输运模式与“源−汇”格局模式，阐述了台湾海峡冲淤变化的动力学机制和“源−汇”过程。Abstract: Taiwan Strait is the largest strait in China and the main channel for material and energy exchange between the East China Sea and the South China Sea. The topography changes dramatically and the tidal environment is complex in the Strait. In addition, many mountainous streams on both sides carry a large amount of sediment into the strait. It is an ideal place to study dynamic sedimentation processes. Currently, due to a lack of high-resolution bathymetry and relevant data for the entire Taiwan Strait, there are few studies on modeling the tide and sediment behaviors of the Taiwan Strait as a whole. In this study, based on high-resolution bathymetric and relevant hydrological data, a two-dimensional tidal current numerical model of the Taiwan Strait has been established, and a sediment transport module has been coupled to simulate the sediment transport in the Taiwan Strait. The dynamic simulation results indicate that the tidal current field in the Taiwan Strait is governed by two tidal waves from the south and north, exhibiting distinct temporal and spatial characteristics. The tidal flow velocity is higher in summer than in winter, and it is lower in the central part of the strait compared to the southern and northern sides, with the northern side being less than the southern side. Based on the deposition and erosion simulation results, the Taiwan Strait is categorized into three main types and a total of seven sedimentary subdivisions: deposition zones, erosion zones, and deposition-erosion equilibrium zones. The maximum sedimentation rate in the accumulation zones can reach 5 cm/a, primarily concentrated in the northern part of the Taiwan Bank, with erosion rates ranging from 2 cm/a to 5 cm/a in the erosion zones. Leveraging these simulation outcomes, this study constructs a sediment transport model and a ‘source-to-sink’ pattern model for the Taiwan Strait, elucidating the dynamic mechanisms behind the strait’s deposition and erosion changes and the ‘source-to-sink’ process.
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Key words:
- Taiwan Strait /
- numerical simulation /
- hydrodynamics /
- sediment transport /
- geomorphological evolution
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图 1 台湾海峡地形及测站分布图[38]
Fig. 1 Topography map of the Taiwan Strait and the locations of the monitoring stations
图 3 East站（a）和West站（b）的潮位验证
Fig. 3 Validation of tidal levels at stations East (a) and West (b)
图 4 East站（a）、West站（b）、北2站（c）、南2站（d）的流速、流向验证
Fig. 4 Validation of flow velocity and direction at stations East (a), West (b), North 2 (c), South 2 (d)
图 5 A站（a）、B站（b）、C站（c）的有效波高、谱峰周期、平均波向验证
Fig. 5 Validation of significant wave height, spectral peak period, and mean wave directionat stations A (a), B (b), C (c)
图 6 AT1站（a）、BT1站（b）的悬沙浓度验证
Fig. 6 Validation of suspended sediment concentration at stations AT1 (a) and BT1 (b)
图 7 6月（a）和12月（b）台湾海峡涨落潮时刻流场模拟结果
Fig. 7 The simulation results of tidal current fields during the flood and ebb tides in the Taiwan Strait in June (a) and December (b)
图 8 6月（a）和12月（b）台湾海峡余流场模拟结果
Fig. 8 The simulation results of residual current in the Taiwan Strait in June (a) and December (b)
图 9 6月（a）和12月（b）台湾海峡冲淤变化模拟结果
Fig. 9 The simulation results of sediment erosion and deposition changes in the Taiwan Strait in June (a) and December (b)
图 10 台湾海峡年冲淤变化模拟结果
Fig. 10 The simulation results of annual sediment erosion and deposition changes in the Taiwan Strait
图 11 台湾海峡沉积物输运模式
a. D1沉积区示意图；b. D2沉积区示意图；c. B1沉积区示意图
Fig. 11 Sediment transport patterns of the Taiwan Strait
a. schematic diagram of D1 sedimentary area; b. schematic diagram of D2 sedimentary area; c. schematic diagram of B1 sedimentary area
图 12 台湾海峡“源−汇”格局解释示意图
Fig. 12 Diagrammatic interpretation of the “source to sink” structure of the Taiwan Strait
表 1 台湾海峡两岸主要河流年径流量及输沙量
Tab. 1 Annual runoff and sediment discharge of the major rivers on both sides of the Taiwan Strait
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表 2 模型重要参数
Tab. 2 Model parameter setting
HD模块参数 参数设置 SW模块参数 参数设置 科氏力参数 随空间变化 求解方程 全谱、非定常公式 水平涡黏系数 0.28 m2/s 空气−海水作用方式 耦合 糙率 随水深变化
25～45 m1/3/s波浪破碎系数 0.8 风阻 0.001255 底摩擦系数 Johnson公式 波浪辐射应力 根据SW计算
结果输入白帽耗散 Komen公式 MT模块参数 参数设置 ST模块参数 参数设置 泥沙密度 2650 kg/m3 泥沙输运表 MIKE工具箱生成 临界淤积剪切应力 率定获得 泥沙孔隙率 0.4 临界侵蚀剪切应力 率定获得 中值粒径 0.6 mm 底摩擦系数 率定获得 分选系数 1.1 水平涡黏系数 1 m2/s 波浪辐射应力 根据SW计算
结果输入
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表 3 各测站模型验证结果统计
Tab. 3 Statistics of the model validation results at each station
物理量 站点 相关系数（Cor） 平均绝对误差（MAE） 均方根误差（RMSE） 潮位 East 0.95 0.11 0.14 West 0.99 0.08 0.10 流速 北2 0.75 0.11 0.14 南2 0.91 0.07 0.08 East 0.91 0.07 0.08 West 0.74 0.11 0.03 流向 北2 0.74 0.63 1.16 南2 0.86 0.38 0.81 East 0.77 170.81 208.85 West 0.75 111.79 141.94 有效
波高A 0.91 0.17 0.21 B 0.82 0.26 0.30 C 0.43 0.33 0.49 平均
波向A 0.85 21.35 27.48 B 0.73 19.08 27.16 C 0.77 28.52 35.32 谱峰
周期A 0.89 0.71 0.95 B 0.74 0.89 1.26 C 0.61 1.35 2.04 悬沙
浓度AT1 0.89 6.63 6.68 BT1 0.72 6.09 6.05
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