Quantitative characterization and influencing factors of modern bioturbation structure in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent areas
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摘要: 生物扰动构造是表征海底环境状态的重要指标，是古沉积环境重建的主要依据，且它影响沉积物早期成岩作用以及物质的再分配，成为百年尺度沉积记录解读的干扰因素。本文基于长江口及其邻近海域的21个站位的沉积物岩心，利用高分辨X射线计算机断层扫描技术，通过matlab的数据处理，定性和定量表征了该区生物扰动构造，分析了影响生物扰动构造的主要因素。研究表明：长江口及邻近海域生物扰动构造较为发育，从功能上划分为生物扩散构造、运输构造、交换构造和廓道扩散构造4种类型，运输构造和廓道扩散构造常见；生物扰动构造在岩心中分布形式多样，包括指数衰减型、波动衰减型、均匀分布型、脉冲分布型等垂向分布形式；扰动深度深浅不一，多数在20 cm以内，但也有超过40 cm者；生物扰动构造空间上不均一，长江口及内陆架较发育，扰动构造体积在0～13 972 mm3之间，而苏北沿岸、中陆架则较少，扰动构造体积在351～3 212 mm3之间，从岸向外生物扰动构造有减少趋势。生物扰动构造发育程度主要受底质类型、沉积速率制约，黏土质粉砂以及适宜的沉积速率（0.52～1.34 cm/a）有利于生物扰动构造发育和保存。Abstract: The bioturbation structure is an important indicator of the state of the seabed environment and the main basis for the reconstruction of the paleosedimentary environment; moreover, it affects the early diagenesis of sediments and the redistribution of materials, and becomes the interference factor for the interpretation of the 100-year scale sedimentary records. In this article, sediment cores from 21 stations in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent areas were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography technology, and the main factors affecting the bioturbation structures were analyzed. The result shows that the bioturbation structures in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent areas are relatively developed, which can be divided into four types: biodiffusor structures, conveyor structures, regenerator structures and gallery-diffusor structures. Conveyor structures and gallery-diffusor structures are common. The bioturbation structure is distributed in various forms in the core, including exponential attenuation type, wave attenuation type, uniform distribution type, pulse distribution type and other vertical distribution forms. The depth of disturbance varies, most of which are within 20 cm, but some are more than 40 cm. The bioturbation structures are spatially uneven. The Changjiang River Estuary and the inner shelf are relatively developed, with a disturbance inventory of 0–13 972 mm3, while the northern Jiangsu coast and the middle continental shelf are less, with a disturbance inventory of 351–3 212 mm3. The bioturbation structures from the coast to the outside have a decreasing trend. The development degree of bioturbation structure is mainly restricted by the type of bottom material and sedimentation rate. Clay silt and suitable sedimentation rate (0.52–1.34 cm/a) are conducive to the development and preservation of bioturbation structures.
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图 2 平均粒径与CT的相关性（a）、实测粒径与反演粒径的相关性（b）和实测粒径和反演粒径的Q-Q图（c）
Fig. 2 Correlation diagram between average particle size and CT (a), correlation diagram between measured particle size and inverted particle size (b), and Q-Q diagram between measured particle size and inverted particle size (c)
图 3 粉砂–砂质沉积物为主的岩心粒级组成
Fig. 3 Composition of grain size of the cores mainly composed by silty-sandy sediments
图 4 粉砂质沉积物为主的岩心粒级组成
Fig. 4 Composition of grain size of the cores mainly composed by silty sediment
图 5 黏土质粉砂沉积物为主的岩心粒级组成
Fig. 5 Composition of grain size of the cores mainly composed by clayey siltstone
图 6 预测的沉积物岩心粒径特征
站位S00-1、S02-4、S02-8岩心沉积物平均粒径大于20 μm；站位A6-5、A10-3、S01-1、S02-1岩心沉积物平均粒径介于10~20 μm之间；站位S04-1、S05-1、SF-3、SF-4岩心沉积物平均粒径小于10 μm
Fig. 6 The predicted grain sizes of the sediment cores
The cores with mean grain sizes larger than 20 μm include S00-1, S02-4, and S02-8; the cores with mean grain sizes from 10 μm to 20 μm include A6-5, A10-3, S01-1, and S02-1; the cores with mean grain sizes less than 10 μm include S04-1, S05-1, SF-3, and SF-4
图 7 典型生物扰动类型
a. 生物扩散构造；b. 运输构造；c. 交换构造；d. 廓道扩散构造
Fig. 7 Typical bioturbation types
a. Biodiffusor structure; b. conveyor structure; c. regenerator structure; d. gallery-diffusor structure
图 8 指数衰减型生物扰动构造三维成像与垂向分布
Fig. 8 Three-dimensional images and vertical distribution of exponential attenuation bioturbation structures
图 9 波动衰减型生物扰动构造三维成像与垂向分布
Fig. 9 Three-dimensional images and vertical distribution of wave attenuation bioturbation structures
图 10 脉冲分布型生物扰动构造三维成像与垂向分布
Fig. 10 Three-dimensional images and vertical distribution of pulse-distributed bioturbation structures
图 11 均匀分布型生物扰动构造三维成像与垂向分布
Fig. 11 Three-dimensional images and vertical distribution of uniformly distributed bioturbated structures
图 12 苏北–长江口–浙闽沿岸断面生物扰动特征
Fig. 12 Bioturbation characteristics of the section from North Jiangsu to Changjiang River Estuary to Zhejiang and Fujian coasts
图 13 大致垂直岸线断面生物扰动特征
Fig. 13 Bioturbation characteristics in the section roughly vertical to shoreline
图 14 生物扰动构造体积与沉积物平均粒径关系
Fig. 14 Relationship between bioturbation volume and average particle size of sediment
表 1 沉积物岩心站位信息
Tab. 1 Information for the sediment cores
站位 纬度 经度 科考船 岩心长度/cm 水深/m 取样时间 H27 32.40°N 122.30°E “蓝海101”号 30 25 2019年10月 A6-4 30.90°N 122.50°E “润江1”号 38 16.3 2019年7月 A6-5 30.80°N 122.60°E “润江1”号 46 20.8 2019年7月 A8-3 30.20°N 122.80°E “润江1”号 39 35.5 2019年7月 A10-2 29.70°N 122.60°E “润江1”号 26 30.1 2019年7月 A10-3 29.67°N 122.73°E “润江1”号 33.8 44.7 2019年7月 A10-4 29.60°N 122.80°E “润江1”号 42 48 2019年7月 S00-1 31.69°N 122.50°E “向阳红18”号 23.6 24.5 2020年10月 S01-1 29.99°N 122.69°E “向阳红18”号 3.6 37 2020年10月 S02-1 29.62°N 122.81°E “向阳红18”号 36.4 46.6 2020年10月 S02-2 29.47°N 123.09°E “向阳红18”号 43 58.1 2020年10月 S02-3 29.32°N 123.37°E “向阳红18”号 31 73.4 2020年10月 S02-4 29.17°N 123.65°E “向阳红18”号 35.4 75.3 2020年10月 S02-8 28.57°N 124.78°E “向阳红18”号 21.9 98.8 2020年10月 S03-2 28.47°N 122.58°E “向阳红18”号 33 71.3 2020年10月 S04-1 27.80°N 121.63°E “向阳红18”号 39.9 30.3 2020年10月 S05-1 27.00°N 120.93°E “向阳红18”号 44.8 41.9 2020年10月 SF-1 31.17°N 122.56°E “向阳红18”号 49 24.6 2020年10月 SF-2 30.49°N 122.67°E “向阳红18”号 31 35 2020年10月 SF-3 29.17°N 122.57°E “向阳红18”号 40.1 44.4 2020年10月 SF-4 27.41°N 121.32°E “向阳红18”号 40.1 41.4 2020年10月 
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表 2 各类型生物扰动构造特征
Tab. 2 Characteristics of various types of bioturbation structures
生物扰动 最大长度/cm 最大直径/cm 形态 分布粒径/μm 分布深度/cm 生物扩散构造 10.00 1.75 长柱状、短柱状 9.10～18.70 0～13.00 运输构造 10.00 1.00 I型、螺旋型 7.40～25.80 0～43.50 交换构造 5.70 1.52 短柱状、U型 5.70～22.80 0～4.50 廓道扩散构造 17.50 1.25 根系状、Y型、8字型 7.30～39.50 0～18.80
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