Preliminary study on the trophic relationship of dominant fishes in coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn
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摘要: 本研究利用碳、氮稳定同位素（δ13C、δ15N）技术，估算了秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养级（TL）和主要碳源，结合6个群落营养结构量化指标，初步分析秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养关系。结果表明，不同鱼类之间的δ13C和δ15N值差异显著（p < 0.01），其中，δ13C值介于−18.3‰～−15.4‰，δ15N值介于12.9‰～16.3‰。鱼类TL介于2.5～3.4，平均TL为3.0 ± 0.8，显示涠洲岛的鱼类以肉食性为主。涠洲岛鱼类的有机碳源比较复杂，但大型海藻和底栖微藻是驱动鱼类食物网的关键碳源。鱼类群落的食源多样性水平和营养级长度（CR和NR）分别为2.35和3.09。凸多边形总面积（TA）、平均离心距离（CD）、平均最近相邻距离（MNND）和最近相邻距离的标准差（SDNND）分别为4.48、0.89、0.40和0.29，表明涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类群落的营养结构具有营养冗余程度较高，但食物链较短和营养多样性低等特征。以上结果表明，涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统食物网结构不完整，未来有必要开展适当的管控和修复措施恢复涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统的结构和功能。Abstract: Here, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope (δ13C and δ15N) techniques are used to estimate the trophic levels (TL) and main carbon sources of the dominant fish in the coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn. Combined with the six quantitative indicators of community trophic structure, the trophic relationship of the dominant fish in the coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn is preliminarily analyzed. The results show that the δ13C and δ15N values of different fishes are significantly different (p < 0.01). The δ13C values are between −18.3‰ and −15.4‰, and the δ15N values are between 12.9‰ and 16.3‰. The trophic levels of fish ranged from 2.5 to 3.4, with an average values of 3.0 ± 0.8, indicating that fish in Weizhou Island are mainly carnivorous. The organic carbon sources of fish in Weizhou Island are complex, but macroalgae and benthic microalgae are the key carbon sources fuelling fish food webs. The food source diversity level and trophic level length (CR and NR) of fish community are 2.35 and 3.09, respectively. The total area (TA), mean centrifugal distance (CD), mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) and standard deviation of nearest neighbor distance (SDNND) are 4.48, 0.89, 0.40 and 0.29, respectively. These above indicators suggest that the trophic structure of coral reef fish community in Weizhou Island has a high degree of nutritional redundancy, but the food chain is short and the nutritional diversity is low. The coral reef ecosystem in Weizhou Island is incomplete in food web structure. In the future, it is necessary to carry out appropriate control and restoration measures to restore the structure and function of the coral reef ecosystem in Weizhou Island.
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图 2 涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类及其潜在有机碳源的δ13C和δ15N值双位图
Fig. 2 Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope biplots of fishes and their potential carbon sources in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island
图 3 涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养级
Fig. 3 Trophic levels of the dominant fishes in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island
图 4 有机碳源对鱼类4个营养类群的营养贡献
Fig. 4 Trophic contribution of organic carbon sources to four fish guilds in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island
图 5 有机碳源对涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养贡献
Fig. 5 Trophic contribution of organic carbon sources to the dominant fishes in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island
图 6 涠洲岛珊瑚礁不同鱼类营养类群的营养生态位
Fig. 6 Trophic niches of different trophic groups of fishes in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island
图 7 涠洲岛珊瑚礁区的大型海藻
左为小团扇藻，右为匍扇藻
Fig. 7 Macroalgae in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island
Left panel is Padina minor, and right panel is Lobophora variegata
表 1 涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类的4个营养类群
Tab. 1 Four trophic guilds of fishes in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island
营养类群 摄食类型 鱼类物种 平均营养级 1 杂食性鱼类 褐篮子鱼（Siganus fuscessens）、中华单角鲀（Monacanthus chinensis）、黄尾新雀鲷（Neopomacentrus azysron） 2.7 ± 0.2 2 浮游生物食性鱼类 日本竹䇲鱼（Trachurus japonicus）、游鳍叶鲹（Atule mate） 3.2 ± 0.2 3
底栖肉食性鱼类
四带牙䱨（Pelates quadrilineatus）、二长棘犁齿鲷（Evynnis cardinalis）、大鳞舌鳎（Cynoglossus arel）、纵带绯鲤（Upeneus subvittatus）、截尾银姑鱼（Pennahia anea）、细纹鲾（Leiognathus berbis）、线尾锥齿鲷（Pentapodus setosus）、点带棘鳞鱼（Sargocentron rubrum）、十棘银鲈（Gerres decacanthus）、尖鼻箱鲀（Rhynchostracion nasus）、四线天竺鲷（Apogon quadrifasciatus）、多鳞鱚（Sillago sihama） 3.1 ± 0.1 4 鱼食性鱼类 珍鲳（Pampus minor）、日本金线鱼（Nemipterus japonicus） 3.0 ± 0.2 
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表 2 2021年秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类及其潜在有机碳源的稳定同位素信息
Tab. 2 Stable isotope information of fishes and their potential carbon sources in the Weizhou Island coral reef in the autumn of 2021
物种 北港 坑仔 竹蔗寮 δ13C/‰ δ15N/‰ 样品数 体长/mm δ13C/‰ δ15N/‰ 样品数 体长/mm δ13C/‰ δ15N/‰ 样品数 体长/mm 有机碳源 悬浮颗粒有机物 −23.3 ± 0.8 7.1 ± 1.4 3 −22.2 ± 0.1 7.0 ± 1.5 3 −22.1 ± 0.5 5.5 ± 1.2 4 沉积颗粒有机物 −19.3 ± 0.2 6.7 ± 0.7 6 −20.0 ± 0.5 5.2 ± 1.9 5 −19.8 ± 0.4 6.3 ± 0.4 6 团扇藻 −15.7 ± 0.6 8.8 ± 0.3 3 −14.6 ± 0.4 7.7 ± 0.4 5 −14.6 ± 0.3 7.0 ± 1.0 3 钙化红藻 −16.3 ± 0.3 9.6 ± 0.4 2 −16.0 ± 0.4 8.8 ± 0.4 4 −14.8 ± 0.3 8.0 ± 0.3 4 藻席 −15.9 9.0 1 −16.6 8.1 1 −17.6 9.3 1 底栖微藻 −18.4 ± 0.4 9.2 ± 1.0 5 −18.3 ± 0.1 10.5 ± 1.4 5 −19.6 ± 0.2 10.0 ± 0.8 5 鱼类 四带牙䱨
Pelates quadrilineatus−17.3 ± 0.9 14.4 ± 1.4 3 107.7 ± 16.0 −16.5 15.7 1 117.0 −17.0 ± 0.6 15.0 ± 0.6 5 106.2 ± 7.8 二长棘犁齿鲷
Evynnis cardinalis−16.2 ± 0.4 15.1 ± 0.5 6 98.9 ± 9.5 −16.2 ± 0.4 16.0 ± 0.3 4 80.3 ± 1.9 −16.4 ± 0.2 15.2 ± 0.5 6 79.0 ± 4.6 大鳞舌鳎
Cynoglossus arel−16.1 ± 0.3 14.3 ± 0.3 6 247.9 ± 18.1 −16.1 ± 0.1 13.9 ± 0.1 3 255.0 ± 13.2 −15.7 ± 0.2 13.8 ± 0.3 6 239.0 ± 22.8 褐篮子鱼
Siganus fuscessens−17.4 ± 1.5 12.9 ± 2.6 5 131.2 ± 23.7 −18.1 ± 1.0 12.9 ± 0.6 6 153.4 ± 15.5 −16.7 ± 0.4 13.5 ± 0.3 2 188.5 ± 13.4 纵带绯鲤
Upeneus subvittatus−16.0 ± 0.3 14.4 ± 0.6 4 102.0 ± 7.2 −16.6 ± 0.1 14.4 ± 0.2 6 102.5 ± 6.4 −16.5 ± 0.2 14.7 ± 0.4 6 102.3 ± 9.5 中华单角鲀
Monacanthus chinensis−15.9 ± 0.8 14.0 ± 0.4 4 89.8 ± 7.4 −16.1 14.2 1 95.0 −16.7 ± 0.4 14.0 ± 0.2 3 97.8 ± 7.9 黄尾新雀鲷
Neopomacentrus azysron−17.4 15.3 1 49.0 −16.4 ± 0.5 14.2 ± 0.3 4 49.5 ± 4.7 −17.2 ± 0.1 14.1 ± 0.4 6 49.2 ± 2.6 游鳍叶鲹
Atule mate−17.3 ± 0.5 16.2 ± 0.5 6 108.5 ± 12.4 −16.9 ± 0.7 15.0 ± 0.5 6 105.0 ± 20.2 − − − 截尾银姑鱼
Pennahia anea−16.6 ± 0.1 15.0 ± 0.8 2 150.5 ± 0.7 −16.5 ± 0.5 15.2 ± 0.3 6 115.7 ± 12.3 − − − 珍鲳
Pampus minor−18.3 15.1 1 96.0 −17.9 ± 0.4 14.7 ± 0.2 3 84.0 ± 2.0 − − − 细纹鲾
Leiognathus berbis−16.1 ± 0.2 14.9 ± 0.1 6 63.8 ± 3.9 −17.4 15.2 1 54.0 − − − 线尾锥齿鲷
Pentapodus setosus−15.9 ± 0.1 15.2 ± 1.0 2 161.0 ± 24.0 −15.4 ± 0.3 14.7 ± 0.1 2 153.5 ± 16.3 − − − 点带棘鳞鱼
Sargocentron rubrum−16.0 ± 0.5 15.8 ± 0.2 3 83.3 ± 44.2 −16.4 ± 0.1 15.7 ± 0.4 2 142.5 ± 17.7 − − − 日本金线鱼
Nemipterus japonicus−16.6 ± 0.3 14.4 ± 0.3 2 106.0 ± 0.1 − − − −15.9 ± 0.4 14.6 ± 0.5 6 116.6 ± 12.9 十棘银鲈
Gerres decacanthus−15.5 16.3 1 148.0 − − − −16.9 ± 0.3 16.0 ± 0.2 3 54.0 ± 4.4 日本竹䇲鱼
Trachurus japonicus−17.9 ± 0.7 14.5 ± 0.9 6 141.0 ± 7.1 − − − −18.2 13.9 1 130.0 尖鼻箱鲀
Rhynchostracion nasus−16.4 16.1 1 102.0 − − − −17.3 ± 0.3 15.4 ± 0.3 3 105.3 ± 20.4 四线天竺鲷
Apogon quadrifasciatus− − − −16.6 ± 0.2 14.5 ± 0.3 4 60.8 ± 7.9 −16.1 ± 0.2 15.8 ± 0.2 6 73.5 ± 11.8 多鳞鱚
Sillago sihama− − − −15.6 ± 0.5 15.5 ± 0.5 2 137.5 ± 36.1 −16.4 ± 0.5 16.2 ± 0.7 2 146.0 ± 0.1 注：“−”代表物种未在该站位出现。
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表 3 涠洲岛珊瑚礁不同站位之间主要鱼类及其有机碳源δ13C、δ15N值的统计检验
Tab. 3 Statistical analysis of δ13C and δ15N values of the dominant fishes and their organic carbon sources among stations in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island
物种 δ13C δ15N F p F p POM 4.992 0.045 1.544 0.278 SOM 4.136 0.041 2.099 0.162 大型海藻 1.529 0.240 3.444 0.112 底栖微藻 32.006 0.001 2.030 0.174 四带牙䱨 0.396 0.689 0.738 0.517 二长棘犁齿鲷 0.744 0.494 1.879 0.215 大鳞舌鳎 1.265 0.223 2.568 0.133 褐篮子鱼 1.273 0.322 0.084 0.920 纵带绯鲤 1.988 0.186 1.543 0.250 中华单角鲀 2.805 0.104 0.137 0.875 黄尾新雀鲷 1.098 0.264 1.813 0.242
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表 4 不同研究区鱼类群落的营养结构指标
Tab. 4 The indicators for trophic structure of fish communities in different study areas
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