Variations of suspended sediment concentration of the Mississippi River delivered from land into sea
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摘要: 河流入海水体悬沙浓度的变化直接反映该流域人类活动和自然应力的影响。基于密西西比河塔伯特兰丁站长期水文资料，本文采用百分位法、Mann-Kendall法等统计方法对近40年密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度进行分析，探究密西西比河通过“鸟足状”三角洲进入墨西哥湾的水体悬沙浓度变化过程及其可能影响因素。结果表明：（1）在1976−2015年期间，密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度展现阶段性下降趋势，其中第一时期即1976−1987年期间，入海水体悬沙浓度相对较高，平均值为0.33 kg/m3；第二时期即1988−2015年期间，悬沙浓度较低且平均值为0.25 kg/m3。（2）密西西比河日径流量与悬沙浓度之间的关系符合高斯分布。与1976−1987年相比，1988−2015年期间水沙关系曲线较为扁平，日均超过0.60 kg/m3的高悬沙浓度事件明显减少。在低流量及起动流量阶段，悬沙浓度随着流量的增加而增加，在流量接近20 000 m3/s时，悬沙浓度达到最大值，流量高于20 000 m3/s后，悬沙浓度反而随着流量增加而减小。同时，密西西比河月均水沙关系在1976−1987年期间呈双绳套样，1988−2015年期间则呈现“先沙后水”的顺时针单一型绳套样。（3）分洪工程建设及土壤保持措施是影响密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度的主要原因。其中，工程建设减少了河道沿程沉积物物源，土壤保持措施使土地侵蚀减少，从而使得悬沙浓度保持较低水平。此外，极端水文事件对密西西比河入海悬沙浓度的影响较小。Abstract: The change of fluvial suspended sediment concentration (SSC) to the sea directly reflects the effects of riverine anthropogenic activities and natural force. Based on long-term hydrological data at Tarbert Landing Station of the Mississippi River (MR), statistical means, such as percentile method and Mann-Kendall method are used to detect change process of SSC from the MR entering the Gulf of Mexico in recent 40 years, and associated possible influencing factors. The results show that: (1) SSC from the MR entering the Gulf of Mexico is characterized by a staged decline from 1976 to 2015, in the first stage from 1976 to 1987, the SSC is relatively high with an average value of 0.33 kg/m3; in the second stage from 1988 to 2015, the SSC is much lower with a mean value of 0.25 kg/m3. (2) The relationship between daily SSC and runoff of MR follows Gaussian distribution. Compared with the first stage (1976−1987), the rating curve between SSC and runoff in the second stage (1988−2015) is relatively flat, when the number of high daily SSC event over 0.60 kg/m3 reduces significantly. SSC increases with the runoff in low-action flows and reaches the maximum when the runoff approaches 20 000 m3/s, but decreases with the runoff thereafter. The rating curve between monthly SSC and water discharge of the MR exhibits “double-loop” shape during 1976−1987, but presents clockwise “single loop” with “sediment before water” during 1988−2015. (3) Flood diversion project construction and soil conservation measures dominate the fluvial SSC from the MR into the Gulf of Mexico. The construction of flood diversion engineering reduces the sediment source along the river channel, and the soil conservation measures repress the land erosion, which have combined to keep the SSC at a relatively low level. In addition, SSC in the MR presents minor response to extreme hydrological events.
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图 1 研究区域
a. 密西西比河流域；b. 密西西比河地理位置；c. 旧河控制结构；d. 1984年旧河控制结构；e. 1988年旧河控制结构；f. 1990年旧河控制结构
Fig. 1 The study area
a. Mississippi River Basin; b. the location of Mississippi River; c. old river control structure; d. old river control structure in 1984; e. old river control structure in 1988; f. old river control structure in 1990
图 2 塔伯特兰丁站水沙长期变化趋势
Fig. 2 Long term change trend of water and sediment at Tarbert Landing Station
图 3 塔伯特兰丁站悬沙浓度阶段性变化
Fig. 3 Stage charges of suspended sediment concentration at Tarbert Landing Station
图 4 日均悬沙浓度和日均径流量的比率曲线
Fig. 4 Relationship between average daily suspended sediment concentration and average daily water runoff
图 5 月均径流量与月均悬沙浓度的关系
Fig. 5 Relationship between average monthly water runoff and average monthly suspended sediment concentration
图 6 日均悬沙浓度与流量相关关系
NaN表示该流量区间内不存在对应悬沙浓度事件
Fig. 6 Correlations between average daily suspended sediment concentration and water runoff
NaN indicates that there is no corresponding suspended sediment concentration events is this flow interval
图 7 1976−2015年ENSO指数与月均径流量
Fig. 7 ENSO index and average monthly water runoff from 1976 to 2015
表 1 平水年、洪水年、枯水年水文参数
Tab. 1 Hydrological parameters in normal year, flood year and dry year
水文年类型 年份 年均流量
/(m3·s−1)年均悬沙通量/(108 t·a−1) 年均悬沙浓度/(kg·m−3) 平水年 1978 14 137 1.71 0.38 1982 13 755 1.84 0.42 1986 14 045 1.62 0.37 1999 15 083 1.68 0.35 洪水年 1979 18 905 1.94 0.33 1983 19 477 1.98 0.32 1993 20 401 1.87 0.29 1997 18 793 1.57 0.26 2005 19 194 1.17 0.19 2010 19 019 1.83 0.31 枯水年 1988 10 595 0.80 0.24 2000 8 989 0.73 0.26 2006 8 459 0.70 0.26 2012 11 780 0.90 0.24 
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