人类活动和自然演变共同驱动下黄河三角洲海域潮波及物质输运变化

缪红兵; 乔璐璐; 仲毅; 李广雪

doi:10.12284/hyxb2022071

人类活动和自然演变共同驱动下黄河三角洲海域潮波及物质输运变化

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022071

缪红兵^1,,
乔璐璐^{1, 2, ,},
仲毅^{1, 3},
李广雪^{1, 2}

1.
中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院，山东青岛 266100
2.
海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室，山东青岛 266100
3.
中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所，山东青岛 266001

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项（2017YFE0133500）

详细信息

作者简介:
缪红兵（1994-），男，云南省会泽县人，研究方向为海洋沉积动力学。E-mail：mhb@stu.ouc.edu.cn

通讯作者:
乔璐璐（1981-），教授，主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail：qiaolulu126@sina.com

中图分类号: P343.5；P731.23
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-08-22
- 修回日期: 2022-01-10
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-12
- 刊出日期: 2022-08-29

Evolution of tidal system and material transport off the Huanghe River Delta induced by human activities and natural evolution

Miao Hongbing^1
,,
Qiao Lulu^{1, 2
, ,},
Zhong Yi^{1, 3},
Li Guangxue^{1, 2}

1.
College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2.
The Key Lab of Sea Floor Resource and Exploration Technique, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
3.
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266001, China

摘要

摘要: 在海堤建设等人类活动和三角洲蚀淤等自然演变的共同作用下，黄河三角洲岸线水深近年来发生了剧烈变化，同时也将引起邻近海域潮波系统及物质输运路径的重要变化。本文基于FVCOM数值模式，建立了黄河三角洲及邻近海域三维高分辨率潮汐、潮流及拉格朗日粒子追踪数值模型。通过与环渤海长期验潮站的潮汐调和常数、黄河三角洲临时潮位站和测流站的实测资料对比，模型结果验证良好，能较好反映黄河三角洲及邻近海域潮汐、潮流运动特征，并获得了2019年M₂分潮无潮点位置。通过设置1980年、2019年黄河三角洲岸线自然演变、海堤建设及相应水深地形变化的5个数值实验，结果表明：在人类活动与自然演变共同驱动下，黄河三角洲海域的M₂分潮无潮点向东南方向移动，主要影响因素为水深。黄河口向海延伸和海堤丁坝建设导致的岸线变化，对无潮点位置影响较小，但在该凸出岸段两侧形成余流流涡，使得黄河入海物质在莱州湾内停留时间变长，向渤海输运扩散的时间推迟。
- 黄河三角洲 /
- 无潮点演变 /
- FVCOM /
- 物质输运
Abstract: In recent years, the topography of Huanghe River Delta exhibits significant changes due to natural and man-made reasons, such as delta acceleration and dyke construction. At the same time, these factors also lead to important variations in the tidal wave system and material transport path in the adjacent sea area. In this study, we establish a three-dimensional high-resolution tide, current and Lagrangian particle tracking numerical model of the Huanghe River Delta and its adjacent sea area based on FVCOM. Our modeling results agree well with the tidal harmonic constant of the tide gauge stations in Bohai Sea region and the observation data of tide level stations and current stations in the Huanghe River Delta. Thus, this model can reflect the characteristics of tide and tidal current in the Huanghe River Delta and its adjacent sea area. Furthermore, the location of the 2019 amphidromic point of M₂ is also obtained from this model. By designing five numerical experiments of natural coastline evolution, dyke construction and corresponding water depth changes in the Huanghe River Delta in 1980 and 2019, the following conclusions are drawn. Firstly, from 1980 to 2019, the amphidromic point of M₂ moves southeast, with the major factor of water depth. Secondly, changes of coastal line caused by the extension of the Huanghe River Estuary and the construction of dykes have minor effects to the location of amphidromic point of M₂. Nevertheless, these changes can form the residual current gyres on both sides of the convex bank. As a result, the material from the Huanghe River stays longer in Laizhou Bay and delays its transportation and diffusion to Bohai Sea.
- Huanghe River Delta /
- amphidromic point evolution /
- FVCOM /
- material transport

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图 1 渤海2019年水深地形（a）及黄河三角洲1980–2019年水深变化（b）

Fig. 1 Water depth in the Bohai Sea in 2019 (a) with its variation off the Huanghe River Delta from 1980 to 2019 (b)

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图 2 2019年模式水平网格分布

Fig. 2 Horizontal model grids in the 2019 situation

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图 3 2019年孤东验潮站水位验证

Fig. 3 Water level validation of Gudong tide station in 2019

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图 4 KD站位M₂、K₁分潮潮流椭圆验证

Fig. 4 Tidal current ellipses validation at KD station for M₂and K₁ tidal components

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图 5 KD站位海流验证

Fig. 5 Current validation at KD station

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图 6 M₂分潮无潮点位置迁移示意图

Fig. 6 The migration of amphidromic points of M₂ tidal component

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图 7 M₂分潮振幅、迟角变化

填色代表振幅变化，等值线代表迟角（单位：（°））变化

Fig. 7 The change of co-amplitude and co-phase lines of the M₂ tidal component

Shaded areas indicate the amplitude change and isolines indicate the phase (unit: (°)) change

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图 8 敏感实验同潮图及无潮点位置

实线表示迟角（单位：（°））；虚线表示振幅（单位：m）

Fig. 8 Sensitivity experiment co-tidal diagram and amphidromic points position

The solid lines represent phase (unit: (°)); the dash lines represent amplitude (unit: m)

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图 9 大潮期涨急时刻流速变化

Fig. 9 Changes of maximum ebb current velocity during spring tide

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图 10 1980年（a）和2019（b）年表层潮余流场

Fig. 10 Surface tidal residual current field in 1980 (a) and 2019 (b)

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图 11 1980年（a）和2019年（b）切变锋特征

线条表示切变锋的锋面，数字表示其在两个潮周期内出现的时间（单位：h）

Fig. 11 Shear front characteristics in 1980 (a) and 2019 (b)

The lines represent the shear fronts, and the numbers represent the time (unit: h) it occurs over two tidal cycles

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图 12 1980年（a）和2019年（b）拉格朗日粒子示踪结果

Fig. 12 Lagrangian particle tracer results in 1980 (a) and 2019 (b)

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图 13 基于Landsat的 1980年（a）和2019年（b）黄河三角洲表层悬沙遥感影像，丁坝附近海域的表层悬沙分布（c）和涨潮流场（d）

Fig. 13 Landsat images of surface suspended sediment off the Huanghe River Delta in 1980 (a) and 2019 (b), distribution characteristics of surface suspended sediment in the sea in front of the dykes (c), and ebb tidal current around the dyke area (d)

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表 1 M₂、S₂、K₁、O₁ 分潮模拟结果验证

Tab. 1 Model validation for harmonic constants of M₂, S₂, K₁, O₁ tidal components

验潮站	M₂		S₂		O₁		K₁
验潮站	振幅差/cm	迟角差/（°）	振幅差/cm	迟角差/（°）	振幅差/cm	迟角差/（°）	振幅差/cm	迟角差/（°）
1	5.59	5.82	0.38	7.26	2.75	10.24	0.91	15.52
2	4.36	0.50	1.03	6.99	0.59	0.27	1.19	3.80
3	0.98	6.45	1.58	0.58	1.61	3.40	0.64	5.68
4	1.75	3.84	2.69	3.33	0.86	1.99	1.11	0.18
5	0.05	5.49	2.67	6.66	0.04	2.10	3.70	2.20
6	5.58	2.74	1.03	8.76	2.25	7.49	3.12	3.19
7	0.56	0.10	1.68	15.86	2.08	3.60	4.86	0.51
8	5.45	3.65	2.17	3.42	0.89	1.26	3.18	10.87
9	3.77	1.80	0.88	11.33	0.01	1.05	1.40	0.02
10	1.45	4.05	0.72	5.88	1.05	0.16	2.36	0.58
11	0.39	3.13	0.28	0.15	2.98	2.19	5.50	2.51
12	1.24	0.67	0.47	1.59	1.61	3.71	2.58	3.06
13	8.06	8.63	1.36	13.36	4.20	2.13	5.78	0.76
14	2.34	4.44	0.83	3.21	0.50	6.54	2.58	4.99
15	4.56	7.42	1.07	6.48	4.31	1.10	5.04	2.83
16	3.23	3.60	0.94	3.97	0.59	6.49	1.62	2.65
17	10.15	0.97	2.60	1.42	0.11	4.85	4.16	3.22
18	9.50	8.00	1.54	4.93	1.61	2.97	0.60	1.29
19	0.58	0.22	0.54	2.47	0.08	2.47	1.26	8.12
20	0.43	4.39	1.05	5.81	0.58	10.90	1.24	9.12
21	6.89	5.43	0.41	10.47	0.91	8.64	1.32	3.97
22	4.82	6.84	1.15	3.40	1.61	8.12	1.96	7.15
孤东	0	4.24	0.01	22.81	0	3.84	0.01	0.35
BH02	0	3.82	0	1.58	0.03	3.97	0.01	1.18
平均绝对误差	3.41	4.01	1.13	6.32	1.30	4.15	2.34	3.91

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表 2 数值实验设置及目的

Tab. 2 Setting and purpose of numerical experiments

实验	水深	岸线	实验目的
1	2019年	2019年	现状水动力（基准模拟）
2	2019年	2019年无丁坝	丁坝的影响
3	1980年	2019年	黄河三角洲岸线水深变化的影响
4	1980年	黄河三角洲1980年岸线， 2019年渤海其余岸线	黄河三角洲岸线水深变化的影响
5	1980年	1980年	渤海岸线水深变化的影响

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表 3 孤东验潮站2005和2019年主要分潮调和常数

Tab. 3 Harmonic constants of major components at Gudong tide station in 2005 and 2019

年份	O₁分潮		K₁分潮		M₂分潮		S₂分潮
年份	振幅/cm	迟角/（°）	振幅/cm	迟角/（°）	振幅/cm	迟角/（°）	振幅/cm	迟角/（°）
2005年	19	113	23	167	10	291	5	7
2019年	19	104	24	154	3	262	3	337
差值	0	–9	1	–13	–7	–29	–2	–30

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