1982–2019年渤、黄海海洋热浪时空变化特征分析

王庆元; 李清泉; 李琰; 刘一玮; 王亚男

doi:10.12284/hyxb2021179

1982–2019年渤、黄海海洋热浪时空变化特征分析

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021179

王庆元^{1, 2,},
李清泉³,
李琰^4, ,,
刘一玮²,
王亚男¹

1.
天津市海洋气象重点实验室，天津 300074
2.
天津市气象台，天津 300074
3.
国家气候中心中国气象局气候研究开放实验室，北京 100081
4.
深圳大学生命与海洋科学学院，广东深圳 518061

基金项目: 天津市科技计划项目（20JCYBJC00640）；国家自然科学基金（42176017）；深圳市基础研究资助项目（JCYJ20200109110220482）；深圳市高等院校稳定支持计划项目（20200810000724001）。

详细信息

作者简介:
王庆元（1978—），男，江西省吉安市人，主要从事区域海洋气象灾害研究。E-mail:wqyjx417@163.com

通讯作者:
李琰，女，安徽省宿州市人，主要从事极端海洋事件和区域海洋气候变化研究。E-mail:liyan_ocean@szu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P731.11
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-08-15
- 修回日期: 2021-05-11
- 网络出版日期: 2021-12-08
- 刊出日期: 2021-12-30

Temporal and spatial characteristics of marine heat waves in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea during 1982–2019

Wang Qingyuan^{1, 2
,},
Li Qingquan³,
Li Yan^{4
, ,},
Liu Yiwei²,
Wang Ya’nan¹

1.
Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology, Tianjin 300074, China
2.
Tianjin Meteorological Observatory, Tianjin 300074, China
3.
Laboratory for Climate Studies of China Meteorological Administration, National Climate Centre, Beijing 100081, China
4.
College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China

摘要

摘要: 基于1982–2019年美国国家海洋和大气管理局最优插值海表温度资料，运用多种统计方法分析了渤、黄海海洋热浪（频次、持续时间、强度）的时空分布特征及与之相关的环流背景。结果表明：（1）海洋热浪具有一定的区域性差异，更强、更持久和更多的海洋热浪多集中在渤海和北黄海海区；（2）近38年来，渤、黄海海洋热浪变化趋势也具有明显的区域性差异，频次、年平均持续时间、年平均平均强度和最大强度总体呈增多、增强趋势，但朝鲜半岛沿岸海域没有显著变化，这与该地区的平均海温变化密切相关；（3）根据日平均海表面温度将海洋热浪分为中等、强、严重和极端4种等级，结果表明，除极端海洋热浪外，其他3种不同等级海洋热浪发生频次和增长趋势均存在显著的地理差异，中等强度海洋热浪在渤、黄海所有区域均频次偏多且有显著的增加趋势，而强和严重海洋热浪主要集中在我国的渤海海域，但渤、黄海区域极端海洋热浪几乎没有发生；（4）就渤、黄海区域平均而言，38年间，共发生83次海洋热浪，平均每年2.2次；海洋热浪具有明显的季节差异，不同等级强度的海洋热浪的多发季节均在夏季；（5）合成分析结果表明，夏季渤、黄海海洋热浪与大气环流密切相关，当从高层到低层贝加尔湖区域上空表现为大范围的相当正压结构的暖性高压异常时，盛行的下沉运动和高空西北气流，带来了晴朗的天气和更多的地面净太阳短波辐射，有利于渤、黄海海洋热浪的形成和维持。
- 海洋热浪 /
- 发生频次 /
- 持续时间 /
- 强度 /
- 大气环流
Abstract: Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration daily optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (SST) data set from 1982 to 2019, spatial-temporal changes in marine heat wave (MHW) (frequency, duration, intensity) in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and associated circulations were analyzed using various statistical methods. Results show that: (1) there are obvious regional differences in MHW. More frequency, longer duration, more intensity MHWs are all located at the most part of the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea. (2) In recent 38 years, the annual frequency, annual average duration, annual average intensity and maximum intensity of the marine heat waves in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea have generally increased and strengthened, together with spatial heterogeneity. The trends at the coast of the Korean Peninsula coastal show insignificant trend. (3) MHWs were classified into four levels by daily SST: moderate, strong, severe and extreme. Result shows that except extreme MHWs, there are significant geographic differences in the frequency and trend of the other three MHW levels. Moderate MHWs are more frequent and have a significant increasing trend in most part of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, while strong and severe marine heat waves are mainly concentrated in the Bohai Sea. However, extreme MHW in this region was hardly occurred. (4) Regional, there were 83 MHWs occurred in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea during 1982 to 2019, with an average of 2.2 times per year. The frequencies of MHWs appeared seasonal variation obviously. More MHWs with different levels of intensity occurred in summer. (5) Composite analysis shows that, summer MHWs in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea have significant relationship with atmospheric circulation. Barotropic positive geopotential height anomalies centered on Lake Baikal were favorable for anomalous descending air motion in the lower troposphere and west-northerly winds in high troposphere, there should be more clear days and hence more MHWs during the high-solar-radiation summer period.
- marine heat wave /
- frequency /
- duration /
- intensity /
- atmospheric circulation

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图 1 研究区域及水深分布

Fig. 1 Bathymetry of the research region

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图 2 1982−2019年渤海和黄海平均海洋热浪频次（a）、持续时间（b）、平均强度（c）和最大强度（d）的空间分布

Fig. 2 Spatial distributions of mean annual frequency (a), duration (b), mean intensity (c) and the maximumintensity (d) of marine heatwaves in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea from 1982 to 2019

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图 3 1982−2019年渤、黄海区域平均海洋热浪关键指标分布直方图

Fig. 3 Histograms of the four key indicators of marine heat waves in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea from 1982 to 2019

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图 4 1982−2019年渤、黄海区域4种等级海洋热浪年平均发生频次分布

Fig. 4 Spatial distributions of mean annual frequency of 4 marine heat wave categories in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea from 1982 to 2019

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图 5 1982–2019年渤、黄海区域3种等级海洋热浪各月发生频次分布

Fig. 5 Monthly occurrence frequency of the three level marine heat waves in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea from 1982 to 2019

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图 6 1982–2019年渤、黄海海洋热浪发生频次（a）、持续时间（b）、平均强度（c）和最大强度（d）的变化趋势

Fig. 6 Trends of the marine heat wave frequency (a), duration (b), mean intensity (c) and maximumintensity (d) in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea from 1982 to 2019

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图 7 1982–2019年渤、黄海年平均海表温度的变化趋势

a. OISST海表温度资料；b. Hadley中心海表温度资料。黑点代表变化趋势通过95%信度检验

Fig. 7 Trends of the annual mean sea surface temperature in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea from 1982 to 2019

a. Sea surface temperature data from OISST; b. sea surface temperature data from Hadley Center in England. The black dots indicate the area where the trends of SST are significant with a 95% confidence level

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图 8 1982–2019年渤、黄海区域3种等级海洋热浪年平均发生频次变化趋势

Fig. 8 Trends of 3 marine heat wave categories frequence in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea from 1982 to 2019

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图 9 海洋热浪低频时期（1984–1993年）（a，c，e）和海洋热浪高频时期（2001−2010年）（b，d，f）合成得到的高层（500 hPa）−中层（850 hPa）−低层（1 000 hPa）位势高度（等值线，单位：gpm）和位势高度距平场（阴影，单位：gpm）及低频时期（g）和高频时期（h）的地面太阳短波辐射通量距平（蓝色阴影为小于−2 W/（m²·s）的区域；黄色阴影为大于2 W/（m²·s）的区域；等值线间隔为2 W/（m²·s））

Fig. 9 Composite circulation of 500 hPa, 850 hPa, 1 000 hPa geopotential height and anomalies for summer of the years of low-frequency (1984–1993) (a, c, e) and for summer of the years of high-frequency (2001–2010) (b, d, f) (unit: gpm); ground solar shortwave radiation flux anomalies for summer of the years of low-frequency (g) (blue shaded area: lower than –2 W/(m²·s)) and high-frequency (h) (yellow shaded area: higher than 2 W/(m²·s))

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图 10 1982–2019年夏季500 hPa位势高度场的变化趋势

黑点代表变化趋势通过95%信度检验

Fig. 10 Spatial Trends of 500 hPa geopotential height insummer from 1982 to 2019

The black dots indicate the area where the trends are significant witha 95% confidence level

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表 1 海洋热浪指标定义

Tab. 1 Definitions of marine heat wave indices

极端指标	英文名称	定义	单位
频次	frequency	每年发生的热浪次数	次数
持续时间	duration	某次热浪过程中日海温距平超过极端高温阈值的总天数	d
平均强度	mean intensity	某次热浪持续期间平均海温距平值	℃
最大强度	max intensity	某次热浪持续期间最大海温距平值	℃

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