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摘要: 海杂波是雷达探测海面目标的重要背景干扰，其强度和统计特性受海况和雷达参数的共同制约。本文针对海杂波强度（即海面均值散射系数），将多源卫星遥感海面风场和微波散射计常用的地球地球物理模式函数相结合，提出一种全球平均海杂波近实时估计框架模型，旨在“近实时”和“全球尺度”上实现较高精度的平均海杂波估计。以Ku波段及中等入射角为例，利用 HY-2系列卫星与 CFOSAT 卫星散射计实测数据对估计结果进行检验，并系统分析了平均海杂波估计相对误差的时空分布特征及影响因素。结果表明，VV和HH极化的估计结果均与实测数据具有良好的一致性，相对误差分别为1.5～1.8 dB、2.1～2.4 dB。夏季相对误差较小，冬季相对误差偏大；低纬度海域相对误差较大，中高纬度海域相对误差则随季节变化。此外，风速与相对风向是调制平均海杂波估计相对误差的主要因素。本文提出的模型方法可拓展至其它微波波段和入射角，为全球平均海杂波近实时估计提供了一种可靠的实践参考。Abstract: Sea clutter is a major interference for radar in detecting ocean surface targets, and its intensity and statistical characteristics are jointly constrained by sea state and radar parameters. Focusing on sea clutter intensity (i.e., mean sea surface backscattering coefficient), this paper proposes a near real-time framework for the estimation of global mean sea clutter, which combines multi-source satellite remote sensing sea surface winds with the commonly used geophysical model functions of microwave scatterometry, to achieve higher-precision sea clutter intensity estimation in near real-time and at global scale. Taking the Ku-band and moderate incidence angles as examples, the estimation results are verified using spaceborne scatterometer data from the HY-2 series satellites and the CFOSAT satellite. Consequently, the spatial-temporal distribution and the influencing factors of the relative error in sea clutter estimation are analyzed. The results show that the sea clutter estimations for both VV and HH polarizations are in good agreement with the scatterometer measured data, with relative errors of 1.5～1.8 dB and 2.1～2.4 dB, respectively. The relative error is smaller in summer than in winter, and it is persistently high in low-latitude areas, but varies with seasons in middle and high latitudes. In addition, wind speed and relative wind direction are the main factors modulating the relative error of sea clutter estimation. The model proposed in this paper can be extended to other microwave bands and incidence angles, providing a reliable practical reference for the near real-time estimation of global mean sea clutter.
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图 1 全球平均海杂波近实时估算流程图
Fig. 1 Flowchart of the near-real-time estimation of global mean sea clutter intensity
图 2 Ku 波段 VV 极化平均海杂波估算季节检验结果
Fig. 2 Seasonal validation results of the Ku-band VV-polarized mean sea clutter intensity
图 3 Ku 波段 HH 极化平均海杂波估算季节检验结果
Fig. 3 Seasonal validation results of the Ku-band HH-polarized mean sea clutter intensity
图 4 Ku 波段 VV 极化平均海杂波不同季节误差特征全球分布
Fig. 4 Geographical distribution of the seasonal relative errors for the Ku-band VV-polarized mean sea clutter intensity
图 5 Ku 波段 HH 极化平均海杂波不同季节误差特征全球分布
Fig. 5 Geographical distribution of the seasonal relative errors for the Ku-band HH-polarized mean sea clutter intensity
图 6 Ku 波段不同极化平均海杂波估计误差随融合风速的变化
Fig. 6 Relative errors of mean sea clutter intensity as a function of the merged wind speed for different Ku-band polarizations
图 7 Ku 波段不同极化平均海杂波估计误差随相对风向的变化
Fig. 7 Relative errors of mean sea clutter intensity as a function of the relative wind direction for different Ku-band polarizations
图 8 Ku 波段不同极化平均海杂波估计误差随入射角的变化
Fig. 8 Relative errors of mean sea clutter intensity as a function of the incidence angle for different Ku-band polarizations
表 1 海面均值散射系数模型适用性及精度概述
Tab. 1 Overview of the applicability and accuracy of mean sea surface backscattering coefficient models
模型名称 频率 入射角 极化方式 海面参数 精度 GIT 1-100 GHZ 80°–90° HH、VV 海况等级 3 – 5 dB TSC 0.5-35 GHZ 30°–90° HH、VV 海况等级 2.5 – 4 dB HYB 0.5-35 GHZ 30°–90° HH、VV 海况等级 2 – 3.5 dB NRL 0.5-35 GHZ 30°–90° HH、VV 海况等级 2.5 – 4 dB CMOD系列 C波段 16°–66° VV 海面风场 <0.5 dB Ku-2011 Ku波段 46°/54° HH、VV 海面风场 <0.5 dB NSCAT系列 Ku波段 16°–66° HH、VV 海面风场 <0.6 dB 
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表 2 不同风场输入条件下平均海杂波相对误差统计结果
Tab. 2 Statistical scores of the relative errors of mean sea clutter intensity under different wind conditions
极化方式 Er (dB) Case #1 Case #2 Case #3 VV 1.47 1.59 1.58 HH 2.16 1.97 2.03
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