2016 Vol. 38, No. 2
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2016, 38(2): .
Abstract:
2016, 38(2): 1-15.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.001
Abstract:
In this paper, Hadley Center provided the latest global sea surface temperature data.It is analyzed that relationship between the equatorial Pacific and Indian-South China Sea (Indian-South) warm pool region sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH). Results show that the effect SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific and India-South warm pool region SSTA on WPSH is obvious to the difference in temporal and spatial distribution, the both of them are playing an important synergistic effect in WPSH changes process. The former influence on WPSH that begin spring last year until the spring of this year. The latter that begin in early winter until summer of this year. The way that SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific influence on WPSH mainly through the impact on the meridional circulation, however the way that SSTA in the Indian-South warm pool mainly impact of WPSH is through the meridional circulation and water vapor transportation. The former is mainly that SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific influence to Hadley circulation at the middle and lower layer in the troposphere, while the latter is mainly influence to monsoon circulation and associated water vapor transportation at lower layer in the troposphere. The mechanism of these two effects on WPSH is different. The author first time puts forward the process that SSTA between the equatorial eastern Pacific and India-South warm pool region influence on the WPSH which has synergistic effect. Through the optimal subset regression analysis, the anomalous variation of WPSH forecast model is established, and the prognosticated result is that the intensity of WPSH are stronger than the normal in May, June, July and August 2015, the actual result are stronger than the normal of the intensity of the WPSH, therefore, we think that the forecast model is dependable. This work is to emphasize the characteristics of the equatorial eastern Pacific and India-South warm pool synergy effect on persistence variation in WPSH, it is provided more reliable basis for the prediction of WPSH abnormal change and its precipitation.
In this paper, Hadley Center provided the latest global sea surface temperature data.It is analyzed that relationship between the equatorial Pacific and Indian-South China Sea (Indian-South) warm pool region sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH). Results show that the effect SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific and India-South warm pool region SSTA on WPSH is obvious to the difference in temporal and spatial distribution, the both of them are playing an important synergistic effect in WPSH changes process. The former influence on WPSH that begin spring last year until the spring of this year. The latter that begin in early winter until summer of this year. The way that SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific influence on WPSH mainly through the impact on the meridional circulation, however the way that SSTA in the Indian-South warm pool mainly impact of WPSH is through the meridional circulation and water vapor transportation. The former is mainly that SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific influence to Hadley circulation at the middle and lower layer in the troposphere, while the latter is mainly influence to monsoon circulation and associated water vapor transportation at lower layer in the troposphere. The mechanism of these two effects on WPSH is different. The author first time puts forward the process that SSTA between the equatorial eastern Pacific and India-South warm pool region influence on the WPSH which has synergistic effect. Through the optimal subset regression analysis, the anomalous variation of WPSH forecast model is established, and the prognosticated result is that the intensity of WPSH are stronger than the normal in May, June, July and August 2015, the actual result are stronger than the normal of the intensity of the WPSH, therefore, we think that the forecast model is dependable. This work is to emphasize the characteristics of the equatorial eastern Pacific and India-South warm pool synergy effect on persistence variation in WPSH, it is provided more reliable basis for the prediction of WPSH abnormal change and its precipitation.
2016, 38(2): 16-24.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.002
Abstract:
This paper researched the storm surge disasters in coastal provinces of China. Based on the data sources including the State Oceanic Administration, statistical yearbooks of State Statistical Bureau and coastal provinces, the Rough Set Theory and the Combination Weighting Method were combined to build the RST-CWM model for the purpose of assessing the vulnerability of storm surge disasters. And the evaluation results show that the vulnerability of storm surge disasters in coastal provinces varied spatially. However, this variation did not show a significant connection with geographical location. In this case, only focusing on geographical location in policy-making was likely to be inefficient. The most vulnerable area was Shandong while the least was Shanghai. Furthermore, the vulnerability of storm surge disasters was discomposed into exposure, sensitivity and adaptability, which varied from provinces. It indicated that diverse driving forces should be employed to optimize marine disaster prevention and reduction policies, during which natural and human factors should be taken into account.
This paper researched the storm surge disasters in coastal provinces of China. Based on the data sources including the State Oceanic Administration, statistical yearbooks of State Statistical Bureau and coastal provinces, the Rough Set Theory and the Combination Weighting Method were combined to build the RST-CWM model for the purpose of assessing the vulnerability of storm surge disasters. And the evaluation results show that the vulnerability of storm surge disasters in coastal provinces varied spatially. However, this variation did not show a significant connection with geographical location. In this case, only focusing on geographical location in policy-making was likely to be inefficient. The most vulnerable area was Shandong while the least was Shanghai. Furthermore, the vulnerability of storm surge disasters was discomposed into exposure, sensitivity and adaptability, which varied from provinces. It indicated that diverse driving forces should be employed to optimize marine disaster prevention and reduction policies, during which natural and human factors should be taken into account.
2016, 38(2): 25-35.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.003
Abstract:
Distributions of dissolved aluminum in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area were investigated in two cruises carried out in March and July 2012. The monthly variations of dissolved aluminum in the Changjiang were investigated at Xuliujing from March of 2012 to November of 2013. At Xuliujing, the concentration of dissolved aluminum was maximun in the summer and minimum in the winter, corresponding to the seasonal variations of riverine runoff, with averages of (313±130) nmol/L and (140±43) nmol/L, respectively. Terrigenous material played a significant role on this area, dissolved aluminum concentrations in both surface and bottom waters decreased from the river mouth to the open sea. Dissolved aluminum concentrations in the surface and bottom waters ranged from 21 to 129 nmol/L and from 27 to 146 nmol/L in the March, with averages of (49±21) nmol/L and (59±27) nmol/L, respectively. Dissolved aluminum concentrations in the surface and bottom waters ranged from 6 to 332 nmol/L and from 9 to 252 nmol/L in the July, with averages of (66±69) nmol/L and (83±74) nmol/L, respectively. For dissolved aluminum, there were obvious seasonal variations between the spring and summer. The concentrations of dissolved Al in the bottom layer were significantly higher than the surface layer in the summer due to the desorption during the resuspension of bottom sediments, on the contrary in the spring. However, there wasn't significant difference between the surface and bottom layers in the spring. Dissolved aluminum showed a scavenging behavior in the Changjiang Estuary during the preliminary stage of mixing between salt and fresh water, and with a scavenging proportion of up to 55%.
Distributions of dissolved aluminum in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area were investigated in two cruises carried out in March and July 2012. The monthly variations of dissolved aluminum in the Changjiang were investigated at Xuliujing from March of 2012 to November of 2013. At Xuliujing, the concentration of dissolved aluminum was maximun in the summer and minimum in the winter, corresponding to the seasonal variations of riverine runoff, with averages of (313±130) nmol/L and (140±43) nmol/L, respectively. Terrigenous material played a significant role on this area, dissolved aluminum concentrations in both surface and bottom waters decreased from the river mouth to the open sea. Dissolved aluminum concentrations in the surface and bottom waters ranged from 21 to 129 nmol/L and from 27 to 146 nmol/L in the March, with averages of (49±21) nmol/L and (59±27) nmol/L, respectively. Dissolved aluminum concentrations in the surface and bottom waters ranged from 6 to 332 nmol/L and from 9 to 252 nmol/L in the July, with averages of (66±69) nmol/L and (83±74) nmol/L, respectively. For dissolved aluminum, there were obvious seasonal variations between the spring and summer. The concentrations of dissolved Al in the bottom layer were significantly higher than the surface layer in the summer due to the desorption during the resuspension of bottom sediments, on the contrary in the spring. However, there wasn't significant difference between the surface and bottom layers in the spring. Dissolved aluminum showed a scavenging behavior in the Changjiang Estuary during the preliminary stage of mixing between salt and fresh water, and with a scavenging proportion of up to 55%.
2016, 38(2): 36-47.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.004
Abstract:
The Pb concentration and stable isotopes (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb) in surface and core sediments from the central Bohai Sea have been determined to investigate their spatial/temporal distribution and sources in this area. Results showed that the contents of Pb in surface sediments varied from 14.54×10-6 to 59.42×10-6, which had higher level in the coastal Bohai Bay, nearby Huanghe River estuary and northeast of the study area. Pb isotope ratio of 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb varied from 0.834 1-0.848 9 and 2.082 8-2.098 0 in surface sediments, respectively. The core sediment records showed that Pb content and isotopic composition were similar to the surface sediments. However, the vertical values of Pb content and isotopic ratios were stable overall, but they presented an increasing trend since 1990s. Pb in the central Bohai Sea sediments were mainly origined from natural materials, and the Huanghe River substances was the dominated source, while the northern end of the Bohai Bay was affected by the Luanhe River or coastal erosion. The impact of human activities on the Pb deposition appeared since 1990s in the sedimentary records, which mainly referred to the combustion of Chinese leaded ores and other industrial activities. However, the impact was weak, only reflected on several sites in the northwest of Huanghe River mouth and Bohai Bay.
The Pb concentration and stable isotopes (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb) in surface and core sediments from the central Bohai Sea have been determined to investigate their spatial/temporal distribution and sources in this area. Results showed that the contents of Pb in surface sediments varied from 14.54×10-6 to 59.42×10-6, which had higher level in the coastal Bohai Bay, nearby Huanghe River estuary and northeast of the study area. Pb isotope ratio of 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb varied from 0.834 1-0.848 9 and 2.082 8-2.098 0 in surface sediments, respectively. The core sediment records showed that Pb content and isotopic composition were similar to the surface sediments. However, the vertical values of Pb content and isotopic ratios were stable overall, but they presented an increasing trend since 1990s. Pb in the central Bohai Sea sediments were mainly origined from natural materials, and the Huanghe River substances was the dominated source, while the northern end of the Bohai Bay was affected by the Luanhe River or coastal erosion. The impact of human activities on the Pb deposition appeared since 1990s in the sedimentary records, which mainly referred to the combustion of Chinese leaded ores and other industrial activities. However, the impact was weak, only reflected on several sites in the northwest of Huanghe River mouth and Bohai Bay.
2016, 38(2): 48-63.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.005
Abstract:
The northeast Atlantic is said to be an important piece of waters for marine capture. Its inhabiting environment is sensitive to the changes of the Arctic climate. Based on the data of the catch of FAO in the northeast Atlantic from 1950 to 2012, this article analyzes three indexes of 293 exploited marine communities. The three indexes are mTL (the temporal trend in the mean trophic level), FIB (fisheries-in-balance index), TrC (trophic categories). The goal is to provide the basis for further study of how the Arctic climate change influences its fishery resources. According to our research, the mTL had greatly decreased at a rate of 0.02TL per year (r=-0.614; P<0.01), from 3.71 (1950) to 3.57(2012). Meanwhile, the FIB index had been speeding downhill for the last 8 years. Moreover, the mTL of the catch in the northeast Atlantic is highly related to the climate change (such as rise of sea surface temperature, North Atlantic Oscillation and shrinking sea ice and so on). It is obvious that high catches came up in the anomalies year of the sea surface temperature:1956, 1976 and 1997. This paper analyzes changes of trophic level to catch in the northeast Atlantic, so as to provide the basis of studying the relationship between fish composition and climate change in the northeast Atlantic. In addition, it also offers a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of fisheries resources.
The northeast Atlantic is said to be an important piece of waters for marine capture. Its inhabiting environment is sensitive to the changes of the Arctic climate. Based on the data of the catch of FAO in the northeast Atlantic from 1950 to 2012, this article analyzes three indexes of 293 exploited marine communities. The three indexes are mTL (the temporal trend in the mean trophic level), FIB (fisheries-in-balance index), TrC (trophic categories). The goal is to provide the basis for further study of how the Arctic climate change influences its fishery resources. According to our research, the mTL had greatly decreased at a rate of 0.02TL per year (r=-0.614; P<0.01), from 3.71 (1950) to 3.57(2012). Meanwhile, the FIB index had been speeding downhill for the last 8 years. Moreover, the mTL of the catch in the northeast Atlantic is highly related to the climate change (such as rise of sea surface temperature, North Atlantic Oscillation and shrinking sea ice and so on). It is obvious that high catches came up in the anomalies year of the sea surface temperature:1956, 1976 and 1997. This paper analyzes changes of trophic level to catch in the northeast Atlantic, so as to provide the basis of studying the relationship between fish composition and climate change in the northeast Atlantic. In addition, it also offers a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of fisheries resources.
2016, 38(2): 64-72.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.006
Abstract:
The ocean primary productivity plays important roles in the marine ecosystem, which greatly affects the potential catches of the marine fisheries. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the stock level of the western stock of neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii and the net primary productivity by using the fishery data during 2004-2013 obtained from the Chinese Squid-jigging Science and Technology Group, as well as the remote sensing environmental data. The results suggested that the net primary productivity on the fishing ground exhibited obviously seasonal variability, which was low in spring and winter and high in summer and autumn. In the fishing months from July to November, the suitable range of the net primary productivity for O. bartramii was 500-700 mg/(m2·d) in July, 500-800 mg/(m2·d) in August, 500-1 000 mg/(m2·d) in September, 500-800 mg/(m2·d) in October and 300-500 mg/(m2·d) in November. The most suitable net primary productivity in July, August, September, October and November was 700 mg/(m2·d), 600 mg/(m2·d), 700 mg/(m2·d), 600 mg/(m2·d) and 400 mg/(m2·d), respectively. Significant positive relationship was found between the average latitude of the most suitable net primary productivity and the latitudinal gravity center of fishing effort (P<0.05), suggesting that the locations of fishing effort were not randomly distributed, which might be strongly affected by the latitudinal distribution of the most suitable net primary productivity. The annually squid abundance was positively related to the net primary productivity in March as well as its average value in July to November (P<0.05). We inferred that annual squid stock level was driven by the interaction between the concentration of net primary productivity on the spawning ground in March and on the fishing ground from July to November. Our findings indicated that the anomalous environments (El Niño and La Niña events) had strong influences on the variability of the net primary productivity on the spawning and fishing grounds, however, its regulating mechanism tended to vary.
The ocean primary productivity plays important roles in the marine ecosystem, which greatly affects the potential catches of the marine fisheries. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the stock level of the western stock of neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii and the net primary productivity by using the fishery data during 2004-2013 obtained from the Chinese Squid-jigging Science and Technology Group, as well as the remote sensing environmental data. The results suggested that the net primary productivity on the fishing ground exhibited obviously seasonal variability, which was low in spring and winter and high in summer and autumn. In the fishing months from July to November, the suitable range of the net primary productivity for O. bartramii was 500-700 mg/(m2·d) in July, 500-800 mg/(m2·d) in August, 500-1 000 mg/(m2·d) in September, 500-800 mg/(m2·d) in October and 300-500 mg/(m2·d) in November. The most suitable net primary productivity in July, August, September, October and November was 700 mg/(m2·d), 600 mg/(m2·d), 700 mg/(m2·d), 600 mg/(m2·d) and 400 mg/(m2·d), respectively. Significant positive relationship was found between the average latitude of the most suitable net primary productivity and the latitudinal gravity center of fishing effort (P<0.05), suggesting that the locations of fishing effort were not randomly distributed, which might be strongly affected by the latitudinal distribution of the most suitable net primary productivity. The annually squid abundance was positively related to the net primary productivity in March as well as its average value in July to November (P<0.05). We inferred that annual squid stock level was driven by the interaction between the concentration of net primary productivity on the spawning ground in March and on the fishing ground from July to November. Our findings indicated that the anomalous environments (El Niño and La Niña events) had strong influences on the variability of the net primary productivity on the spawning and fishing grounds, however, its regulating mechanism tended to vary.
2016, 38(2): 73-83.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.007
Abstract:
Nanji Islands marine conservation area is one of the first five national marine nature reserves in our country established by the approval of the state council, which has a reputation for marine life, especially for the abundance and variety of shellfishes and algae, called "kingdom of shellfishes and algae". It is the good place for spawning, feeding and growing fishes and shrimps. The shrimp data is based on bottom trawl surveys surveys in November, 2013 and in February, May, and September, 2014 in the Nanji Islands marine conservation area, the influence of community characteristics factors of species composition, dominance species, diversity, similarity were studied in the Nanji Islands marine conservation area according to the four seasons' survey data and the catch rates was used as the quantitative index of shrimp resources distribution. The result showed, a total of 25 species were identified, which belonged to 17 genera in 9 families, and the seasonal variation of the dominant species seasonal succession phenomenon is very obvious; the seasonal change of shrimp species number is not obvious, and shrimp species number in reef areas outside of the open ocean is quite higher, the biodiversity indices in summer is lower than the other seasons, the shrimp species number of plane distribution is similar to the biodiversity indices, and environmental factors such as terrain, water depth and water system have a greater influence on the community structure; the shrimp species types is mainly belonged to seasonal, eurythermic and euryhaline, shrimp general life in bottom silt coast area which benefit to bait and grow up, the reason of biodiversity indices in summer is lower than the other seasons is Taiwan warm current and food chain fish predation relations have a strong influence on this area, shrimp diversity distribution changes with the depth of the water distribution is obvious, it is mainly due to range of shrimps' activity of the main dominant species related to the depth of the water in the survey sea.
Nanji Islands marine conservation area is one of the first five national marine nature reserves in our country established by the approval of the state council, which has a reputation for marine life, especially for the abundance and variety of shellfishes and algae, called "kingdom of shellfishes and algae". It is the good place for spawning, feeding and growing fishes and shrimps. The shrimp data is based on bottom trawl surveys surveys in November, 2013 and in February, May, and September, 2014 in the Nanji Islands marine conservation area, the influence of community characteristics factors of species composition, dominance species, diversity, similarity were studied in the Nanji Islands marine conservation area according to the four seasons' survey data and the catch rates was used as the quantitative index of shrimp resources distribution. The result showed, a total of 25 species were identified, which belonged to 17 genera in 9 families, and the seasonal variation of the dominant species seasonal succession phenomenon is very obvious; the seasonal change of shrimp species number is not obvious, and shrimp species number in reef areas outside of the open ocean is quite higher, the biodiversity indices in summer is lower than the other seasons, the shrimp species number of plane distribution is similar to the biodiversity indices, and environmental factors such as terrain, water depth and water system have a greater influence on the community structure; the shrimp species types is mainly belonged to seasonal, eurythermic and euryhaline, shrimp general life in bottom silt coast area which benefit to bait and grow up, the reason of biodiversity indices in summer is lower than the other seasons is Taiwan warm current and food chain fish predation relations have a strong influence on this area, shrimp diversity distribution changes with the depth of the water distribution is obvious, it is mainly due to range of shrimps' activity of the main dominant species related to the depth of the water in the survey sea.
2016, 38(2): 84-92.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.008
Abstract:
Mytilus coruscus, the natural distribution of which was indistinct, is one of the important economic shellfish of East China Sea. The natural distributions of different sections in Yushan Islands were analyzed by underwater survey in July, 2014. The results showed:the differences of ecological types in five survey sections are significant, and the dominant species of five sections are different as well. The density of Mytilus coruscus varied from 37.04 ind/m2 to 185.80 ind/m2 in different sections, the density of section A was higher than other sections, the following was section C and section D, the density of section B was the lowest. Furthermore, the density of each survey plot varied from 0 to 388.89 ind/m2. The main natural distribution water depth of Mytilus coruscus was from underwater 9 m to underwater 3 m, but mainly distribution water depth was from underwater 8 m to underwater 5 m, and the total of 90 percent of Mytilus coruscus were recorded in this zone. The highest density of underwater 8 m depth was 160.19 ind/m2, and few mussel were found when the water depth is less than 1 m or exceed 11 m. The density of Mytilus coruscus changed greatly in different sections (F=57.011, P<0.01) and water depths (F=66.495, P<0.01), which influenced significantly by section and water depth through double factor variance analysis, interaction of survey sections and water depths effected significantly on density of Mytilus coruscus (F=10.483, P<0.01). The relationship between density (A) and water depth (D) can be represented by the following Gauss Equation, the valve of equation R2 varied from 0.875 3 to 0.999 7. Using hierarchical clustering, the 31 different surveys underwater zones were classified into three groups:the characteristic of first group were blank zone, the characteristic of second group were the water depth from 5 to 8 m, the characteristic of third group was the water depth less than 3 m or exceed than 9 m. The results showed that the water depth is the main factor which influenced the distribution of Mytilus coruscus.
Mytilus coruscus, the natural distribution of which was indistinct, is one of the important economic shellfish of East China Sea. The natural distributions of different sections in Yushan Islands were analyzed by underwater survey in July, 2014. The results showed:the differences of ecological types in five survey sections are significant, and the dominant species of five sections are different as well. The density of Mytilus coruscus varied from 37.04 ind/m2 to 185.80 ind/m2 in different sections, the density of section A was higher than other sections, the following was section C and section D, the density of section B was the lowest. Furthermore, the density of each survey plot varied from 0 to 388.89 ind/m2. The main natural distribution water depth of Mytilus coruscus was from underwater 9 m to underwater 3 m, but mainly distribution water depth was from underwater 8 m to underwater 5 m, and the total of 90 percent of Mytilus coruscus were recorded in this zone. The highest density of underwater 8 m depth was 160.19 ind/m2, and few mussel were found when the water depth is less than 1 m or exceed 11 m. The density of Mytilus coruscus changed greatly in different sections (F=57.011, P<0.01) and water depths (F=66.495, P<0.01), which influenced significantly by section and water depth through double factor variance analysis, interaction of survey sections and water depths effected significantly on density of Mytilus coruscus (F=10.483, P<0.01). The relationship between density (A) and water depth (D) can be represented by the following Gauss Equation, the valve of equation R2 varied from 0.875 3 to 0.999 7. Using hierarchical clustering, the 31 different surveys underwater zones were classified into three groups:the characteristic of first group were blank zone, the characteristic of second group were the water depth from 5 to 8 m, the characteristic of third group was the water depth less than 3 m or exceed than 9 m. The results showed that the water depth is the main factor which influenced the distribution of Mytilus coruscus.
2016, 38(2): 93-103.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.009
Abstract:
The knowledge of ecology of modern living planktonic foraminifera is very important for their application in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The distribution of living planktonic foraminifers has been analyzed on 20 plankton tow samples collected from the shelf of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in Autumn, 2011. The results indicate that planktonic foraminifera is almost absent in autumn in the Yellow Sea. Thirteen planktonic foraminiferal species occurred in the East China Sea, dominated by Globigerinoides sacculifer, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globigerinoides ruber. The abundance of planktonic foraminifera shows a general pattern, with high abundance in the southeast and low values in the northwest of the study area, which may indicate that the distribution of foraminifers in the study area is mainly controlled by the influence of the open ocean water. The major species of planktonic foraminifera shows apparent different distribution in the East China shelf seas. G. sacculifer, the preponderant species of the shelf seas in autumn, shows a similar distribution pattern with the total abundance. Its relative percentage gradually decreased from south to north, and from east to west, suggesting the control of the variation by regional surface sea temperature. In contrast to the distribution of G. sacculifer, high percentage of G. bulloides mainly occurred in the middle shelf of the East China Sea, and its relative abundance gradually decreased from north to south, and high percentage also occurred in the inner shelf off Min-Zhe coast, suggesting that both temperature and productivity are principal factors controlling the distribution of G. bulloides in the study area. High abundance of P. obliquiloculata and N. dutertrei mainly appeared in the middle shelf of the southern East China Sea and southwest off Cheju Island, possibly modulated by the joint influence of warm water and productivity.
The knowledge of ecology of modern living planktonic foraminifera is very important for their application in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The distribution of living planktonic foraminifers has been analyzed on 20 plankton tow samples collected from the shelf of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in Autumn, 2011. The results indicate that planktonic foraminifera is almost absent in autumn in the Yellow Sea. Thirteen planktonic foraminiferal species occurred in the East China Sea, dominated by Globigerinoides sacculifer, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globigerinoides ruber. The abundance of planktonic foraminifera shows a general pattern, with high abundance in the southeast and low values in the northwest of the study area, which may indicate that the distribution of foraminifers in the study area is mainly controlled by the influence of the open ocean water. The major species of planktonic foraminifera shows apparent different distribution in the East China shelf seas. G. sacculifer, the preponderant species of the shelf seas in autumn, shows a similar distribution pattern with the total abundance. Its relative percentage gradually decreased from south to north, and from east to west, suggesting the control of the variation by regional surface sea temperature. In contrast to the distribution of G. sacculifer, high percentage of G. bulloides mainly occurred in the middle shelf of the East China Sea, and its relative abundance gradually decreased from north to south, and high percentage also occurred in the inner shelf off Min-Zhe coast, suggesting that both temperature and productivity are principal factors controlling the distribution of G. bulloides in the study area. High abundance of P. obliquiloculata and N. dutertrei mainly appeared in the middle shelf of the southern East China Sea and southwest off Cheju Island, possibly modulated by the joint influence of warm water and productivity.
2016, 38(2): 104-111.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.010
Abstract:
Critical habitats of Zostera marina beds have greatly declined and request studies of effective method(s) for rehabilitation. Seeds of Z. marina were collected from Sanggou Bay, Dongchudao, Rongcheng, Shandong, China, and the effects of acute salinity variation (0-30) on the seed germination and seedling development were studied in the laboratory, to provide information for the rehabilitation of seagrass bed with seed reproduction. The results showed that lowering salinity induced the germination rate of Z. marina seeds, with significance occurred at salinities 15 and lower, and the highest germination rate at salinity 0. Seeds germinated at salinities 0, 5 and 15 could develop into seedlings and survive, with the percentage and time period influenced by both germination salinity background and post-germination incubation salinity:(1) higher germination salinities promoted germinated seeds developing into seedlings and surviving better, (2) seedlings were established and continued growth and further development at post-germination incubation salinities 5-30, while 100% mortality occurred after various development at salinity 0 or 1. Seedling leaves presented net production of oxygen at salinities 5-30, with a trend of higher gross and net production of oxygen and higher respiration rates at higher salinities. The results indicated that Z. marina seeds could produce 24% or 12% of health seedlings within two months treatment of acute salinity variation, germinating at salinities 0 or 5 and developing at salinities 5-30, which presented a practical method of seagrass bed rehabilitation with Z. marina seeds.
Critical habitats of Zostera marina beds have greatly declined and request studies of effective method(s) for rehabilitation. Seeds of Z. marina were collected from Sanggou Bay, Dongchudao, Rongcheng, Shandong, China, and the effects of acute salinity variation (0-30) on the seed germination and seedling development were studied in the laboratory, to provide information for the rehabilitation of seagrass bed with seed reproduction. The results showed that lowering salinity induced the germination rate of Z. marina seeds, with significance occurred at salinities 15 and lower, and the highest germination rate at salinity 0. Seeds germinated at salinities 0, 5 and 15 could develop into seedlings and survive, with the percentage and time period influenced by both germination salinity background and post-germination incubation salinity:(1) higher germination salinities promoted germinated seeds developing into seedlings and surviving better, (2) seedlings were established and continued growth and further development at post-germination incubation salinities 5-30, while 100% mortality occurred after various development at salinity 0 or 1. Seedling leaves presented net production of oxygen at salinities 5-30, with a trend of higher gross and net production of oxygen and higher respiration rates at higher salinities. The results indicated that Z. marina seeds could produce 24% or 12% of health seedlings within two months treatment of acute salinity variation, germinating at salinities 0 or 5 and developing at salinities 5-30, which presented a practical method of seagrass bed rehabilitation with Z. marina seeds.
2016, 38(2): 112-120.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.011
Abstract:
Phytoplankton net samples were collected from 45 grid stations (10.08°N-6.00°S, 80.00°-96.10°E) from April 10 to May 13, 2014 in eastern Indian Ocean, diatoms including 34 genera and 113 species (including variety, form and unidentified taxa) were found in the survey area. Over half species were tropical oceanic species and warm oceanic species, which was in line with the tropical and subtropical environmental characteristics in the survey area. The dominant species included Climacodium frauenfeldianum, Leptocylindrus mediterraneus, Chaetoceros coarctatus, Planktoniella foromsa, Chaetoceros atlanticus var. neapolitanus, Pseudosolenia calcar-avis, Guinardia cylindrus, Chaetoceros dadayi, Thalassionema frauenfeldii, Thalassiosira excentrica, Chaetoceros bacteriastroides, Rhizosolenia styliformis var. latissima. The average cell abundance of diatoms was 1.855×103 cells/m3. The horizontal distribution of diatoms was asymmetrical, the cell abundance was low in the equatorial section, and the northern area was the high abundance zone. Seven groups were divided through the cluster analysis, the species composition and horizontal distribution of diatoms had a good correlation with the integrated average temperature, salinity and nutrients above 200 m.
Phytoplankton net samples were collected from 45 grid stations (10.08°N-6.00°S, 80.00°-96.10°E) from April 10 to May 13, 2014 in eastern Indian Ocean, diatoms including 34 genera and 113 species (including variety, form and unidentified taxa) were found in the survey area. Over half species were tropical oceanic species and warm oceanic species, which was in line with the tropical and subtropical environmental characteristics in the survey area. The dominant species included Climacodium frauenfeldianum, Leptocylindrus mediterraneus, Chaetoceros coarctatus, Planktoniella foromsa, Chaetoceros atlanticus var. neapolitanus, Pseudosolenia calcar-avis, Guinardia cylindrus, Chaetoceros dadayi, Thalassionema frauenfeldii, Thalassiosira excentrica, Chaetoceros bacteriastroides, Rhizosolenia styliformis var. latissima. The average cell abundance of diatoms was 1.855×103 cells/m3. The horizontal distribution of diatoms was asymmetrical, the cell abundance was low in the equatorial section, and the northern area was the high abundance zone. Seven groups were divided through the cluster analysis, the species composition and horizontal distribution of diatoms had a good correlation with the integrated average temperature, salinity and nutrients above 200 m.
2016, 38(2): 121-130.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.012
Abstract:
Coral reefs distribute extensively along tropical coasts in China. The interactional behavior of beach-coral reef system is the key to understanding its morphodynamic process. Based on repeated field surveys before and after the Typhoon Rammasun, the paper discussed the storm-effects on beaches and its relationship with coral reefs along Tongguling-Gaolongwan coast in Hainan. The results showed that the most active zone during Typhoon Rammasun was above MSL, which was characterized by backshore scarp, shoreline retreat, berm erosion and the reduction of beach face. The storm-effects on beaches are closely related to the condition of nearshore coral reefs. In the case of absence or destruction of coral reefs, the storm-effects on beaches significantly increased by 3-6 times Mean Profile Change (MPC) value. Coral reefs can provide effective protection for adjacent beach by mean of wave dissipation through reef flat. The characteristics of the storm-effects on beach-coral reef system are controlled by the wave dissipation of reefs and the sediment buffering of beaches. Four types of storm-response modes of beach-coral reef system were summarized.
Coral reefs distribute extensively along tropical coasts in China. The interactional behavior of beach-coral reef system is the key to understanding its morphodynamic process. Based on repeated field surveys before and after the Typhoon Rammasun, the paper discussed the storm-effects on beaches and its relationship with coral reefs along Tongguling-Gaolongwan coast in Hainan. The results showed that the most active zone during Typhoon Rammasun was above MSL, which was characterized by backshore scarp, shoreline retreat, berm erosion and the reduction of beach face. The storm-effects on beaches are closely related to the condition of nearshore coral reefs. In the case of absence or destruction of coral reefs, the storm-effects on beaches significantly increased by 3-6 times Mean Profile Change (MPC) value. Coral reefs can provide effective protection for adjacent beach by mean of wave dissipation through reef flat. The characteristics of the storm-effects on beach-coral reef system are controlled by the wave dissipation of reefs and the sediment buffering of beaches. Four types of storm-response modes of beach-coral reef system were summarized.
2016, 38(2): 131-137.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.02.013
Abstract:
In this study, the three typical red tide species were chosen as the experiment algae and the inactivation was achieved by hydroxyl radials generated from a strong ionization discharge combined with hydrodynamic cavitations. The viability and integrity of the algae were determined by the fluorescence staining and Pulse Amplitude Modulation. The results suggest that a quick and complete loss of viability was achieved for three species after exposure to hydroxyl radical, for the Heterosigma akashiwo, Alexandrium tamarensem, Skelrtonema costatum which the density is 5.05×104 cells/mL, 5.28×104 cells/mL, 5.02×104 cells/mL respectively, the lethal thresholds are 1.24 mg/L, 2.01mg/L, and 1.12 mg/L separately. Meanwhile Algal cells were deformed and shrunk after ·OH attack and chlorophyll content was degraded at the same time. The chlorophyll content decomposition rate reaches to 77%, 85% and 74% at the lethal thresholds. Above all, the use of hydroxyl radicals is an efficient method to kill red tide species in ballast water.
In this study, the three typical red tide species were chosen as the experiment algae and the inactivation was achieved by hydroxyl radials generated from a strong ionization discharge combined with hydrodynamic cavitations. The viability and integrity of the algae were determined by the fluorescence staining and Pulse Amplitude Modulation. The results suggest that a quick and complete loss of viability was achieved for three species after exposure to hydroxyl radical, for the Heterosigma akashiwo, Alexandrium tamarensem, Skelrtonema costatum which the density is 5.05×104 cells/mL, 5.28×104 cells/mL, 5.02×104 cells/mL respectively, the lethal thresholds are 1.24 mg/L, 2.01mg/L, and 1.12 mg/L separately. Meanwhile Algal cells were deformed and shrunk after ·OH attack and chlorophyll content was degraded at the same time. The chlorophyll content decomposition rate reaches to 77%, 85% and 74% at the lethal thresholds. Above all, the use of hydroxyl radicals is an efficient method to kill red tide species in ballast water.
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