2015 Vol. 37, No. 1
Display Method:
2015, 37(1): .
Abstract:
2015, 37(1): 1-10.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.001
Abstract:
The ocean is an important field of the earth-observing satellites and which have some special ocean remote sensing satellite in the earth-observing satellites. The ocean remote sensing satellite can obtain ocean color and ocean dynamic environmental information by using optical and microwave sensors on satellites. The ocean satellite can make up for the lack for the traditional marine observation and which can help to deepen human to understanding of ocean on the basis of observation of some remote sensors. Ocean satellites have playing an important role in preventing and reducing marine hazards,resource development,marine rights,and marine ecological and environmental protection and so on. This paper has a detailed summary on development course of domestic and overseas ocean satellite and which has a discussion on the development trend of the future ocean satellite. In this paper,some discussion and suggestion can provide reference for our country's development of ocean satellite.
The ocean is an important field of the earth-observing satellites and which have some special ocean remote sensing satellite in the earth-observing satellites. The ocean remote sensing satellite can obtain ocean color and ocean dynamic environmental information by using optical and microwave sensors on satellites. The ocean satellite can make up for the lack for the traditional marine observation and which can help to deepen human to understanding of ocean on the basis of observation of some remote sensors. Ocean satellites have playing an important role in preventing and reducing marine hazards,resource development,marine rights,and marine ecological and environmental protection and so on. This paper has a detailed summary on development course of domestic and overseas ocean satellite and which has a discussion on the development trend of the future ocean satellite. In this paper,some discussion and suggestion can provide reference for our country's development of ocean satellite.
2015, 37(1): 11-20.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.002
Abstract:
The principal tidal constituents K1,O1,M2 and S2,in the Gulf of Thailand are numerically simulated using the FVCOM ocean model. The model results are compared with observations at 47 tide gauge stations,which show a satisfactory agreement. The root-mean-square differences between the simulated and observed harmonics are 4.06 cm,3.76 cm,8.22 cm and 4.71 cm respectively. Based on the model results,distributions of tides,tidal current ellipses,tidal residual currents and tidal energy flux density vectors of K1,O1,M2 and S2 constituents are presented. Numerical experiments show that the accuracy of the existing digital bathymetry data (ETOPO1,ETOPO5,DBDB-V) is inadequate for a reasonable simulation of the tides in the Gulf of Thailand.
The principal tidal constituents K1,O1,M2 and S2,in the Gulf of Thailand are numerically simulated using the FVCOM ocean model. The model results are compared with observations at 47 tide gauge stations,which show a satisfactory agreement. The root-mean-square differences between the simulated and observed harmonics are 4.06 cm,3.76 cm,8.22 cm and 4.71 cm respectively. Based on the model results,distributions of tides,tidal current ellipses,tidal residual currents and tidal energy flux density vectors of K1,O1,M2 and S2 constituents are presented. Numerical experiments show that the accuracy of the existing digital bathymetry data (ETOPO1,ETOPO5,DBDB-V) is inadequate for a reasonable simulation of the tides in the Gulf of Thailand.
2015, 37(1): 21-29.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.003
Abstract:
In the upper Canada Basin,double-diffusive staircases are located between the Atlantic Water (AW) and the Lower Halocline Water (LHW). The McLane Moored Profiler (MMP) data measured from August 2005 to August 2011 at subsurface mooring stations are analyzed to explore the relationship between double-diffusive staircases and these two water masses. In the fixed salinity interval between 34.45 and 34.83,eighteen staircases are identified. It is found that the potential temperature of staircases is affected by their adjacent water masses and also the formation and decay of their adjacent staircases. There is heart transfer from the AW to the overlying staircases and the LHW,and the depth variations of the staircases and the AW are determined by the depth of the LHW. The adjacent staircases show almost the same variation trend between its potential temperature and depth. Based on the empirical formula,the heat flux across the staircase is estimated to be 0.05 to 0.6 W/m2. The vertical heat flux is found to gradually increase as the salinity decreases upward. In addition,the effective vertical diffusivity,which is caused by double-diffusive convection,is estimated to be about 3×10-6 to 3.3×10-5 m2/s,and it gradually decreases as the salinity decreases.
In the upper Canada Basin,double-diffusive staircases are located between the Atlantic Water (AW) and the Lower Halocline Water (LHW). The McLane Moored Profiler (MMP) data measured from August 2005 to August 2011 at subsurface mooring stations are analyzed to explore the relationship between double-diffusive staircases and these two water masses. In the fixed salinity interval between 34.45 and 34.83,eighteen staircases are identified. It is found that the potential temperature of staircases is affected by their adjacent water masses and also the formation and decay of their adjacent staircases. There is heart transfer from the AW to the overlying staircases and the LHW,and the depth variations of the staircases and the AW are determined by the depth of the LHW. The adjacent staircases show almost the same variation trend between its potential temperature and depth. Based on the empirical formula,the heat flux across the staircase is estimated to be 0.05 to 0.6 W/m2. The vertical heat flux is found to gradually increase as the salinity decreases upward. In addition,the effective vertical diffusivity,which is caused by double-diffusive convection,is estimated to be about 3×10-6 to 3.3×10-5 m2/s,and it gradually decreases as the salinity decreases.
2015, 37(1): 30-42.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.004
Abstract:
Based on national standard section (Dalian-Chengshatou) survey data from 1976 to 2006 and combined with the ECMWF reanalysis data such as temperature,wind speed and radiation,this paper studied interannual variation of the low temperature center and the northern front of Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass,did some correlation analysis about the relationship between Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and interannual climate signals,and studied the factors affecting the temperature of Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. The results show that the lowest center temperature and the northern front of Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass both have obvious interannual variation characteristics. The lowest center temperature Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass has a warming trend,and the northern front exists interannual variability of weakening trend. The winter sea temperature,winter air temperature,meridional wind field and radiation flux has certain influence on the strength of the cold water mass of the next year. Influence of interannual variation of East Asian winter monsoon is a main mechanism of interannual variability of northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass temperature.Mature periods of El Nio and La Nia events occur behind events of the relative low and high center temperature of northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. By interaction with East Asian winter monsoon,ENSO associated with northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass.
Based on national standard section (Dalian-Chengshatou) survey data from 1976 to 2006 and combined with the ECMWF reanalysis data such as temperature,wind speed and radiation,this paper studied interannual variation of the low temperature center and the northern front of Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass,did some correlation analysis about the relationship between Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and interannual climate signals,and studied the factors affecting the temperature of Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. The results show that the lowest center temperature and the northern front of Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass both have obvious interannual variation characteristics. The lowest center temperature Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass has a warming trend,and the northern front exists interannual variability of weakening trend. The winter sea temperature,winter air temperature,meridional wind field and radiation flux has certain influence on the strength of the cold water mass of the next year. Influence of interannual variation of East Asian winter monsoon is a main mechanism of interannual variability of northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass temperature.Mature periods of El Nio and La Nia events occur behind events of the relative low and high center temperature of northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. By interaction with East Asian winter monsoon,ENSO associated with northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass.
2015, 37(1): 43-52.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.005
Abstract:
Based on the 6 hourly sea level pressure data of ERA-Interim reanalysis over the period 1979-2012 and automated cyclone detection and tracking algorithm from Reading University,extratropical cyclones entering coastal waters of China are examined and their activities such as source,distribution,intensity,frequency,life time,annual and seasonal variability and so on are investigated. Conclusions are as follows:(1)From 1979 to 2012,there are 1 530 extratropical cyclones are detected in coastal waters of China,45 per year on average. Since the early 1990s the number of extratropical cyclone in coastal waters of China shows positive trend,and the route has a tendency to move northward. This is consistent with previous research conclusion of extratropical cyclone in the northern hemisphere. Especially in the north of coastal waters of China ,cyclone number increased significantly. (2)These cyclones mainly come from four regions,Jianghuai,Yellow River,East China Sea and Mongolia,and the most proportion is Jianghuai,the least is Mongolia,especially in summer. When atmospheric and ocean conditions meet the requirements,the cyclones can growth explosively.The main sources of explosive cyclones are east ocean of Japan and the east ocean of of Korean Peninsula,compare to this tow place,there are less cyclones can growth explosively in coastal waters of China .The number of explosive cyclones is the largest in spring,the least in summer. More than half of the cyclone's life is for 1 to 4 days,the number of long life cyclones(more than 10 days) is the largest in summer,the least in winter. The cyclones are more stronger in winter and more weaker in summer.
Based on the 6 hourly sea level pressure data of ERA-Interim reanalysis over the period 1979-2012 and automated cyclone detection and tracking algorithm from Reading University,extratropical cyclones entering coastal waters of China are examined and their activities such as source,distribution,intensity,frequency,life time,annual and seasonal variability and so on are investigated. Conclusions are as follows:(1)From 1979 to 2012,there are 1 530 extratropical cyclones are detected in coastal waters of China,45 per year on average. Since the early 1990s the number of extratropical cyclone in coastal waters of China shows positive trend,and the route has a tendency to move northward. This is consistent with previous research conclusion of extratropical cyclone in the northern hemisphere. Especially in the north of coastal waters of China ,cyclone number increased significantly. (2)These cyclones mainly come from four regions,Jianghuai,Yellow River,East China Sea and Mongolia,and the most proportion is Jianghuai,the least is Mongolia,especially in summer. When atmospheric and ocean conditions meet the requirements,the cyclones can growth explosively.The main sources of explosive cyclones are east ocean of Japan and the east ocean of of Korean Peninsula,compare to this tow place,there are less cyclones can growth explosively in coastal waters of China .The number of explosive cyclones is the largest in spring,the least in summer. More than half of the cyclone's life is for 1 to 4 days,the number of long life cyclones(more than 10 days) is the largest in summer,the least in winter. The cyclones are more stronger in winter and more weaker in summer.
2015, 37(1): 53-62.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.006
Abstract:
The observed relationship between autumn rainfall anomalies in the South China (SC) region and the typhoons activity, and the anomalous sea surface temperature characteristics has been examined using 41 a of the precipitation data of 168 stations in SC, NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and best track tropical cyclone data. To a great extend, the abnormal of autumn precipitation in SC is determined by the Typhoons activity. When the SSTA (sea surface temperature anomaly) in eastern equatorial Pacific is negative (positive), the areas including the western tropical Pacific to South China Sea and the SC are dominated by anomalous eastern(western) wind, which is favorable (not favorable) for typhoons on western Pacific moving westward and for the increasing(decreasing) of TIF index. This will lead to the increasing (reducing) typhoons numbers that influence SC and result in more autumn precipitation than average in SC.
The observed relationship between autumn rainfall anomalies in the South China (SC) region and the typhoons activity, and the anomalous sea surface temperature characteristics has been examined using 41 a of the precipitation data of 168 stations in SC, NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and best track tropical cyclone data. To a great extend, the abnormal of autumn precipitation in SC is determined by the Typhoons activity. When the SSTA (sea surface temperature anomaly) in eastern equatorial Pacific is negative (positive), the areas including the western tropical Pacific to South China Sea and the SC are dominated by anomalous eastern(western) wind, which is favorable (not favorable) for typhoons on western Pacific moving westward and for the increasing(decreasing) of TIF index. This will lead to the increasing (reducing) typhoons numbers that influence SC and result in more autumn precipitation than average in SC.
2015, 37(1): 63-72.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.007
Abstract:
Our current knowledge of the sea fog distribution are mostly obtained from the coastal weather stations,ships,and buoys observational data. However these data are limited in spatial distribution,quality control and representativeness. Thus we are lack of a comprehensive understanding of the distribution of sea fog. Satellite data are known as uniform spacial distribution,wide coverage and relatively consistent quality. Under cloudless conditions,satellite data have the advantages of monitoring large-scale,offshore sea fog. Base on the frequency of fog and cloud together with the percentage distribution,we obtained comprehensive seasonal variation characteristics of the fog in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from 1989 to 2008 . Besides the conclusions confirms those found in the literature,this work also revealed the following facts: (1) The seasonal variation in fog frequency of the Yellow Sea is more significant than that in the Bohai sea. (2) The fog in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea occur more frequently than expected in winter. (3) In the course of sea fog formation and dissipation,there are the phenomena of eastward propagation of sea fog coverage. (4) In the spring and summer fog season,there are two sea fog-prone areas,located in the middle of Yellow Sea and the West Korea Bay respectively. And the annual maximum fog occurrence is in the West Korea Bay. Furthermore,in the case of sufficient sample population,based on the statistical analysis of the frequency of clouds and sea fog,the datasets generated by the algorithm can be used to estimate the average probability of the fog occurrence in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea for the next 20 years.
Our current knowledge of the sea fog distribution are mostly obtained from the coastal weather stations,ships,and buoys observational data. However these data are limited in spatial distribution,quality control and representativeness. Thus we are lack of a comprehensive understanding of the distribution of sea fog. Satellite data are known as uniform spacial distribution,wide coverage and relatively consistent quality. Under cloudless conditions,satellite data have the advantages of monitoring large-scale,offshore sea fog. Base on the frequency of fog and cloud together with the percentage distribution,we obtained comprehensive seasonal variation characteristics of the fog in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from 1989 to 2008 . Besides the conclusions confirms those found in the literature,this work also revealed the following facts: (1) The seasonal variation in fog frequency of the Yellow Sea is more significant than that in the Bohai sea. (2) The fog in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea occur more frequently than expected in winter. (3) In the course of sea fog formation and dissipation,there are the phenomena of eastward propagation of sea fog coverage. (4) In the spring and summer fog season,there are two sea fog-prone areas,located in the middle of Yellow Sea and the West Korea Bay respectively. And the annual maximum fog occurrence is in the West Korea Bay. Furthermore,in the case of sufficient sample population,based on the statistical analysis of the frequency of clouds and sea fog,the datasets generated by the algorithm can be used to estimate the average probability of the fog occurrence in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea for the next 20 years.
2015, 37(1): 73-79.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.008
Abstract:
An automated cyclone detection algorithm based on HY-2 wind data was studied. Two steps were included in this algorithm, which were coarse identification and precise identification. The histogram features of the wind speed and wind direction of cyclone was used for a coarse identification, so that some apparent non-tropical cyclone zones can be excluded rapidly. And then a more precise identification which makes use of the circulation property of cyclone was applied to the wind data which could pass the coarse identification. With the two steps identification algorithm, rapid and accurate identification of tropical cyclones can be implemented. As an example, a sequence of HY-2 L2B wind data was used to identify and track severe tropical storm Doksuri 2012, the result showed that cyclone could be correctly identified with our method, which demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of our automated approach.
An automated cyclone detection algorithm based on HY-2 wind data was studied. Two steps were included in this algorithm, which were coarse identification and precise identification. The histogram features of the wind speed and wind direction of cyclone was used for a coarse identification, so that some apparent non-tropical cyclone zones can be excluded rapidly. And then a more precise identification which makes use of the circulation property of cyclone was applied to the wind data which could pass the coarse identification. With the two steps identification algorithm, rapid and accurate identification of tropical cyclones can be implemented. As an example, a sequence of HY-2 L2B wind data was used to identify and track severe tropical storm Doksuri 2012, the result showed that cyclone could be correctly identified with our method, which demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of our automated approach.
2015, 37(1): 80-87.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.009
Abstract:
This study aims to set up several index formulae for assessing the seawater quality ,which enjoy the priority of being simple in form,easy in calculation and universal in applications. On the bases of the seawater quality standards(GB 3097-1997),the proposed formulae,which make the varied rage of the normalized index values of 27 indexes in each grade standards of seawater to be conformity with those of the normalized index values of 72 indexes in same grade standards of 3 classified water body ,have been established,if only it can be properly set a reference value and normalized transformation form as well as make a normalized transformation in the grade standard value for each index of seawater .Therefore,the 6 optimized universal index formulae,which are suitable to the environmental quality evaluation of 72 normalized index values of 3 classified water body,can also be suitable to the evaluation of 27 normalized index values of seawater quality. Furthermore,in order to test the practical effectiveness of the 6 index formulae,it could be applied to the practical quality evaluations of seawater for 2 cases of the coastal waters in Xiamen City and in Yangtze River Estuary. The evaluation results of 6 universal index formulae proved to be basically in full conformity with those obtained from the commonly used evaluation methods. The results showed that not only the 6 universal index formulae to make the evaluations between land water body and seawater body universal,unified,normalized and simplified,but also the ideas and methods of normalized transformation can be reference for the studies of water resources and water security.
This study aims to set up several index formulae for assessing the seawater quality ,which enjoy the priority of being simple in form,easy in calculation and universal in applications. On the bases of the seawater quality standards(GB 3097-1997),the proposed formulae,which make the varied rage of the normalized index values of 27 indexes in each grade standards of seawater to be conformity with those of the normalized index values of 72 indexes in same grade standards of 3 classified water body ,have been established,if only it can be properly set a reference value and normalized transformation form as well as make a normalized transformation in the grade standard value for each index of seawater .Therefore,the 6 optimized universal index formulae,which are suitable to the environmental quality evaluation of 72 normalized index values of 3 classified water body,can also be suitable to the evaluation of 27 normalized index values of seawater quality. Furthermore,in order to test the practical effectiveness of the 6 index formulae,it could be applied to the practical quality evaluations of seawater for 2 cases of the coastal waters in Xiamen City and in Yangtze River Estuary. The evaluation results of 6 universal index formulae proved to be basically in full conformity with those obtained from the commonly used evaluation methods. The results showed that not only the 6 universal index formulae to make the evaluations between land water body and seawater body universal,unified,normalized and simplified,but also the ideas and methods of normalized transformation can be reference for the studies of water resources and water security.
2015, 37(1): 88-105.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.010
Abstract:
Marine cobalt (Co)-rich ferromanganese crusts are important because they are potential mineral resources for Co,Ni,Cu,Mn and other metals,and the paleoenvironment signals have been stored in their stratigraphic layers. Compared with pelagic polymetallic nodules and hydrothermal deposits,the Co-rich crust has higher Co,Ni and Pt contents,which make it possible for commercial exploitation. Based on Chinese surveyed data for Co-rich ferromanganese crust on some seamounts in the western Pacific,we performed a series of detail studies on the distribution of Co-rich ferromanganese crust and parameter indexes for delineation of Co-rich ferromanganese crust resources on seamounts. Then,each seamount is endowed with the crust thickness according to its height and age of underlying ocean crust,and thereby we calculated the amount of dry crust resources in the three oceans(1 081.166 1~2 162.332 2)×108 t and distributed areas of crusts on seamounts (3 039 452.14 km2). And,the area covered by Co-rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts in the Pacific,Atlantic,and Indian Ocean is 2 123 087.12 km2,512 509.74 km2 and 403 855.28 km2,respectively,and the dry Co-rich ferromanganese crust resources in the Pacific,Atlantic,and Indian Ocean are (513.244~1 026.488)×108 t,(116.503 2~233.006 4)×108 t and (81.484 9~162.969 8)×108 t,respectively. The contents of manganese,cobalt,nickel,and copper in the Co-rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts in three oceans are (138.848~277.696)×108 t,(3.967 6~7.935 2)×108 t,(2.793 6~5.587 2)×108 t and (0.825 1~1.650 2)×108 t,respectively. Based on analyzing the relationship among Co-contents,Co-fluxes and Co-crust thickness,the endowed crust thickness accounts for 6.10%~12.20% of the theoretical deductive thickness,which supports Ku's conclusion that the crusts were actually growing for 4% of their lifetime. The average of endowed thickness is 1.87 cm and the average of measured thickness is 1.77 cm of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts in the Pacific,and the relative error between endowed thickness and measured thickness is 5.35%. Correspondingly,the relative error in Atlantic and Indian Ocean is 18.18% and 23.23%,respectively. It shows that the endowed value for crust thickness on seamounts in the Pacific is reasonable and the obtained resource amount may be reliable. Finally,this paper provides a new method for estimating the resource amount of Co-rich ferromanganese crust on seamounts in global deep-sea basins.
Marine cobalt (Co)-rich ferromanganese crusts are important because they are potential mineral resources for Co,Ni,Cu,Mn and other metals,and the paleoenvironment signals have been stored in their stratigraphic layers. Compared with pelagic polymetallic nodules and hydrothermal deposits,the Co-rich crust has higher Co,Ni and Pt contents,which make it possible for commercial exploitation. Based on Chinese surveyed data for Co-rich ferromanganese crust on some seamounts in the western Pacific,we performed a series of detail studies on the distribution of Co-rich ferromanganese crust and parameter indexes for delineation of Co-rich ferromanganese crust resources on seamounts. Then,each seamount is endowed with the crust thickness according to its height and age of underlying ocean crust,and thereby we calculated the amount of dry crust resources in the three oceans(1 081.166 1~2 162.332 2)×108 t and distributed areas of crusts on seamounts (3 039 452.14 km2). And,the area covered by Co-rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts in the Pacific,Atlantic,and Indian Ocean is 2 123 087.12 km2,512 509.74 km2 and 403 855.28 km2,respectively,and the dry Co-rich ferromanganese crust resources in the Pacific,Atlantic,and Indian Ocean are (513.244~1 026.488)×108 t,(116.503 2~233.006 4)×108 t and (81.484 9~162.969 8)×108 t,respectively. The contents of manganese,cobalt,nickel,and copper in the Co-rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts in three oceans are (138.848~277.696)×108 t,(3.967 6~7.935 2)×108 t,(2.793 6~5.587 2)×108 t and (0.825 1~1.650 2)×108 t,respectively. Based on analyzing the relationship among Co-contents,Co-fluxes and Co-crust thickness,the endowed crust thickness accounts for 6.10%~12.20% of the theoretical deductive thickness,which supports Ku's conclusion that the crusts were actually growing for 4% of their lifetime. The average of endowed thickness is 1.87 cm and the average of measured thickness is 1.77 cm of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts in the Pacific,and the relative error between endowed thickness and measured thickness is 5.35%. Correspondingly,the relative error in Atlantic and Indian Ocean is 18.18% and 23.23%,respectively. It shows that the endowed value for crust thickness on seamounts in the Pacific is reasonable and the obtained resource amount may be reliable. Finally,this paper provides a new method for estimating the resource amount of Co-rich ferromanganese crust on seamounts in global deep-sea basins.
2015, 37(1): 106-114.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.011
Abstract:
In order to define reasonable and preferable mine area for oceanic Co-rich crust mine application,a new method of man-machine interactive mining delineation is put forward based on the model of mining selection which was proposed through the International Seabed Authority(ISBA) ,as well as the crusts distribution of Pacific seamount and the parameter index of mine delineation. Besides,the prospective areas of Lamont Guyot crusts resources and 51 crust blocks which meet regulations about blocks required by ISBA are delineated based on the surveying data of Co-rich crust resources on Lamont Guyot by means of dredge hauling ,the amount of Co-rich crust and metal are estimated. Finally,by analyzing the location of areas 51 blocks in this guyot applied by Japan in 2013,it is indicated that the results of the man-machine interactive mining delineation method is more unanimous with the goal of mining delineation of crusts resource. It provides a new method for oceanic crust cobalt-rich mine application.
In order to define reasonable and preferable mine area for oceanic Co-rich crust mine application,a new method of man-machine interactive mining delineation is put forward based on the model of mining selection which was proposed through the International Seabed Authority(ISBA) ,as well as the crusts distribution of Pacific seamount and the parameter index of mine delineation. Besides,the prospective areas of Lamont Guyot crusts resources and 51 crust blocks which meet regulations about blocks required by ISBA are delineated based on the surveying data of Co-rich crust resources on Lamont Guyot by means of dredge hauling ,the amount of Co-rich crust and metal are estimated. Finally,by analyzing the location of areas 51 blocks in this guyot applied by Japan in 2013,it is indicated that the results of the man-machine interactive mining delineation method is more unanimous with the goal of mining delineation of crusts resource. It provides a new method for oceanic crust cobalt-rich mine application.
2015, 37(1): 115-123.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.012
Abstract:
Riverine particle organic matter (POM) contains key information about terrestrial carbon cycle,and human activities. The basin changes and interaction,between land and sea,can be reflected by the variation of organic matter in sediment from estuary. Four sediment cores and 23 surface samples were collected in tidal flat of west bank of Yalu Estuary in twice from 2010 to 2011. The elemental and C-and N-isotopic compositions of organic matter (OM) were determined,together with sediment grain size. The analysis results show that relationship between TOC/TN and δ13C decrease,as well as correlation between δ15N and sediment grain size from estuary to west,indicating that reconstruction degree of OM get further and the source of OM get complicated. We use δ13C to analysis OM's source and its transport as the principal line,TOC/TN as auxiliary,and use δ15N to evaluate ecological environment. The variations of δ13C in sediment cores are closely related with river sediment load. Intercepted by dams,the sediment load decreased gradually,causing the deposition rate of tidal flat getting slow,and increasing the marine OM content in sediment. Variation of δ15N in core sediment indicates the increasing sewage discharge. Otherwise,the rapid deposition rate in West Chanel Estuary reduced the δ13C in surface sediments from land to sea. And the material,transported from sub-tidal and enriched in inter-tidal,caused the δ13C increasing in landward direction in west tidal flat of Yalu Estuary.
Riverine particle organic matter (POM) contains key information about terrestrial carbon cycle,and human activities. The basin changes and interaction,between land and sea,can be reflected by the variation of organic matter in sediment from estuary. Four sediment cores and 23 surface samples were collected in tidal flat of west bank of Yalu Estuary in twice from 2010 to 2011. The elemental and C-and N-isotopic compositions of organic matter (OM) were determined,together with sediment grain size. The analysis results show that relationship between TOC/TN and δ13C decrease,as well as correlation between δ15N and sediment grain size from estuary to west,indicating that reconstruction degree of OM get further and the source of OM get complicated. We use δ13C to analysis OM's source and its transport as the principal line,TOC/TN as auxiliary,and use δ15N to evaluate ecological environment. The variations of δ13C in sediment cores are closely related with river sediment load. Intercepted by dams,the sediment load decreased gradually,causing the deposition rate of tidal flat getting slow,and increasing the marine OM content in sediment. Variation of δ15N in core sediment indicates the increasing sewage discharge. Otherwise,the rapid deposition rate in West Chanel Estuary reduced the δ13C in surface sediments from land to sea. And the material,transported from sub-tidal and enriched in inter-tidal,caused the δ13C increasing in landward direction in west tidal flat of Yalu Estuary.
2015, 37(1): 125-136.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.013
Abstract:
Marine particles contain a lot of information on chemical,physical,biological processes in the interior of the ocean. Using time-series sediment trap for collecting the settling particles estimating the settling fluxes,and analyzing their sources,compositions and temporal and spatial variations and associated controlled factors by comprehensive methods,can provide a new method for the research of sediment dynamic process in coast and shelf seas. Two experiments were carried out in Luoyuan Bay of Fujian Province and inner shelf in northwest Taiwan Strait in July,2012. The estimated settling fluxes of the experiment in Luoyuan Bay by cylinder trap increased from neap tide to spring tide. During the neap tide,the near-bed settling fluxes ranged from 133.20 to 256.18 g/(m2·t),while the values in spring tide ranged from 373.99 to 590.51 g/(m2·t),and the maximum value was 746.34 g/(m2·t) which occurred at the early spring tide with strong effect of typhoon event. The results of grain size analysis and hydrodynamic measurement indicated that the near-bed settling particles originated from surface sediment resuspension. The maximum near-bed settling flux of the experiment in Taiwan Strait by cone trap during the observation was 13.34 g/(m2·d) which occurred at neap tide,while the settling fluxes increased from intermediate tide to neap tide. During the middle-late stage of the measurement,the near-bed thermocline and halocline varied upward and the vertical mixture was enhanced,which led the resuspended sediment diffused upward and increased the settling flux ultimately. These two experimental results indicate that the sediment trap combined with the measurement of bottom boundary layer may play an important role in the research of sediment dynamic processes,sediment record formation and preservation in the muddy deposited system in coast and inner shelf seas.
Marine particles contain a lot of information on chemical,physical,biological processes in the interior of the ocean. Using time-series sediment trap for collecting the settling particles estimating the settling fluxes,and analyzing their sources,compositions and temporal and spatial variations and associated controlled factors by comprehensive methods,can provide a new method for the research of sediment dynamic process in coast and shelf seas. Two experiments were carried out in Luoyuan Bay of Fujian Province and inner shelf in northwest Taiwan Strait in July,2012. The estimated settling fluxes of the experiment in Luoyuan Bay by cylinder trap increased from neap tide to spring tide. During the neap tide,the near-bed settling fluxes ranged from 133.20 to 256.18 g/(m2·t),while the values in spring tide ranged from 373.99 to 590.51 g/(m2·t),and the maximum value was 746.34 g/(m2·t) which occurred at the early spring tide with strong effect of typhoon event. The results of grain size analysis and hydrodynamic measurement indicated that the near-bed settling particles originated from surface sediment resuspension. The maximum near-bed settling flux of the experiment in Taiwan Strait by cone trap during the observation was 13.34 g/(m2·d) which occurred at neap tide,while the settling fluxes increased from intermediate tide to neap tide. During the middle-late stage of the measurement,the near-bed thermocline and halocline varied upward and the vertical mixture was enhanced,which led the resuspended sediment diffused upward and increased the settling flux ultimately. These two experimental results indicate that the sediment trap combined with the measurement of bottom boundary layer may play an important role in the research of sediment dynamic processes,sediment record formation and preservation in the muddy deposited system in coast and inner shelf seas.
2015, 37(1): 137-146.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.014
Abstract:
Isand(s) (or islets) are sea land of one country and a base of utilizing and exploiting ocean of human beings,so they are becoming main carriers of promoting development of marine economic society and ecological environment. However,rapidly increasing development activities and engineering constructions on the island had made serious threats to the fragile ecological environment of theirs. The Dongshan Island is the second largest one in the Fujian Province. Before the 1990s,farming,fishing and aquaculture were the main ways of utilizing the island. With increasing economic activities such as aquaculture and breeding,wind power construction,island road and real estate development,geological disasters and potential risks to the island have been correspondingly increased. Based on interpretating remote sensing images and carrying out field investigations,this paper described the geological disaster types and its distribution in the island,and preliminarily discussed some causes leading to geological disasters,which are very helpful for more effectively protecting and sustainably developing the island. The results obtained in this study are the basis for designing future developing plans and generating strategies of disaster prevention and mitigation,and can be a reference for investigating and preventing geological disasters in rock island(s) in the Fujian Province and adjacent regions.
Isand(s) (or islets) are sea land of one country and a base of utilizing and exploiting ocean of human beings,so they are becoming main carriers of promoting development of marine economic society and ecological environment. However,rapidly increasing development activities and engineering constructions on the island had made serious threats to the fragile ecological environment of theirs. The Dongshan Island is the second largest one in the Fujian Province. Before the 1990s,farming,fishing and aquaculture were the main ways of utilizing the island. With increasing economic activities such as aquaculture and breeding,wind power construction,island road and real estate development,geological disasters and potential risks to the island have been correspondingly increased. Based on interpretating remote sensing images and carrying out field investigations,this paper described the geological disaster types and its distribution in the island,and preliminarily discussed some causes leading to geological disasters,which are very helpful for more effectively protecting and sustainably developing the island. The results obtained in this study are the basis for designing future developing plans and generating strategies of disaster prevention and mitigation,and can be a reference for investigating and preventing geological disasters in rock island(s) in the Fujian Province and adjacent regions.
2015, 37(1): 147-157.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.015
Abstract:
A series of physical model experiments were conducted to study the formation and evolution of sandbar and berm profiles. The characteristics of these profiles were observed.Two initial beach slopes (1:20 and 1:10) and regular and irregular waves with different heights were adopted.The results showed that the sandbar can move onshore or offshore,depending on wave condition (for regular wave cases) or on initial beach slope (for irregular wave cases).But it has a final steady position.The transform of sandbar profile to berm profile was realized with action of a series of waves with gradually decreased wave height. The distribution and formation mechanism of multiple bars formed in the experiment are discussed by relating them to initial beach slope,wave type and spatial distribution of breaking wave. The geometrical features of the sandbar profile are presented.The distribution of the sand grain along beach cross section was measured.The measured equilibrium berm profile agrees with the theoretical result.
A series of physical model experiments were conducted to study the formation and evolution of sandbar and berm profiles. The characteristics of these profiles were observed.Two initial beach slopes (1:20 and 1:10) and regular and irregular waves with different heights were adopted.The results showed that the sandbar can move onshore or offshore,depending on wave condition (for regular wave cases) or on initial beach slope (for irregular wave cases).But it has a final steady position.The transform of sandbar profile to berm profile was realized with action of a series of waves with gradually decreased wave height. The distribution and formation mechanism of multiple bars formed in the experiment are discussed by relating them to initial beach slope,wave type and spatial distribution of breaking wave. The geometrical features of the sandbar profile are presented.The distribution of the sand grain along beach cross section was measured.The measured equilibrium berm profile agrees with the theoretical result.
2015, 37(1): 158-170.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.01.016
Abstract:
Based on the pollution diffusion simulation,and combined with the division characteristics of biology,water quality,water mass,water power,the harbor monitoring unit was determined. Then using centroid point calculation to establish the setting method of harbour marine environmental monitoring stations and demonstrate in Xiangshan Bay. The results showed that: (1)The water exchange ability of Xiangshan Bay is poor as a typical semi-enclosed bay,and the distribution of water mass is relatively uniform. Based on the simulation results of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate,combined waith harbour ecological distribution characteristics,the Xiangshan Bay was divided into 9 regions,and the main water quality index and ecological characteristics was just the same in each region. (2)Set 16 representative stations as the monitoring stations of inorganic nitrogen,phosphate,temperature,salt,biological indicators of Xiangshan Bay at ebb tide by using centroid point calculation. (3)There was no significant difference between the 2 groups of data by using the T test method which indicated that the optimized stations can represent the ecological environment quality of Xiangshan Bay. The amount of information get from the optimized stations was equivalent to the original one.
Based on the pollution diffusion simulation,and combined with the division characteristics of biology,water quality,water mass,water power,the harbor monitoring unit was determined. Then using centroid point calculation to establish the setting method of harbour marine environmental monitoring stations and demonstrate in Xiangshan Bay. The results showed that: (1)The water exchange ability of Xiangshan Bay is poor as a typical semi-enclosed bay,and the distribution of water mass is relatively uniform. Based on the simulation results of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate,combined waith harbour ecological distribution characteristics,the Xiangshan Bay was divided into 9 regions,and the main water quality index and ecological characteristics was just the same in each region. (2)Set 16 representative stations as the monitoring stations of inorganic nitrogen,phosphate,temperature,salt,biological indicators of Xiangshan Bay at ebb tide by using centroid point calculation. (3)There was no significant difference between the 2 groups of data by using the T test method which indicated that the optimized stations can represent the ecological environment quality of Xiangshan Bay. The amount of information get from the optimized stations was equivalent to the original one.
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