2014 Vol. 36, No. 6
Display Method:
2014, 36(6): .
Abstract:
2014, 36(6): 1-9.
Abstract:
Parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya infects broad range hosts of ciliates,radiolarians and planktonic dinoflagellates in eutrophicated coastal water worldwidely. Particularly,Amoebophrya can infect specific types of bloom-forming marine dinoflagellates,and effectively recycle undergrazed planktonic dinoflagellates back to the microbial loop by disrupting host cells. The parasites play a top-down control role in their host populations and represent an important aspect of marine food webs in enriched coastal environment. The ecological significance of Amoebophrya has been recognized in recent years by researchers around the world. Lately,scattered evidences indicated that this type of parasitic dinoflagelaltes is widely distributed along the coastal areas of China; however,few studies had been conducted on Amoebophrya in China despite that fruitful research on harmful algal booms. To promote further researchs on fundemental aspects and ecological significance of the parasitic dinoflagellates in costal environments of China,we reviewed the biology and ecology of Amoebophrya spp. infecting major marine dinoflagellates,with emphasis on host range,diversity,life cycle,and key aspects of the ecological roles.
Parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya infects broad range hosts of ciliates,radiolarians and planktonic dinoflagellates in eutrophicated coastal water worldwidely. Particularly,Amoebophrya can infect specific types of bloom-forming marine dinoflagellates,and effectively recycle undergrazed planktonic dinoflagellates back to the microbial loop by disrupting host cells. The parasites play a top-down control role in their host populations and represent an important aspect of marine food webs in enriched coastal environment. The ecological significance of Amoebophrya has been recognized in recent years by researchers around the world. Lately,scattered evidences indicated that this type of parasitic dinoflagelaltes is widely distributed along the coastal areas of China; however,few studies had been conducted on Amoebophrya in China despite that fruitful research on harmful algal booms. To promote further researchs on fundemental aspects and ecological significance of the parasitic dinoflagellates in costal environments of China,we reviewed the biology and ecology of Amoebophrya spp. infecting major marine dinoflagellates,with emphasis on host range,diversity,life cycle,and key aspects of the ecological roles.
2014, 36(6): 10-17.
Abstract:
15N tracer technique was widely applicated in measuring water column denitrification rate in water samples,however,the sealed samples could be contaminated by air during a long time storage. Our study suggested that N2 in air has a constant 29N2/28N2 ratio of 0.007 35. According to this feature,a mass-balance calculation was proposed to calibrate the interference from air background. It helps obtain more accurately 29N2 concentrations produced by biological activity and further the denitrification rates. After the calibration,the deviations of 29N2 concentrations were much less than those of the raw data,and the linear correlation between 29N2 concentration and the incubation time was more significant. It is important to calibrate extra 29N2 signals from air contamination for accurately quantification of denitrification rate,considering the 15N technique has been widely used in pelagic and beneath denitrification rate measurements.
15N tracer technique was widely applicated in measuring water column denitrification rate in water samples,however,the sealed samples could be contaminated by air during a long time storage. Our study suggested that N2 in air has a constant 29N2/28N2 ratio of 0.007 35. According to this feature,a mass-balance calculation was proposed to calibrate the interference from air background. It helps obtain more accurately 29N2 concentrations produced by biological activity and further the denitrification rates. After the calibration,the deviations of 29N2 concentrations were much less than those of the raw data,and the linear correlation between 29N2 concentration and the incubation time was more significant. It is important to calibrate extra 29N2 signals from air contamination for accurately quantification of denitrification rate,considering the 15N technique has been widely used in pelagic and beneath denitrification rate measurements.
2014, 36(6): 18-24.
Abstract:
Relying on the Sharing Marine Research Plan in northeast part of the South China Sea supported by National Research Foundation in the spring of 2013,we measured pCO2 and corresponding parameters in surface water and air by underway measurement. Combined with the corresponding hydrological and biochemical data,we discussed the distribution and variation of pCO2. The results indicated that,effected by Pearl River diluted water and coastal upwelling and biological activity,offshore shelf areas presented an obvious sink of atmospheric CO2,while in Luzon Strait and northwest part of Luzon areas,effected by high temperatures and the intrusion of Kuroshio Current and Luzon upwelling,showed a strong source. In general,the northeast part of the South China Sea in spring add about 4.25°104 tons of carbon to atmosphere.
Relying on the Sharing Marine Research Plan in northeast part of the South China Sea supported by National Research Foundation in the spring of 2013,we measured pCO2 and corresponding parameters in surface water and air by underway measurement. Combined with the corresponding hydrological and biochemical data,we discussed the distribution and variation of pCO2. The results indicated that,effected by Pearl River diluted water and coastal upwelling and biological activity,offshore shelf areas presented an obvious sink of atmospheric CO2,while in Luzon Strait and northwest part of Luzon areas,effected by high temperatures and the intrusion of Kuroshio Current and Luzon upwelling,showed a strong source. In general,the northeast part of the South China Sea in spring add about 4.25°104 tons of carbon to atmosphere.
2014, 36(6): 25-32.
Abstract:
Carbon monoxide (CO) concentration distribution,sea-to-air flux and microbial consumption rate constants,along with atmospheric CO mixing ratios,were measured in the East China Sea in summer. Atmospheric CO mixing ratios varied from 63°10-9 to 120°10-9,with an average of 87°10-9 (SD=18°10-9,n=37). Overall,the concentrations of atmospheric CO displayed a decreasing trend from the coastal stations to the offshore stations and a decreasing trend from the northern stations to the southern stations. The surface water CO concentrations in the investigated area ranged from 0.24 to 5.51 nmol/L,with an average of 1.48 nmol/L (SD=1.46,n=37). The surface water CO concentrations were affected significantly by sunlight. Vertical profiles showed that CO concentrations declined with depth rapidly,with the maximum values appearing in the surface water. The surface CO concentrations were oversaturated and the saturation factors ranged from 3.65 to 113.55,with an average of 23.63 (SD=24.56,n=37). The East China Sea was a net source of atmospheric CO. The sea-to-air fluxes of CO in the East China Sea ranged from 0.25 to 78.50 μmol/(m2·d),with an average of 9.97 μmol/(m2·d) (SD=14.92,n=37). In the incubation experiments,CO concentrations decreased exponentially with incubation time and the processes conformed to the first order reaction characteristics. The microbial CO consumption rate constants in the surface water (KCO) ranged from 0.043 to 0.32 h-1,with an average of 0.18 h-1 (SD=0.088,n=9). A negative correlation between KCO and salinity was observed in the present study.
Carbon monoxide (CO) concentration distribution,sea-to-air flux and microbial consumption rate constants,along with atmospheric CO mixing ratios,were measured in the East China Sea in summer. Atmospheric CO mixing ratios varied from 63°10-9 to 120°10-9,with an average of 87°10-9 (SD=18°10-9,n=37). Overall,the concentrations of atmospheric CO displayed a decreasing trend from the coastal stations to the offshore stations and a decreasing trend from the northern stations to the southern stations. The surface water CO concentrations in the investigated area ranged from 0.24 to 5.51 nmol/L,with an average of 1.48 nmol/L (SD=1.46,n=37). The surface water CO concentrations were affected significantly by sunlight. Vertical profiles showed that CO concentrations declined with depth rapidly,with the maximum values appearing in the surface water. The surface CO concentrations were oversaturated and the saturation factors ranged from 3.65 to 113.55,with an average of 23.63 (SD=24.56,n=37). The East China Sea was a net source of atmospheric CO. The sea-to-air fluxes of CO in the East China Sea ranged from 0.25 to 78.50 μmol/(m2·d),with an average of 9.97 μmol/(m2·d) (SD=14.92,n=37). In the incubation experiments,CO concentrations decreased exponentially with incubation time and the processes conformed to the first order reaction characteristics. The microbial CO consumption rate constants in the surface water (KCO) ranged from 0.043 to 0.32 h-1,with an average of 0.18 h-1 (SD=0.088,n=9). A negative correlation between KCO and salinity was observed in the present study.
2014, 36(6): 33-41.
Abstract:
Rare earth element (REE) measurements were carried out on samples from the Southwest Indian Ridge. The results show that the variation range of ∑REE is from 3.47°10-7 to 4.80°10-5 with three orders of magnitude which are similar to the difference of ∑REE content between hydrothermal fluid and seawater. The ratio of LREE/HREE (from 2.06 to 6.16),δEu value (δEu:0.86 to 3.88) and δCe value (δCe:0.40 to 0.86) of the hydrothermal products indicate that there are significant differentiation between LREE and HREE,and REE patterns with middle positive Eu abnormal and negative Ce abnormal. There are two different characteristics of REE pattern with chondrite normalization: (1) ∑REE is more than 2°10-5,which shows slightly enrich LREE with relatively flat pattern; (2) ∑REE is less than 5°10-7,which shows significantly enrich LREE with middle positive Eu abnormal pattern. The former pattern is similar to the REE pattern of volcanic rock from the oceanic crust. The latter pattern is similar to REE pattern of black smoker from the Southwest Indian Ridge,which is also similar to REE pattern with LREE enrichment and positive Eu abnormal pattern of the typical hydrothermal fluid and sulfide from mid-ocean ridge. The results of REE composition and REE pattern,as well as the strong positive relationship among Mg concentration and LREE concentration,suggest that the hydrothermal products affected extensively by the recycling of hydrothermal fluid and alteration of seawater,although sulfide precipitating at the initial phase of mixing between hydrothermal fluid and seawater in the Southwest Indian Ridge.
Rare earth element (REE) measurements were carried out on samples from the Southwest Indian Ridge. The results show that the variation range of ∑REE is from 3.47°10-7 to 4.80°10-5 with three orders of magnitude which are similar to the difference of ∑REE content between hydrothermal fluid and seawater. The ratio of LREE/HREE (from 2.06 to 6.16),δEu value (δEu:0.86 to 3.88) and δCe value (δCe:0.40 to 0.86) of the hydrothermal products indicate that there are significant differentiation between LREE and HREE,and REE patterns with middle positive Eu abnormal and negative Ce abnormal. There are two different characteristics of REE pattern with chondrite normalization: (1) ∑REE is more than 2°10-5,which shows slightly enrich LREE with relatively flat pattern; (2) ∑REE is less than 5°10-7,which shows significantly enrich LREE with middle positive Eu abnormal pattern. The former pattern is similar to the REE pattern of volcanic rock from the oceanic crust. The latter pattern is similar to REE pattern of black smoker from the Southwest Indian Ridge,which is also similar to REE pattern with LREE enrichment and positive Eu abnormal pattern of the typical hydrothermal fluid and sulfide from mid-ocean ridge. The results of REE composition and REE pattern,as well as the strong positive relationship among Mg concentration and LREE concentration,suggest that the hydrothermal products affected extensively by the recycling of hydrothermal fluid and alteration of seawater,although sulfide precipitating at the initial phase of mixing between hydrothermal fluid and seawater in the Southwest Indian Ridge.
2014, 36(6): 42-49.
Abstract:
The helium isotope anomaly in the seawater is a good indicator of the hydrothermal activity in the seafloor. During DY115-21 cruise Leg 7,five CTD Toyo profiles were deployed between 49°E and 56°E on the Southwest Indian Ridge and 14 seawater samples were collected for helium and neon isotope analysis. In this paper,we examine the helium isotope anomalies in the water column and discuss the distribution of the hydrothermal plumes in the investigated area. Our results show that all of the five CTD profiles exhibit distinct δ3 He anomalies. Sample CTD7-2 which was sampled at 37.927°S,49.412°E in the water depth of 2 140 m (100 m above the seafloor) exhibited the largest δ3 He anomaly of 49.2%. According to the distribution pattern of δ3 He,it is suggested that there may existed at least 6 hydrothermal plumes in the investigated area,and one active hydrothermal venting site probably lies within a few kilometers west of 37.927°S,49.412°E.
The helium isotope anomaly in the seawater is a good indicator of the hydrothermal activity in the seafloor. During DY115-21 cruise Leg 7,five CTD Toyo profiles were deployed between 49°E and 56°E on the Southwest Indian Ridge and 14 seawater samples were collected for helium and neon isotope analysis. In this paper,we examine the helium isotope anomalies in the water column and discuss the distribution of the hydrothermal plumes in the investigated area. Our results show that all of the five CTD profiles exhibit distinct δ3 He anomalies. Sample CTD7-2 which was sampled at 37.927°S,49.412°E in the water depth of 2 140 m (100 m above the seafloor) exhibited the largest δ3 He anomaly of 49.2%. According to the distribution pattern of δ3 He,it is suggested that there may existed at least 6 hydrothermal plumes in the investigated area,and one active hydrothermal venting site probably lies within a few kilometers west of 37.927°S,49.412°E.
2014, 36(6): 50-57.
Abstract:
Organic sulfur (OS) is an important sulfur pool in marine sediments. Sulfurization of organic matter (OM) helps to enhance the preservation of OM and exerts an important impact on mobility of trace elements. Chemical extractions were used to quantify base-extractable humic-acid sulfur (HA-S),fulvic-acid sulfur (FA-S) and non-chromium-reducible OS (non-CROS) in Jiaozhou Bay sediments,and sulfur stable isotope was used to trace their sources and mechanisms of formation. Results show that non-CROS,HA-S and FA-S contents are 19.1 to 52.6,3.35 to 7.82,and 27.3 to 38.6 μmol/g,respectively,being at the lower ends of the respective contents in many other marine sediments. The three OS pools are mixtures of diagenetic and marine biogenic OS,with the HA-S and non-CROS dominated by biogenic OS (65% to 68% and 67% to 77%,respectively),while the FA-S dominated by diagenetic one (54% to 73%). Relative to the biogenic OS,diagenetic OS is more readily extracted by both base and acidic Cr(Ⅱ) solutions. Thus both base-extractable OS (i.e.,HA-S+FA-S) and non-CROS cannot truly reflect the compositions and sources of OS in the bulk sediments. Simultaneous downcore increase in contents of pyrite-S and diagenetic OS in humic substances suggests that pyrite formation has not competitively inhibited OM sulfurization to a significant extent.
Organic sulfur (OS) is an important sulfur pool in marine sediments. Sulfurization of organic matter (OM) helps to enhance the preservation of OM and exerts an important impact on mobility of trace elements. Chemical extractions were used to quantify base-extractable humic-acid sulfur (HA-S),fulvic-acid sulfur (FA-S) and non-chromium-reducible OS (non-CROS) in Jiaozhou Bay sediments,and sulfur stable isotope was used to trace their sources and mechanisms of formation. Results show that non-CROS,HA-S and FA-S contents are 19.1 to 52.6,3.35 to 7.82,and 27.3 to 38.6 μmol/g,respectively,being at the lower ends of the respective contents in many other marine sediments. The three OS pools are mixtures of diagenetic and marine biogenic OS,with the HA-S and non-CROS dominated by biogenic OS (65% to 68% and 67% to 77%,respectively),while the FA-S dominated by diagenetic one (54% to 73%). Relative to the biogenic OS,diagenetic OS is more readily extracted by both base and acidic Cr(Ⅱ) solutions. Thus both base-extractable OS (i.e.,HA-S+FA-S) and non-CROS cannot truly reflect the compositions and sources of OS in the bulk sediments. Simultaneous downcore increase in contents of pyrite-S and diagenetic OS in humic substances suggests that pyrite formation has not competitively inhibited OM sulfurization to a significant extent.
2014, 36(6): 58-66.
Abstract:
In order to explore the connection between petroleum pollution and bacterial community structure change, the important dominant bacteria communities in the process of oil biodegradation, after the "7.16" pipeline explosion and oil spill accident happened in Dalian Xingang, the content of petroleum hydrocarbon and bacterial metagenome were studied in Dalian Bay. Results showed that the petroleum hydrocarbon content in the surface sediment of DLW01 in August 2010 was 1 492 mg/kg, according with the third standard of marine sediment quality. As time went on, the content of petroleum the presented basic downward thrend, and all conformed to the first standard of marine sediment quality in April 2011, July 2011, December 2011. 16S rDNA targeted PCR-DGGE results suggested that the dominant bacteria communities were monotonous in high petroleum hydrocarbons areas, while conversely rich in low oil pollution. Bacterial community in the same place could maintain stability. Phylum Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were higher in the oil polluted sediment of Dalian Bay, which played an important role in the process of oil biodegradation. Phylum Firmicutes only detected in the area of low oil pollution. The sensitive pollution indicator Psychrobacter sp. could be used as biological indicator for further research.
In order to explore the connection between petroleum pollution and bacterial community structure change, the important dominant bacteria communities in the process of oil biodegradation, after the "7.16" pipeline explosion and oil spill accident happened in Dalian Xingang, the content of petroleum hydrocarbon and bacterial metagenome were studied in Dalian Bay. Results showed that the petroleum hydrocarbon content in the surface sediment of DLW01 in August 2010 was 1 492 mg/kg, according with the third standard of marine sediment quality. As time went on, the content of petroleum the presented basic downward thrend, and all conformed to the first standard of marine sediment quality in April 2011, July 2011, December 2011. 16S rDNA targeted PCR-DGGE results suggested that the dominant bacteria communities were monotonous in high petroleum hydrocarbons areas, while conversely rich in low oil pollution. Bacterial community in the same place could maintain stability. Phylum Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were higher in the oil polluted sediment of Dalian Bay, which played an important role in the process of oil biodegradation. Phylum Firmicutes only detected in the area of low oil pollution. The sensitive pollution indicator Psychrobacter sp. could be used as biological indicator for further research.
2014, 36(6): 67-74.
Abstract:
Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is abundant resource in the coastal waters and occupies an important status in marine fisheries of China. The formation of the fishing ground was restricted marine environment. In this paper,according to the fitness theory,the response relationship between chub mackerel and physical environment was determined by using of physical environmental factor of temperature,salinity,temperature gradient,salinity gradient,distance,density of fish,up-welling. An individual-based growth and migration model of chub mackerel in East China Sea was developed. The result showed distribution patterns of mackerel agree well with fishing ground of purse seine fishery in East China Sea in 1998-2006. School of mackerel was mainly influenced by Taiwan Warm Current (TWC),Mainland Coast Water (MCW) and Kuroshio. Chub mackerel often schools in certain temperature and salinity range and near warm water of intersection of cold water and warm water,frontal gradient of temperature and salinity had close relations with mackerel distribution. In April,mackerel began to leave spawning ground. A little Section A of chub mackerel in spawning ground began to migrate in warm water of intersection of TWC and Zhejiang and Fujian coastal water. Most Section A and Section B of mackerel fed in spawning ground. There was high yield of fishing in spawning ground. In May,Section A of spawning ground in chub mackerel was mainly influenced by TWC. Mackerel began to a long stripped school and retention near the front of TWC. A large number of mackerel already had migrated to at the front of warm water tongue in TWC,and formed the fishing grounds. Fishing statistics showed that there was high yield of fishing. Section B was mainly influenced by Kuroshio. Mackerel began to school near warm water in intersection of TWC and the surface water of Kuroshio,and also formed fishing grounds,fishing data showed there was a certain fishing production. In Jun,mackerel continued to school near the higher salinity in intersection of water tongue in TWC and Yangtze River water dilute. The simulation results showed there was high school distribution in front of TWC frontal,but no fishing production of purse seine fishery in fishing ground. Mackerel also schooled in tide area of MCW and Kuroshio. Fishing data also showed that there was fishing production. In July the migratory and school were more evident. Mackerel basic schools in three long stripped of TWC frontal,path of larval transport and Kuroshio frontal. Because of biological choice,and finally in the space appears no mackerel distribution and high density patches. This is search results of school and retention in favorable regional in the process of mackerel migratory,through the swimming behavior choice favorable environment,avoid not suitable for regional,eventually form the fishing grounds. The variability in spawning ground made the western spawning area was influenced by TWC. Mackerel mainly school in front of TWC and MCW. Mackerel migrated to front of warm water tongue in TWC was increased. Eastern spawning area was influenced by Kuroshio. Mackerel mainly school in the eastern parts in front of the Kuroshio. Mackerel migrated to front of warm water tongue in TWC was decreased. Survival of western and eastern spawning area respectively was 1.526 1°107 and 1.526 6°107,Survival of western spawning area was less than eastern spawning area. But survival of normal spawning area of 1.528 3°107 was lest in three spawning areas. Survival of normal spawning area was the best in three spawning areas. Different locations of mackerel will affect the position of school,it that explains the physical environment can influence on the migration and school of mackerel.
Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is abundant resource in the coastal waters and occupies an important status in marine fisheries of China. The formation of the fishing ground was restricted marine environment. In this paper,according to the fitness theory,the response relationship between chub mackerel and physical environment was determined by using of physical environmental factor of temperature,salinity,temperature gradient,salinity gradient,distance,density of fish,up-welling. An individual-based growth and migration model of chub mackerel in East China Sea was developed. The result showed distribution patterns of mackerel agree well with fishing ground of purse seine fishery in East China Sea in 1998-2006. School of mackerel was mainly influenced by Taiwan Warm Current (TWC),Mainland Coast Water (MCW) and Kuroshio. Chub mackerel often schools in certain temperature and salinity range and near warm water of intersection of cold water and warm water,frontal gradient of temperature and salinity had close relations with mackerel distribution. In April,mackerel began to leave spawning ground. A little Section A of chub mackerel in spawning ground began to migrate in warm water of intersection of TWC and Zhejiang and Fujian coastal water. Most Section A and Section B of mackerel fed in spawning ground. There was high yield of fishing in spawning ground. In May,Section A of spawning ground in chub mackerel was mainly influenced by TWC. Mackerel began to a long stripped school and retention near the front of TWC. A large number of mackerel already had migrated to at the front of warm water tongue in TWC,and formed the fishing grounds. Fishing statistics showed that there was high yield of fishing. Section B was mainly influenced by Kuroshio. Mackerel began to school near warm water in intersection of TWC and the surface water of Kuroshio,and also formed fishing grounds,fishing data showed there was a certain fishing production. In Jun,mackerel continued to school near the higher salinity in intersection of water tongue in TWC and Yangtze River water dilute. The simulation results showed there was high school distribution in front of TWC frontal,but no fishing production of purse seine fishery in fishing ground. Mackerel also schooled in tide area of MCW and Kuroshio. Fishing data also showed that there was fishing production. In July the migratory and school were more evident. Mackerel basic schools in three long stripped of TWC frontal,path of larval transport and Kuroshio frontal. Because of biological choice,and finally in the space appears no mackerel distribution and high density patches. This is search results of school and retention in favorable regional in the process of mackerel migratory,through the swimming behavior choice favorable environment,avoid not suitable for regional,eventually form the fishing grounds. The variability in spawning ground made the western spawning area was influenced by TWC. Mackerel mainly school in front of TWC and MCW. Mackerel migrated to front of warm water tongue in TWC was increased. Eastern spawning area was influenced by Kuroshio. Mackerel mainly school in the eastern parts in front of the Kuroshio. Mackerel migrated to front of warm water tongue in TWC was decreased. Survival of western and eastern spawning area respectively was 1.526 1°107 and 1.526 6°107,Survival of western spawning area was less than eastern spawning area. But survival of normal spawning area of 1.528 3°107 was lest in three spawning areas. Survival of normal spawning area was the best in three spawning areas. Different locations of mackerel will affect the position of school,it that explains the physical environment can influence on the migration and school of mackerel.
2014, 36(6): 75-86.
Abstract:
Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the most popularspecies for fishing and breeding in China and the Atlantic coast,so it is of great importance for the protection of genetic resources and the development of new species. In present study,18 phenotypic traits of "Flounder No.1" (ZJ),a newly breeding species of Japanese flounder,as well as its male (the Korean Japanese flounder stock,KS) and female parents (F0750 family,JX),were measured. The data were compared by ANOVA and SPSS software. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between "flounder No.1" and its parents regarding 6 traits,e.g. body length/body width,head length/eye diameter,head length/eye spacing,eye diameter/eye spacing,lateral line scales and caudal fin ray which can be used as typical characters for identification of "Flounder No.1". In "Flounder No.1",50% of the traits showed no significant differences (p>0.05) bcompared to its female parent,while the value decreased to 33.3% between "flounder No.1" and its male parent. A total of 24 microsatellite primers were designed to screen the genetic diversity of KS,JX,ZJ and FJ (reciprocal cross offspring),and 143 alleles were identified. For four populations,KS,JX,ZJ and FJ,their mean allelic number (Na) was higher than the effective mean number of alleles (Nae),the mean heterozygosity was higher than the predicted value. The polymorphism information content (PICa) showed that KS>JX>FJ>ZJ,indicating that the artificial breeding caused the reduction of the genetic heterozygosity. Among the four populations,the genetic deviation index (D) of 24 above mentioned microsatellite loci ranged from-0.759 7 to 0.188 4. And in KS,JX,ZJ and FJ,10,16,11 and 17 loci were significantly (p<0.05) or extremely (p<0.01) deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,respectively. The genetic-differentiation-index (Fst) of 24 loci ranged from 0.076 7 to 0.258 6,with the mean value 0.1468,which suggests that 14.68% of the variations result from the interspecies,while 85.32% are intraspecific variations. Furthermore,there was significant difference for Neis genetic distance among four populations. The nearest genetic distance occured between KS and FJ (0.282 5),togehter with the highest genetic similarity coefficient (0.753 9). While the furthest (0.420 5) one was found between ZJ and JX with the lowest (0.656 7) genetic similarity coefficient. In this study,the observation indicated: "flounder No.1" has the obvious phenotypic and genetic characteristics,shows a certain degree of genetic differentiation in intraspecies and interspecies in comparison to its parents and reciprocal cross offspring,which provides the theoretical basis for the germplasm identification of "Flounder No.1".
Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the most popularspecies for fishing and breeding in China and the Atlantic coast,so it is of great importance for the protection of genetic resources and the development of new species. In present study,18 phenotypic traits of "Flounder No.1" (ZJ),a newly breeding species of Japanese flounder,as well as its male (the Korean Japanese flounder stock,KS) and female parents (F0750 family,JX),were measured. The data were compared by ANOVA and SPSS software. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between "flounder No.1" and its parents regarding 6 traits,e.g. body length/body width,head length/eye diameter,head length/eye spacing,eye diameter/eye spacing,lateral line scales and caudal fin ray which can be used as typical characters for identification of "Flounder No.1". In "Flounder No.1",50% of the traits showed no significant differences (p>0.05) bcompared to its female parent,while the value decreased to 33.3% between "flounder No.1" and its male parent. A total of 24 microsatellite primers were designed to screen the genetic diversity of KS,JX,ZJ and FJ (reciprocal cross offspring),and 143 alleles were identified. For four populations,KS,JX,ZJ and FJ,their mean allelic number (Na) was higher than the effective mean number of alleles (Nae),the mean heterozygosity was higher than the predicted value. The polymorphism information content (PICa) showed that KS>JX>FJ>ZJ,indicating that the artificial breeding caused the reduction of the genetic heterozygosity. Among the four populations,the genetic deviation index (D) of 24 above mentioned microsatellite loci ranged from-0.759 7 to 0.188 4. And in KS,JX,ZJ and FJ,10,16,11 and 17 loci were significantly (p<0.05) or extremely (p<0.01) deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,respectively. The genetic-differentiation-index (Fst) of 24 loci ranged from 0.076 7 to 0.258 6,with the mean value 0.1468,which suggests that 14.68% of the variations result from the interspecies,while 85.32% are intraspecific variations. Furthermore,there was significant difference for Neis genetic distance among four populations. The nearest genetic distance occured between KS and FJ (0.282 5),togehter with the highest genetic similarity coefficient (0.753 9). While the furthest (0.420 5) one was found between ZJ and JX with the lowest (0.656 7) genetic similarity coefficient. In this study,the observation indicated: "flounder No.1" has the obvious phenotypic and genetic characteristics,shows a certain degree of genetic differentiation in intraspecies and interspecies in comparison to its parents and reciprocal cross offspring,which provides the theoretical basis for the germplasm identification of "Flounder No.1".
2014, 36(6): 87-93.
Abstract:
Current pinnipeds is one important group of marine mammals,which including all species in three families (Odobenidae,Otariidae and Phocidae). In the genus Phoca,the Ka/Ks rate of atp8 gene is highest and only 0.084 7 (much less than 1),so all Phoca mitochondrial protein-coding genes bear very high selection pressure. In Pusa,Ka/Ks rates of three genes (cox1,cox2 and nad3) are equal to 0,indicating that replacement of all nucleotides in these three genes are synonymous substitutions and none amino acid change. Analyses of genetic variations within family and genus indicted that nad5,nad4,and nad2 genes can be used as molecular markers assisted to cox1 and cob gene. Phylogenetic results based on mitochondrial genomes strongly support that all 12 families from Carnivora are monophyletic group,and pinnipeds (Otariidae,Odobenidae and Phocidae) are one monophyletic group within Carnivora (BPM=100,BPP=100). Within the pinnipeds,the relationship between Otariidae and Odobenidae is close (Otarioidea),then cluster with Phocidae: (Otariidae+Odobenidae)+Phocidae. Evidences of mitochondrial genomes support that Phocidae are divided into two subfamilies (Monachinae and Phocinae). Mitochondrial genomic evidence strongly supports close relationship between Mustelidae and Procyonidae. Meanwhile,Mephitidae clustering with Ailuridae is supported powerfully. Pinnipeds as a sister group to,then cluster with the family Ursidae. Canidae is differentiation earliest and is located in base position of the suborder Caniformia.
Current pinnipeds is one important group of marine mammals,which including all species in three families (Odobenidae,Otariidae and Phocidae). In the genus Phoca,the Ka/Ks rate of atp8 gene is highest and only 0.084 7 (much less than 1),so all Phoca mitochondrial protein-coding genes bear very high selection pressure. In Pusa,Ka/Ks rates of three genes (cox1,cox2 and nad3) are equal to 0,indicating that replacement of all nucleotides in these three genes are synonymous substitutions and none amino acid change. Analyses of genetic variations within family and genus indicted that nad5,nad4,and nad2 genes can be used as molecular markers assisted to cox1 and cob gene. Phylogenetic results based on mitochondrial genomes strongly support that all 12 families from Carnivora are monophyletic group,and pinnipeds (Otariidae,Odobenidae and Phocidae) are one monophyletic group within Carnivora (BPM=100,BPP=100). Within the pinnipeds,the relationship between Otariidae and Odobenidae is close (Otarioidea),then cluster with Phocidae: (Otariidae+Odobenidae)+Phocidae. Evidences of mitochondrial genomes support that Phocidae are divided into two subfamilies (Monachinae and Phocinae). Mitochondrial genomic evidence strongly supports close relationship between Mustelidae and Procyonidae. Meanwhile,Mephitidae clustering with Ailuridae is supported powerfully. Pinnipeds as a sister group to,then cluster with the family Ursidae. Canidae is differentiation earliest and is located in base position of the suborder Caniformia.
2014, 36(6): 94-103.
Abstract:
As dietary organisms of fish stocks, zooplankton is a key link of mass and energy transformation in the marine ecosystem. There are vertical changes in the species compositions and abundances of zooplankton in the water column. Based on 90 samples from 18 stations collected in April 2011, the vertical distribution of zooplankton in the continental slope to the southwest of Nansha Islands, South China Sea was studied. It was found that the continental slope waters are rich in zooplankton species, with a total number of 580 species belonging to 18 taxa being recorded. There are obvious vertical variations in the zooplankton species compositions. The numbers of zooplankton species occurring in a specific deep group could take up 43.6% of the total number of species, while the number of species occurring in all deep groups made up only 15.8% of the total number of species. There was no obvious dominant species and the dominancy of any single species was low. The overall mean density and wet biomass of zooplankton were 206.27 ind/m3 and 94.03 mg/m3 respectively. The higher density and biomass were found in the deep groups of 0-2 m and 30-75 m and the vertical distribution showed a pattern of double-humped curve. Thermocline was an important factor in the vertical distribution of zooplankton. The abundances of zooplankton in the thermocline layer were higher than those in the upper mixed layer and the water layers bellow the thermocline. Compared to the other regions in the South China Sea, zooplankton abundances were the highest in the continental slope southwest off Nansha Islands, suggesting potentials for fishery development in the region.
As dietary organisms of fish stocks, zooplankton is a key link of mass and energy transformation in the marine ecosystem. There are vertical changes in the species compositions and abundances of zooplankton in the water column. Based on 90 samples from 18 stations collected in April 2011, the vertical distribution of zooplankton in the continental slope to the southwest of Nansha Islands, South China Sea was studied. It was found that the continental slope waters are rich in zooplankton species, with a total number of 580 species belonging to 18 taxa being recorded. There are obvious vertical variations in the zooplankton species compositions. The numbers of zooplankton species occurring in a specific deep group could take up 43.6% of the total number of species, while the number of species occurring in all deep groups made up only 15.8% of the total number of species. There was no obvious dominant species and the dominancy of any single species was low. The overall mean density and wet biomass of zooplankton were 206.27 ind/m3 and 94.03 mg/m3 respectively. The higher density and biomass were found in the deep groups of 0-2 m and 30-75 m and the vertical distribution showed a pattern of double-humped curve. Thermocline was an important factor in the vertical distribution of zooplankton. The abundances of zooplankton in the thermocline layer were higher than those in the upper mixed layer and the water layers bellow the thermocline. Compared to the other regions in the South China Sea, zooplankton abundances were the highest in the continental slope southwest off Nansha Islands, suggesting potentials for fishery development in the region.
2014, 36(6): 104-111.
Abstract:
Pyropia haitanensis is an economically important red alga cultivated in China. As an intertidal alga,P. haitanensis developed various and highly effective strategies to overcome those environmental stressors,such as temperature fluctuation and osmotic shock. In this research,digital gene expression profiling (DGE) technique based on high throughput sequencing was used to analysis the gene expression difference of P. haitanensis under high temperature stress. To validate the DGE data,eight genes were selected for real-time quantitative PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis. The expression level of high-temperature response gene hsp70 was particularly investigated. Results indicated that 256 unigenes including HSP,ribosomal protein L12,elongation factor EF-Tu and some photosynthesis-related genes were up-regulated,3 820 unigenes involved in anabolism and metabolism of nucleic acid,protein and carbohydrate were down-regulated. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes mainly involved in reproduction and developmental process,exercised the functions of catalytic activity and ligase activity,and located in membrane-bounded organelle such as plastid. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that these genes distributed in 107 pathways. Down-regulated genes were significantly enriched in mRNA surveillance and RNA transport pathway,while up-regulated genes were partially enriched in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum,RNA degradation and photosynthesis pathway. QRT-PCR confirmed the accuracy of DGE,and the positive response of hsp70 to high temperature was also demonstrated. In summary,DGE results indicated that under high temperature stress,primary metabolism,biosynthesis,energy synthesis,and carbon assimilation of P. haitanensis were weakened,whereas,the rescue strategies were activated.
Pyropia haitanensis is an economically important red alga cultivated in China. As an intertidal alga,P. haitanensis developed various and highly effective strategies to overcome those environmental stressors,such as temperature fluctuation and osmotic shock. In this research,digital gene expression profiling (DGE) technique based on high throughput sequencing was used to analysis the gene expression difference of P. haitanensis under high temperature stress. To validate the DGE data,eight genes were selected for real-time quantitative PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis. The expression level of high-temperature response gene hsp70 was particularly investigated. Results indicated that 256 unigenes including HSP,ribosomal protein L12,elongation factor EF-Tu and some photosynthesis-related genes were up-regulated,3 820 unigenes involved in anabolism and metabolism of nucleic acid,protein and carbohydrate were down-regulated. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes mainly involved in reproduction and developmental process,exercised the functions of catalytic activity and ligase activity,and located in membrane-bounded organelle such as plastid. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that these genes distributed in 107 pathways. Down-regulated genes were significantly enriched in mRNA surveillance and RNA transport pathway,while up-regulated genes were partially enriched in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum,RNA degradation and photosynthesis pathway. QRT-PCR confirmed the accuracy of DGE,and the positive response of hsp70 to high temperature was also demonstrated. In summary,DGE results indicated that under high temperature stress,primary metabolism,biosynthesis,energy synthesis,and carbon assimilation of P. haitanensis were weakened,whereas,the rescue strategies were activated.
2014, 36(6): 112-123.
Abstract:
Net-phytoplankton samples were collected from the Changjiang Estuary (CE) and adjacent continental shelf,East China Sea in June and August 2009. A total of 395 taxa (9 phyla) were identified,including 223 diatom and 125 dinoflagellate species. The phytoplankton abundance in August (3 077.15°104 cells/m3) was significantly higher than that in June (107.80°104 cells/m3). The high-density zone in the CE moved eastward from 31°N,123°E in June to 31°N,123.5°E in August due to the enhancement of Changjiang Diluted Water. The species richness of net-phytoplankton in August was much higher than that in June,while species diversity and evenness were slightly lower than that in June. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Ceratium tripos were the dominant species in June. However,P. pungens,Rhizosolenia styliformis and Trichodesmium thiebautii dominated in August. Skeletonema spp. had high abundance in the CE in both June and August,although it was not a dominant species. The analysis of similarity and non-metric multidimensional scaling showed a significantly spatio-temporal difference in phytoplankton community. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that temperature and salinity were the primary variables affecting the community distribution in June and August,respectively. These data demonstrated that the distribution of phytoplankton community in the CE and adjacent continental shelf was intensively influenced by the circulations and water masses.
Net-phytoplankton samples were collected from the Changjiang Estuary (CE) and adjacent continental shelf,East China Sea in June and August 2009. A total of 395 taxa (9 phyla) were identified,including 223 diatom and 125 dinoflagellate species. The phytoplankton abundance in August (3 077.15°104 cells/m3) was significantly higher than that in June (107.80°104 cells/m3). The high-density zone in the CE moved eastward from 31°N,123°E in June to 31°N,123.5°E in August due to the enhancement of Changjiang Diluted Water. The species richness of net-phytoplankton in August was much higher than that in June,while species diversity and evenness were slightly lower than that in June. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Ceratium tripos were the dominant species in June. However,P. pungens,Rhizosolenia styliformis and Trichodesmium thiebautii dominated in August. Skeletonema spp. had high abundance in the CE in both June and August,although it was not a dominant species. The analysis of similarity and non-metric multidimensional scaling showed a significantly spatio-temporal difference in phytoplankton community. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that temperature and salinity were the primary variables affecting the community distribution in June and August,respectively. These data demonstrated that the distribution of phytoplankton community in the CE and adjacent continental shelf was intensively influenced by the circulations and water masses.
2014, 36(6): 124-130.
Abstract:
Studies on fish spawning group are always the focus of fisheries science. Spawning periods and areas are important parts of fish ecological habit studying. Power b in exponent relationship between fish body length and weight as spawning period indicator has been tested and proved with one whole year data in previous paper. Based on the above,this study tries to analysis the spatial character of fish spawning groups by power b at a time point with the data collected from a bottom trawl survey in the 4 seasons of 2004 in the East China Sea. The results show that,ripening small yellow croakers appeared only in spring,however immature individuals appeared in all of 4 seasons,which suggests the presence of "skip spawning" phenomenon. Another finding is that different spawning mature stages can not be distinguished only based on the value of power b,neither the difference between the spawning and non-spawning; while the average power b of sites including spawning individuals appeared lower than that in a constant speed growing,and similar characteristics also occurred in the space,where the relatively low power b generally occurred in the waters with relative high concentration of spawning individuals. Based on power b,three areas with relative high concentration of ripening individuals were inferred,including the offshore of Zhoushan fishing ground,the southwest side of Jeju Island and the adjacent water between Jiangwai and Zhouwai fishing grounds.
Studies on fish spawning group are always the focus of fisheries science. Spawning periods and areas are important parts of fish ecological habit studying. Power b in exponent relationship between fish body length and weight as spawning period indicator has been tested and proved with one whole year data in previous paper. Based on the above,this study tries to analysis the spatial character of fish spawning groups by power b at a time point with the data collected from a bottom trawl survey in the 4 seasons of 2004 in the East China Sea. The results show that,ripening small yellow croakers appeared only in spring,however immature individuals appeared in all of 4 seasons,which suggests the presence of "skip spawning" phenomenon. Another finding is that different spawning mature stages can not be distinguished only based on the value of power b,neither the difference between the spawning and non-spawning; while the average power b of sites including spawning individuals appeared lower than that in a constant speed growing,and similar characteristics also occurred in the space,where the relatively low power b generally occurred in the waters with relative high concentration of spawning individuals. Based on power b,three areas with relative high concentration of ripening individuals were inferred,including the offshore of Zhoushan fishing ground,the southwest side of Jeju Island and the adjacent water between Jiangwai and Zhouwai fishing grounds.
2014, 36(6): 131-137.
Abstract:
Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to analyze the structure of larvae fish community based on the data collected from the surveys in Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters in spring and autumn 2010-2011.A total of 27 species belonging to 5 orders,14 families were captured from four surveys. The dominant species mainly contained Engraulis japonicus,Coilia mystus,Stolephorus commersonii,Liza haematocheila,Nibea albiflora,Acanthogobius flavimanus and Pseudolaubuca engraulis. The Shannon-Weaver (H') value fluctuated greatly in an investigation cycle,which was appreciably lower in 2011 than that in 2010. The year variations of community structure and diversity index of larvae fish were more significant in spring than those in summer. The larvae fish community was clustered into two groups which coresponded with the freshwater area and brackish water area of Yangtze River Estuary,respectively. The abundance of larvae fish in both groups was mainly affected by salinity,indicating that salinity was the major cause of the spatiotemporal difference of larvae fish community in the Yangtze River Estuary.
Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to analyze the structure of larvae fish community based on the data collected from the surveys in Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters in spring and autumn 2010-2011.A total of 27 species belonging to 5 orders,14 families were captured from four surveys. The dominant species mainly contained Engraulis japonicus,Coilia mystus,Stolephorus commersonii,Liza haematocheila,Nibea albiflora,Acanthogobius flavimanus and Pseudolaubuca engraulis. The Shannon-Weaver (H') value fluctuated greatly in an investigation cycle,which was appreciably lower in 2011 than that in 2010. The year variations of community structure and diversity index of larvae fish were more significant in spring than those in summer. The larvae fish community was clustered into two groups which coresponded with the freshwater area and brackish water area of Yangtze River Estuary,respectively. The abundance of larvae fish in both groups was mainly affected by salinity,indicating that salinity was the major cause of the spatiotemporal difference of larvae fish community in the Yangtze River Estuary.
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