2013 Vol. 35, No. 5
Display Method:
2013, 35(5): 1-13.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.001
Abstract:
This paper constructs a diagnostic model of the South China Sea bottom circulation in consideration of topography,tidal mixing and eddy-induced mixing. In this model, the tidal mixing and eddy-induced mixing are represented with modified similar mixing parameterizations.The results of the model show that Luzon overflow and baroclinic effect are largest,and tidal mixing and eddy-induced mixing are relative larger with Ekman pumping being weakest.The effect of baroclinic forcing is opposite to other factors. The tide mixing is depended on the topography roughness,and mainly concentrated in the northern South China Sea slope where the topography is steep and around seamounts in central South China Sea basin while eddy-induced mixing is concentrated in western boundary and around seamouts. With Luzon overflow closing, the South China Sea bottom circulation is anticyclonic.With Luzon overflow unclosing, the South China Sea bottom circulation is cyclonic.Tidal mixing and eddy-induced mixing strengthen the magnitude of the cyclonic circulation.In addition, the model also gives the close relationship between the sea bottom circulation scale size and the slope of the topography.This means that the magnitude of velocity is larger with steeper topography. This gives some references for field observation. Finally, the paper analyzes the applicability of the model, and it is proved that this simple model has a certain reliability.
This paper constructs a diagnostic model of the South China Sea bottom circulation in consideration of topography,tidal mixing and eddy-induced mixing. In this model, the tidal mixing and eddy-induced mixing are represented with modified similar mixing parameterizations.The results of the model show that Luzon overflow and baroclinic effect are largest,and tidal mixing and eddy-induced mixing are relative larger with Ekman pumping being weakest.The effect of baroclinic forcing is opposite to other factors. The tide mixing is depended on the topography roughness,and mainly concentrated in the northern South China Sea slope where the topography is steep and around seamounts in central South China Sea basin while eddy-induced mixing is concentrated in western boundary and around seamouts. With Luzon overflow closing, the South China Sea bottom circulation is anticyclonic.With Luzon overflow unclosing, the South China Sea bottom circulation is cyclonic.Tidal mixing and eddy-induced mixing strengthen the magnitude of the cyclonic circulation.In addition, the model also gives the close relationship between the sea bottom circulation scale size and the slope of the topography.This means that the magnitude of velocity is larger with steeper topography. This gives some references for field observation. Finally, the paper analyzes the applicability of the model, and it is proved that this simple model has a certain reliability.
2013, 35(5): 14-28.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.002
Abstract:
Nandu River is the largest river in Hainan Island. The Nandu River Estuary is a short one, with a length of approximately 25 km and faces the Qiongzhou Strait in the north. The saline intrusion in the estuary demonstrates a trend of exacerbation in recent decades and requires a detailed study for its mechanism. In this study, the FVCOM model is utilized, which is calibrated by the observation data in February, 2009. Simulations for the dry and wet seasons are then conducted, respectively. The model results are used to study the temporal and spatial variations of flow, salinity and saline intrusion in the estuary during the two seasons. The mechanisms driving the landward salt flux at different positions of the estuary are investigated. The results indicate that the circulation is stronger during the neap tide in the dry season, while the situation becomes opposite in the wet season. The salinity stratification is weaker during the neap tide in both seasons. The saline intrusion distance is much longer in the dry season. The oscillatory tidal dispersion is the dominant agent driving the landward salt flux at the river mouth, while the steady shear becomes more important toward upstream. The deficit of salt in the main stream is balanced mainly by the salt input through the Haidianxi branch.
Nandu River is the largest river in Hainan Island. The Nandu River Estuary is a short one, with a length of approximately 25 km and faces the Qiongzhou Strait in the north. The saline intrusion in the estuary demonstrates a trend of exacerbation in recent decades and requires a detailed study for its mechanism. In this study, the FVCOM model is utilized, which is calibrated by the observation data in February, 2009. Simulations for the dry and wet seasons are then conducted, respectively. The model results are used to study the temporal and spatial variations of flow, salinity and saline intrusion in the estuary during the two seasons. The mechanisms driving the landward salt flux at different positions of the estuary are investigated. The results indicate that the circulation is stronger during the neap tide in the dry season, while the situation becomes opposite in the wet season. The salinity stratification is weaker during the neap tide in both seasons. The saline intrusion distance is much longer in the dry season. The oscillatory tidal dispersion is the dominant agent driving the landward salt flux at the river mouth, while the steady shear becomes more important toward upstream. The deficit of salt in the main stream is balanced mainly by the salt input through the Haidianxi branch.
2013, 35(5): 29-36.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.003
Abstract:
The local topography plays a significant role in estuarine momentum balance, tidal energy balance, tidal properties and sediment transport. Taking the typical geomorphic unit in the Pearl River estuary named Yamen as an example, water level guaging and bottom-mounted tripod measurements were conducted to explore the dynamic structure induced by the topographic boundary. The results show that: (1) the narrowing of the cross-sections Yamen in area leads to a backwater in the opposite-flow direction, increaseing the water level gradient in the down-flow direction. (2) The baratropic force induced by the water level gradient is a primary term in the momentum equation. The depth-averaged along-channel momentum balance is achieved between baratropic force and advection during the peak tide, and between baratropic force and local acceleration during the slack tide. (3) The form drag induced by topographic features is several times to one order in magnitude larger than the skin drag caused by bed roughness.
The local topography plays a significant role in estuarine momentum balance, tidal energy balance, tidal properties and sediment transport. Taking the typical geomorphic unit in the Pearl River estuary named Yamen as an example, water level guaging and bottom-mounted tripod measurements were conducted to explore the dynamic structure induced by the topographic boundary. The results show that: (1) the narrowing of the cross-sections Yamen in area leads to a backwater in the opposite-flow direction, increaseing the water level gradient in the down-flow direction. (2) The baratropic force induced by the water level gradient is a primary term in the momentum equation. The depth-averaged along-channel momentum balance is achieved between baratropic force and advection during the peak tide, and between baratropic force and local acceleration during the slack tide. (3) The form drag induced by topographic features is several times to one order in magnitude larger than the skin drag caused by bed roughness.
2013, 35(5): 37-45.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.004
Abstract:
The hindcast and forecast of Arctic sea ice from FIO-ESM (First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model) based on CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) historical and future climate projections experiments are evaluated and analyzed. Compared with satellite observations, the climatological Arctic sea ice extent can be well simulated by this climate model. FIO-ESM can well reproduce monthly climatological Arctic sea ice extent, within ±15% of satellite observations. The decline trend of the Arctic sea ice during 1979-2005 can also be simulated; however the simulated sea ice extent decreased trend is 2.24×104 km2 per year while the observed trend is 4.72×104 km2 per year. The forecast for 21st century shows that the Arctic sea ice trend will be depend on different RCPs (Representative Concentration Pathways). Different from all other climate models, the Arctic sea ice extent will increase under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, and will have no significant trend under RCP6, while the Arctic sea ice extent will continue to decline under RCP8.5.
The hindcast and forecast of Arctic sea ice from FIO-ESM (First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model) based on CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) historical and future climate projections experiments are evaluated and analyzed. Compared with satellite observations, the climatological Arctic sea ice extent can be well simulated by this climate model. FIO-ESM can well reproduce monthly climatological Arctic sea ice extent, within ±15% of satellite observations. The decline trend of the Arctic sea ice during 1979-2005 can also be simulated; however the simulated sea ice extent decreased trend is 2.24×104 km2 per year while the observed trend is 4.72×104 km2 per year. The forecast for 21st century shows that the Arctic sea ice trend will be depend on different RCPs (Representative Concentration Pathways). Different from all other climate models, the Arctic sea ice extent will increase under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, and will have no significant trend under RCP6, while the Arctic sea ice extent will continue to decline under RCP8.5.
2013, 35(5): 46-58.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.005
Abstract:
The phenomena of internal waves in the northern South China Sea show remarkable seasonal and interannual variance from satellite image. On the basis reanalysis data, the stratification characteristics, and the geographical and monthly variability of the veKdv equation coefficients, are analyzed. Seasonal pycnocline with maximal buoyancy frequency at about 20 m depth, begins to appear in February, is strongest in June and July, weakens in August, starts to dissipate in October. Another deeper pycnocline appears with maximal buoyancy frequency at about 80 m depth during August and November, and maximal buoyancy frequency moves to 120 m depth in winter. The seasonal pycnocline is very distinct from April to September. The double pycnocline is obvious from August to October. In winter, only the second pycnocline exists. Maxima buoyancy frequency in deeper basin is higher than that in shallow shelf area from January to March and from October to December, the configuration is opposite during May and September. The depth of maxima buoyancy frequency varies with season. It is deepest in winter, and is shallowest in June and July. It is shown that the variations of the long wave phase speed, the dispersion parameter and amplitude factor are mainly related to topography characteristics without obvious seasonal variation. The quadratic nonlinear parameter is very sensitive to variations of the vertical stratification, and the cubic nonlinear parameter depends on water depth and stratification condition. Holding higher occurrence in summer in the NSCS and the scarce existence of nonlinear internal wave on east of the Luzo Strait is interpreted by analyzing theses coefficient characteristic.
The phenomena of internal waves in the northern South China Sea show remarkable seasonal and interannual variance from satellite image. On the basis reanalysis data, the stratification characteristics, and the geographical and monthly variability of the veKdv equation coefficients, are analyzed. Seasonal pycnocline with maximal buoyancy frequency at about 20 m depth, begins to appear in February, is strongest in June and July, weakens in August, starts to dissipate in October. Another deeper pycnocline appears with maximal buoyancy frequency at about 80 m depth during August and November, and maximal buoyancy frequency moves to 120 m depth in winter. The seasonal pycnocline is very distinct from April to September. The double pycnocline is obvious from August to October. In winter, only the second pycnocline exists. Maxima buoyancy frequency in deeper basin is higher than that in shallow shelf area from January to March and from October to December, the configuration is opposite during May and September. The depth of maxima buoyancy frequency varies with season. It is deepest in winter, and is shallowest in June and July. It is shown that the variations of the long wave phase speed, the dispersion parameter and amplitude factor are mainly related to topography characteristics without obvious seasonal variation. The quadratic nonlinear parameter is very sensitive to variations of the vertical stratification, and the cubic nonlinear parameter depends on water depth and stratification condition. Holding higher occurrence in summer in the NSCS and the scarce existence of nonlinear internal wave on east of the Luzo Strait is interpreted by analyzing theses coefficient characteristic.
2013, 35(5): 59-66.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.006
Abstract:
In this study the temporal and spatial correlations of atmospheric oscillation in terms of the SWH, the T and North Pacific Index(NPI), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and MEI in the western North Pacific (0°—45°N,99°—160°E) are investigated by using ERA-40 wave re-analysis data from 1958 to 2001, with a focus on impacts of the NPI on SWH and T. Results show that NPI, PDO and MEI are all closely related to SWH and T; NPI and SWH as well as T show a positive correlation, which is most evident around half a year in the east ocean of Japan and Philippines. NPI also shows inter-annual and decadal periodic variations of about 3-5 a, 8-9 a, and 13-15 a. High NPI and negative phase of PDO or MEI will lead to the increase of SWH and T. Cold phase of MEI and negative phase of PDO is also beneficial for the increase of SWH and T. The possible mechanisms through which NPI influences the wave climate in the western North Pacific are: When the NPI is low (high), Aleutian low will be deepened (weakened) and located more easterly (westerly). As a result, the jet stream in westerlies appears (disappears), the trade wind in western Pacific Ocean is weakened (strengthened), and wave height decreases (increases).
In this study the temporal and spatial correlations of atmospheric oscillation in terms of the SWH, the T and North Pacific Index(NPI), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and MEI in the western North Pacific (0°—45°N,99°—160°E) are investigated by using ERA-40 wave re-analysis data from 1958 to 2001, with a focus on impacts of the NPI on SWH and T. Results show that NPI, PDO and MEI are all closely related to SWH and T; NPI and SWH as well as T show a positive correlation, which is most evident around half a year in the east ocean of Japan and Philippines. NPI also shows inter-annual and decadal periodic variations of about 3-5 a, 8-9 a, and 13-15 a. High NPI and negative phase of PDO or MEI will lead to the increase of SWH and T. Cold phase of MEI and negative phase of PDO is also beneficial for the increase of SWH and T. The possible mechanisms through which NPI influences the wave climate in the western North Pacific are: When the NPI is low (high), Aleutian low will be deepened (weakened) and located more easterly (westerly). As a result, the jet stream in westerlies appears (disappears), the trade wind in western Pacific Ocean is weakened (strengthened), and wave height decreases (increases).
2013, 35(5): 67-75.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.007
Abstract:
In recent years, along with the rapid development of atmospheric sounding technology, the application of a series of high spatial and temporal resolution unconventional data,such as GPS occulation refractive index,has compensated the shortages of Marine observation data. This paper presents the utility of GPSRO COSMIC material in meso-scale model. Cloud and precipation suffer less inpact on COSMIC,in addition COSMIC has high precision and high vertically resolution,so it could improve the initial field in model and then raise the prediction accuracy. With incorporated the meso-scale meterological model, V3.0.1 WRF,and 3d variational assimilation system(3DVAR), the MORAKOT landing process is simulated by using NCEP,GTS and COSMIC. Experiment results show: assimilation COSMIC could improve the rainstorm forecast in certain degree,and meanwhile through to the preliminarily discussion for each diagnosis quantity and different levels of wind field,it considers the assimilation data could play a certain indicate role for typhoon intensity,pathway and precipation by making better forecast results for the amount.
In recent years, along with the rapid development of atmospheric sounding technology, the application of a series of high spatial and temporal resolution unconventional data,such as GPS occulation refractive index,has compensated the shortages of Marine observation data. This paper presents the utility of GPSRO COSMIC material in meso-scale model. Cloud and precipation suffer less inpact on COSMIC,in addition COSMIC has high precision and high vertically resolution,so it could improve the initial field in model and then raise the prediction accuracy. With incorporated the meso-scale meterological model, V3.0.1 WRF,and 3d variational assimilation system(3DVAR), the MORAKOT landing process is simulated by using NCEP,GTS and COSMIC. Experiment results show: assimilation COSMIC could improve the rainstorm forecast in certain degree,and meanwhile through to the preliminarily discussion for each diagnosis quantity and different levels of wind field,it considers the assimilation data could play a certain indicate role for typhoon intensity,pathway and precipation by making better forecast results for the amount.
2013, 35(5): 76-86.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.008
Abstract:
QuikSCAT satellite remote sensing wind data over China's offshore areas(0°—45°N, 105°—135°E) are compared with in-situ wind measurement data from platforms located in the East China Sea and Bohai Sea, offshore wind mast in Shanghai and the island stations at Shanhu Island and Xisha Island. It is found that the correlation coefficients of in-situ wind speed and QuikSCAT wind speed nearby in-situ sites are greater than 0.7. The root mean square error of QuikSCAT wind speed at these sites is about 1.5 m/s. The error is relatively large for offshore wind mast and island stations. QuikSCAT mean wind speed is higher than the measured values and the difference is in the range of 0.1—1.3 m/s. The difference of Weibull shape parameter K of QuikSCAT wind is smaller at offshore oil platforms and offshore wind mast (the absolute value: 0.04—0.43). It is clear that the wind speed distribution of QuikSCAT and the measurements are consistent. Overall, QuikSCAT wind data reasonably reflect the wind speed distribution in China's offshore areas. With the QuikSCAT wind speed data from 2000 and 2009, we calculate the annual and seasonal mean wind speed in China's offshore areas and adjacent area. The results are as follows: (1) The largest offshore wind speed is in Taiwan Strait and in the area from Taiwan Strait to Japan Sea and the area near 115°E to Bahrain Tong Strait(8.0—8.5 m/s) is the second highest wind speed area. (2) From 28°N of East China Sea to the Yangtze River, the annual wind speed is 7.0—7.5 m/s, and the wind at Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea is about 5.5—7.0 m/s. It is interesting to find that the wind speed decreases from east to west in the northern South China Sea from 8.5 m/s to 6.0 m/s, and the highest wind area in Beibu Gulf is located in offshore area near Dongfang City.
QuikSCAT satellite remote sensing wind data over China's offshore areas(0°—45°N, 105°—135°E) are compared with in-situ wind measurement data from platforms located in the East China Sea and Bohai Sea, offshore wind mast in Shanghai and the island stations at Shanhu Island and Xisha Island. It is found that the correlation coefficients of in-situ wind speed and QuikSCAT wind speed nearby in-situ sites are greater than 0.7. The root mean square error of QuikSCAT wind speed at these sites is about 1.5 m/s. The error is relatively large for offshore wind mast and island stations. QuikSCAT mean wind speed is higher than the measured values and the difference is in the range of 0.1—1.3 m/s. The difference of Weibull shape parameter K of QuikSCAT wind is smaller at offshore oil platforms and offshore wind mast (the absolute value: 0.04—0.43). It is clear that the wind speed distribution of QuikSCAT and the measurements are consistent. Overall, QuikSCAT wind data reasonably reflect the wind speed distribution in China's offshore areas. With the QuikSCAT wind speed data from 2000 and 2009, we calculate the annual and seasonal mean wind speed in China's offshore areas and adjacent area. The results are as follows: (1) The largest offshore wind speed is in Taiwan Strait and in the area from Taiwan Strait to Japan Sea and the area near 115°E to Bahrain Tong Strait(8.0—8.5 m/s) is the second highest wind speed area. (2) From 28°N of East China Sea to the Yangtze River, the annual wind speed is 7.0—7.5 m/s, and the wind at Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea is about 5.5—7.0 m/s. It is interesting to find that the wind speed decreases from east to west in the northern South China Sea from 8.5 m/s to 6.0 m/s, and the highest wind area in Beibu Gulf is located in offshore area near Dongfang City.
2013, 35(5): 87-94.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.009
Abstract:
A satellite radar altimeter is one of the important sensors for an ocean remote sensing. An altimetry system and an orbit determination system are the most important components of the altimeter. If these two systems use different system clocks, there will be a time tag between the satellite altitude and the range which is the distance between the satellite and the sea surface in the nadir-looking direction of an antenna. The time tag can reduce the sea surface height measurement accuracy of the satellite radar altimeter. In this study, for the time tag bias problem of HY-2 satellite radar altimeter, the contribution of the time tag bias is analyzed to the sea surface height measurement accuracy, and a method is introduced to estimate the time tag bias value using self-crossover data. Based on the 21st cycle IGDR (Interim Geophysical Data Record) data of HY-2 satellite radar altimeter, experiments are carried out to correct the time tag bias. After correcting the time tag bias, the degree of convergence for the difference distribution of HY-2 self-crossover sea surface height is improved obviously, and the RMS of the HY-2 self-crossover sea surface height differences is reduced from 24.7 to 7.0 cm, and the RMS of the co-crossover sea surface height differences between HY-2 and Jason-2 is reduced from 16.6 to 7.3 cm. This suggests that the method for correcting the time tag bias can improve the sea surface height measurement accuracy of HY-2 satellite radar altimeter effectively.
A satellite radar altimeter is one of the important sensors for an ocean remote sensing. An altimetry system and an orbit determination system are the most important components of the altimeter. If these two systems use different system clocks, there will be a time tag between the satellite altitude and the range which is the distance between the satellite and the sea surface in the nadir-looking direction of an antenna. The time tag can reduce the sea surface height measurement accuracy of the satellite radar altimeter. In this study, for the time tag bias problem of HY-2 satellite radar altimeter, the contribution of the time tag bias is analyzed to the sea surface height measurement accuracy, and a method is introduced to estimate the time tag bias value using self-crossover data. Based on the 21st cycle IGDR (Interim Geophysical Data Record) data of HY-2 satellite radar altimeter, experiments are carried out to correct the time tag bias. After correcting the time tag bias, the degree of convergence for the difference distribution of HY-2 self-crossover sea surface height is improved obviously, and the RMS of the HY-2 self-crossover sea surface height differences is reduced from 24.7 to 7.0 cm, and the RMS of the co-crossover sea surface height differences between HY-2 and Jason-2 is reduced from 16.6 to 7.3 cm. This suggests that the method for correcting the time tag bias can improve the sea surface height measurement accuracy of HY-2 satellite radar altimeter effectively.
2013, 35(5): 95-101.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.010
Abstract:
The key of monitoring and detection sea ice is extracting the sea ice types. Extracting sea ice types exactly has important significance for evaluating sea ice condition and ensuring navigation and marine operation safety. In this paper,the polarimetric scattering characteristics of sea ice are extracted by using high-resolution and fully-polarimetric SAR imagery. By combining the binary-tree classification idea,a sea ice classification algorithm of high-resolution and fully-polarimetric SAR data is developed,enhancing the SAR classification accuracy of sea ice. Finally,we verify the reliability of this method by comparing with the traditional sea ice classification method.
The key of monitoring and detection sea ice is extracting the sea ice types. Extracting sea ice types exactly has important significance for evaluating sea ice condition and ensuring navigation and marine operation safety. In this paper,the polarimetric scattering characteristics of sea ice are extracted by using high-resolution and fully-polarimetric SAR imagery. By combining the binary-tree classification idea,a sea ice classification algorithm of high-resolution and fully-polarimetric SAR data is developed,enhancing the SAR classification accuracy of sea ice. Finally,we verify the reliability of this method by comparing with the traditional sea ice classification method.
2013, 35(5): 102-111.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.011
Abstract:
On the basis of the chemical indexes(Cat/Nat and TOC/Chl a) and stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ15N), suspended particulate organic matter (POM) and sedimentation organic matter (SOM) were analyzed during macroalgal bloom in Yundang Lagoon. The results showed that POM in the lagoon was mainly from the terrestrial origin inputs. In diversion canal close to coastal water, POM was largely composed of terrestrial organic matter from Xiamen Western Sea, while in main canal located in upper reaches of the lagoon, domestic sewage was the largest contributor of POM. Although POM in inner and outer lagoon was close to phytoplankton in atom C∶N ratio (Cat/Nat), phytoplankton was only a small part of POM. The results from ISOSOURCE linear mixing model indicated 54%-97% of combined contribution of the input from diversion and main canal to POM in inner lagoon. SOM had many potential sources in the lagoon, but displayed significant spatial difference. SOM was mainly from seaweed and POM in the areas with seaweed canopy, while mainly from POM deposition or benthic microalgae in those areas without seaweed. Our results showed that, in the lagoons where there are many potential organic sources, the chemical composition of organic matter (OM) could not work well in tracing the source of OM compared with stable isotope tracing. However, the analysis based on a variety of indicators may be more accurate and reliable.
On the basis of the chemical indexes(Cat/Nat and TOC/Chl a) and stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ15N), suspended particulate organic matter (POM) and sedimentation organic matter (SOM) were analyzed during macroalgal bloom in Yundang Lagoon. The results showed that POM in the lagoon was mainly from the terrestrial origin inputs. In diversion canal close to coastal water, POM was largely composed of terrestrial organic matter from Xiamen Western Sea, while in main canal located in upper reaches of the lagoon, domestic sewage was the largest contributor of POM. Although POM in inner and outer lagoon was close to phytoplankton in atom C∶N ratio (Cat/Nat), phytoplankton was only a small part of POM. The results from ISOSOURCE linear mixing model indicated 54%-97% of combined contribution of the input from diversion and main canal to POM in inner lagoon. SOM had many potential sources in the lagoon, but displayed significant spatial difference. SOM was mainly from seaweed and POM in the areas with seaweed canopy, while mainly from POM deposition or benthic microalgae in those areas without seaweed. Our results showed that, in the lagoons where there are many potential organic sources, the chemical composition of organic matter (OM) could not work well in tracing the source of OM compared with stable isotope tracing. However, the analysis based on a variety of indicators may be more accurate and reliable.
2013, 35(5): 112-120.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.012
Abstract:
A popularly cultured marine shellfish (Ruditapes philippinarum) was exposed to a series of CO2-acidified seawaters for 4 hours. The waters had a constant salinity of 30.7 and an alkalinity of 2 350 μmol/kg. Both were the typical values of the surface water of Bohai Sea. Using the alkalinity anomaly method, effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the calcification and respiration of R. philippinarum were investigated. The results showed that, slight shell dissolution and significant respiration decline of R. philippinarum occurred under several short-term CO2-acidified scenarios. A function of CaCO3 production rate (G) versus CaCO3 saturation of aragonite (Ωarag) had been developed as G(μmol/FWg·h)=0.14 × Ωarag-0.49 (n=12, r=0.95, p<0.01). This function suggested that the shell is instable on the conditions of Ωarag <3.5. However in a scenario where Ωarag decreases to 1.0-1.5 in CO2-acidified subsurface waters in the Bohai Sea (in late summer) and the North Yellow Sea (in autumn), the daily dissolved shell is only equivalent to insignificantly <2‰ of the net shell weight. In contrast, respiration declines and metabolic activity changes of R. philippinarum under CO2-driven acidification were more notable. The function of inorganic carbon production rate (RC) of R. philippinarum versus Ωarag was RC(μmol/FWg·h)=0.27 × Ωarag+0.90 (n=12, r=0.82, p<0.01), suggesting that declines of Ωarag had negative impacts on respiration much more than shell dissolution.
A popularly cultured marine shellfish (Ruditapes philippinarum) was exposed to a series of CO2-acidified seawaters for 4 hours. The waters had a constant salinity of 30.7 and an alkalinity of 2 350 μmol/kg. Both were the typical values of the surface water of Bohai Sea. Using the alkalinity anomaly method, effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the calcification and respiration of R. philippinarum were investigated. The results showed that, slight shell dissolution and significant respiration decline of R. philippinarum occurred under several short-term CO2-acidified scenarios. A function of CaCO3 production rate (G) versus CaCO3 saturation of aragonite (Ωarag) had been developed as G(μmol/FWg·h)=0.14 × Ωarag-0.49 (n=12, r=0.95, p<0.01). This function suggested that the shell is instable on the conditions of Ωarag <3.5. However in a scenario where Ωarag decreases to 1.0-1.5 in CO2-acidified subsurface waters in the Bohai Sea (in late summer) and the North Yellow Sea (in autumn), the daily dissolved shell is only equivalent to insignificantly <2‰ of the net shell weight. In contrast, respiration declines and metabolic activity changes of R. philippinarum under CO2-driven acidification were more notable. The function of inorganic carbon production rate (RC) of R. philippinarum versus Ωarag was RC(μmol/FWg·h)=0.27 × Ωarag+0.90 (n=12, r=0.82, p<0.01), suggesting that declines of Ωarag had negative impacts on respiration much more than shell dissolution.
2013, 35(5): 121-127.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.013
Abstract:
The potential fish production was controlled largely by ocean primary production (OPP) and there were a lot of research findings of estimating fish production by using OPP in China. The relationships between the biomass of fishery stock and OPP were often complicated by the varieties of trophic control in the ecosystem. In this paper,we examined the relationship between biomass of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and net primary production (NPP) and discussed mechanism of trophic control in the ecosystem of chub mackerel fishing ground in southern East China Sea by using catch and effort data from the Chinese mainland large light-purse seine fishery and NPP derived from remote sensing. The results showed there was a significant non-linear relationship between NPP and standardized CPUE (Catch Per Unit Effort) (P<0.05) instead of the linear trend. The non-linear relationship could be described by a reversed parabolic curve,which meant the biomass of chub mackerel increased with NPP and then decreased when the NPP exceeded a point. The results implied there were other trophic controls in addition to bottom-up control occurred in the ecosystem in southern East China Sea. We speculated the change of abundance of the key species at intermediate trophic levels and/or interspecific competitions contribute to the relationship.
The potential fish production was controlled largely by ocean primary production (OPP) and there were a lot of research findings of estimating fish production by using OPP in China. The relationships between the biomass of fishery stock and OPP were often complicated by the varieties of trophic control in the ecosystem. In this paper,we examined the relationship between biomass of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and net primary production (NPP) and discussed mechanism of trophic control in the ecosystem of chub mackerel fishing ground in southern East China Sea by using catch and effort data from the Chinese mainland large light-purse seine fishery and NPP derived from remote sensing. The results showed there was a significant non-linear relationship between NPP and standardized CPUE (Catch Per Unit Effort) (P<0.05) instead of the linear trend. The non-linear relationship could be described by a reversed parabolic curve,which meant the biomass of chub mackerel increased with NPP and then decreased when the NPP exceeded a point. The results implied there were other trophic controls in addition to bottom-up control occurred in the ecosystem in southern East China Sea. We speculated the change of abundance of the key species at intermediate trophic levels and/or interspecific competitions contribute to the relationship.
2013, 35(5): 128-136.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.014
Abstract:
As the most important maricultured Penaeid species, Litopenaeus vannamei holds a pivotal position in the development of the shrimp aquaculture. EST (Expressed Sequence Tags) sequencing is an effective way to study functional genes of a species without genome background. Focusing on discovery and cloning of important functional genes, also laying the foundation for development of molecule marker, we summarized a set of bioinformatics methods to efficiently dig for profound EST information using the 161 241 EST sequences of L. vannamei form dbEST. EST assembly resulted in 20 410 unigenes (including 14 236 contigs and 6 174 singlets) among which 7 984 matched with known proteins by comparison with NR database. RPS-blast search identified functional domains of 4 702 unigenes which had no match in the NR database. Downstream Gene Ontology (GO) analysis classified 2 715 known unigenes into categories of biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Gene comparison with model organisms mapped 3 738 unigenes into 270 KEGG pathway maps, conveyed useful information of important L. vannamei pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. Nine L. vannamei unigenes showed high similarity to 5 proteins in the Drosophila MAPK pathway, indicating its existence in L. vannamei. Comparative analysis among six tissues, including hepatopancreas, lymphoid organs, haematocytes, gill, eyestalk and the nerve cord provided about 7 000 suspected tissue-specific expressed genes, which were classified into GO categories. This work developed a methodology for public gene resource exploration and provided clues for gene function study of L. vannamei.
As the most important maricultured Penaeid species, Litopenaeus vannamei holds a pivotal position in the development of the shrimp aquaculture. EST (Expressed Sequence Tags) sequencing is an effective way to study functional genes of a species without genome background. Focusing on discovery and cloning of important functional genes, also laying the foundation for development of molecule marker, we summarized a set of bioinformatics methods to efficiently dig for profound EST information using the 161 241 EST sequences of L. vannamei form dbEST. EST assembly resulted in 20 410 unigenes (including 14 236 contigs and 6 174 singlets) among which 7 984 matched with known proteins by comparison with NR database. RPS-blast search identified functional domains of 4 702 unigenes which had no match in the NR database. Downstream Gene Ontology (GO) analysis classified 2 715 known unigenes into categories of biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Gene comparison with model organisms mapped 3 738 unigenes into 270 KEGG pathway maps, conveyed useful information of important L. vannamei pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. Nine L. vannamei unigenes showed high similarity to 5 proteins in the Drosophila MAPK pathway, indicating its existence in L. vannamei. Comparative analysis among six tissues, including hepatopancreas, lymphoid organs, haematocytes, gill, eyestalk and the nerve cord provided about 7 000 suspected tissue-specific expressed genes, which were classified into GO categories. This work developed a methodology for public gene resource exploration and provided clues for gene function study of L. vannamei.
2013, 35(5): 137-146.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.015
Abstract:
Echinoderms are important group of invertebrates,which only found in marine habitats. Twenty-nine echinoderms mitochondrial genomes were fully analyzed in this article. The major coding gene arrangements of sea urchins and sea cucumbers are identical. The major coding gene arrangements within starfishes are also identical,and there is a long fragment inversion compared with these of sea urchins and sea cucumbers. The major coding gene arrangements of Phanogenia gracilis and Florometra serratissima(Crinoidea) are identical,compared with which there are a protein-coding genes (nad4L) translocation in Antedon mediterranea and Neogymnocrinus richeri mitochondrial genomes,respectively. The major coding gene arrangements of three families Amphiuridae,Ophiactidae and Ophiocomidae (Ophiuroidea: Ophiurida) are identical. However,there are three protein-coding genes (nad1,nad2 and cob) inversions in the mitochondrial genomes of Ophiura albida and Ophiura lutkeni,which belong to another family in the same order Ophiurida. Compared with five mitochondrial genomes from Ophiurida,there are major coding gene rearrangements in Astrospartus mediterraneus(Ophiuroidea: Euryalida) mitochondrial genome. The genetic variation analyses of main genes (13 protein coding genes) within 29 echinoderms mitochondrial genomes shown that nad5,nad4 and nad2 gene are ideal molecular markers. Tree topologies based on amino acid sequences of the protein-coding genes in 29 echinoderms mitochondrial genomes by two methods (neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood method) are identical. Phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial genome data support that five classes (Ophiuroidea,Holothuroidea,Echinoidea,Asteroidea and Crinoidea) are monophyletic groups,and the relationship within them are (((Echinoidea+Asteroidea)+Holothuroidea)+Ophiuroidea)+Crinoidea. The class Crinoidea is the most ancient group in echinoderms,which located in the root of phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic results support all families are monophyletic groups. Comprehensive analyses of phylogenetic trees based on the protein coding genes and major genes rearrangements support that Ophiurida is not monophyletic. The validity of the family Ophiurida is also worth further studies.
Echinoderms are important group of invertebrates,which only found in marine habitats. Twenty-nine echinoderms mitochondrial genomes were fully analyzed in this article. The major coding gene arrangements of sea urchins and sea cucumbers are identical. The major coding gene arrangements within starfishes are also identical,and there is a long fragment inversion compared with these of sea urchins and sea cucumbers. The major coding gene arrangements of Phanogenia gracilis and Florometra serratissima(Crinoidea) are identical,compared with which there are a protein-coding genes (nad4L) translocation in Antedon mediterranea and Neogymnocrinus richeri mitochondrial genomes,respectively. The major coding gene arrangements of three families Amphiuridae,Ophiactidae and Ophiocomidae (Ophiuroidea: Ophiurida) are identical. However,there are three protein-coding genes (nad1,nad2 and cob) inversions in the mitochondrial genomes of Ophiura albida and Ophiura lutkeni,which belong to another family in the same order Ophiurida. Compared with five mitochondrial genomes from Ophiurida,there are major coding gene rearrangements in Astrospartus mediterraneus(Ophiuroidea: Euryalida) mitochondrial genome. The genetic variation analyses of main genes (13 protein coding genes) within 29 echinoderms mitochondrial genomes shown that nad5,nad4 and nad2 gene are ideal molecular markers. Tree topologies based on amino acid sequences of the protein-coding genes in 29 echinoderms mitochondrial genomes by two methods (neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood method) are identical. Phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial genome data support that five classes (Ophiuroidea,Holothuroidea,Echinoidea,Asteroidea and Crinoidea) are monophyletic groups,and the relationship within them are (((Echinoidea+Asteroidea)+Holothuroidea)+Ophiuroidea)+Crinoidea. The class Crinoidea is the most ancient group in echinoderms,which located in the root of phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic results support all families are monophyletic groups. Comprehensive analyses of phylogenetic trees based on the protein coding genes and major genes rearrangements support that Ophiurida is not monophyletic. The validity of the family Ophiurida is also worth further studies.
2013, 35(5): 147-155.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.016
Abstract:
Based on the cruise in the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) including 137 zooplankton sampling stations in the summer,2006,zooplankton species composition,the distribution of zooplankton abundance,biomass,dominant species and indicator species of ecological environment and their influencing factors were studied. Results showed that: species composition was higher than studies in the SYS before; the abundance of Calanus sinicus was the hihghest and exceeded 50% in the total abundance. The biomass was also much higher than previous studies and in this study,the biomass of gelatinous zooplankton was higher than the non-gelatinous zooplankton. The composition of dominant species was similar to studies before. C. sinicus had two high abundance areas,one was in the inside of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) where the Chl a concentration was lower and the other was located in the southern sea area; the occurrence frequency of Aidanosagitta crassa was the highest and its high abundance area occurred from the southern coast of Shandong Peninsula to the east of Haizhou Bay,which was different from that of C. sinicus; Themisto gaudichaudi mainly distributed in the north of the 34°N where was influenced by the YSCWM and the species almost disappeared where the salinity was lower than 31; Euphausia pacifica primarily distributed in the deep water area between 33°-35°N. Euchaeta concinna and Flaccisagitta enflata distributed in the south of 34°N,their distribution pattern might be correlated with the northward current-Changjiang Diluted Water and the Taiwan Warm Current,the northern border of these two species was affected by the southward Subei Coastal Current and the YSCWM. The distribution patterns of the two species can indicate the interactions of the oceanic current mentioned above.
Based on the cruise in the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) including 137 zooplankton sampling stations in the summer,2006,zooplankton species composition,the distribution of zooplankton abundance,biomass,dominant species and indicator species of ecological environment and their influencing factors were studied. Results showed that: species composition was higher than studies in the SYS before; the abundance of Calanus sinicus was the hihghest and exceeded 50% in the total abundance. The biomass was also much higher than previous studies and in this study,the biomass of gelatinous zooplankton was higher than the non-gelatinous zooplankton. The composition of dominant species was similar to studies before. C. sinicus had two high abundance areas,one was in the inside of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) where the Chl a concentration was lower and the other was located in the southern sea area; the occurrence frequency of Aidanosagitta crassa was the highest and its high abundance area occurred from the southern coast of Shandong Peninsula to the east of Haizhou Bay,which was different from that of C. sinicus; Themisto gaudichaudi mainly distributed in the north of the 34°N where was influenced by the YSCWM and the species almost disappeared where the salinity was lower than 31; Euphausia pacifica primarily distributed in the deep water area between 33°-35°N. Euchaeta concinna and Flaccisagitta enflata distributed in the south of 34°N,their distribution pattern might be correlated with the northward current-Changjiang Diluted Water and the Taiwan Warm Current,the northern border of these two species was affected by the southward Subei Coastal Current and the YSCWM. The distribution patterns of the two species can indicate the interactions of the oceanic current mentioned above.
2013, 35(5): 156-161.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.017
Abstract:
For the tube and cables of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) in an ideal fluid layer, it is assumed that the tube can only move in the vertical direction without deformation, and the dynamic effect generated by a mass is the major factor. The equations and boundary conditions to calculate the hydrodynamic load on the SFT tube in the ideal fluid layer under the earthquake P-wave are derived with the wave theory, considering the influence of the upper and nether water and the stiffness and spacing of cables. By the parameter study, the affection of the upper seawater thickness h, the P-wave frequency value ω and incident angle α, the cable stiffness Kc and the spacing L to the value of hydrodynamic load have been analyzed. The results show that the existence of the upper seawater can reduce the value of hydrodynamic load, the resonance will occur when the P-wave frequency is the same to the seawater frequency, the increase of incident angle will substantially reduced the value of hydrodynamic load as well as the smaller stiffness and larger spacing of cables.
For the tube and cables of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) in an ideal fluid layer, it is assumed that the tube can only move in the vertical direction without deformation, and the dynamic effect generated by a mass is the major factor. The equations and boundary conditions to calculate the hydrodynamic load on the SFT tube in the ideal fluid layer under the earthquake P-wave are derived with the wave theory, considering the influence of the upper and nether water and the stiffness and spacing of cables. By the parameter study, the affection of the upper seawater thickness h, the P-wave frequency value ω and incident angle α, the cable stiffness Kc and the spacing L to the value of hydrodynamic load have been analyzed. The results show that the existence of the upper seawater can reduce the value of hydrodynamic load, the resonance will occur when the P-wave frequency is the same to the seawater frequency, the increase of incident angle will substantially reduced the value of hydrodynamic load as well as the smaller stiffness and larger spacing of cables.
2013, 35(5): 162-168.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.018
Abstract:
Water wave is important hydrodynamics in coastal zone. As the evolution of water wave in the coastal zone is complex due to complex topography, a numerical model of elliptic mild-slope equation was developed in quadtree grid system. The numerical model was discretized by finite volume method and solved by GPBiCG(m,n)algorithm.The numerical model has good adaptability with the complex topography as it can generate multi-level quadtree grids in accordance with the water wave length.Compared with other numerical scheme, this model does not introduce shape function and complex cross-term, and is efficient in storage and computation. The numerical model was used to simulate the water wave propagation in experiment and the Acapulco Bay. The numerical results show that this model is accurate and efficient in simulating coastal water waves.It is believed that this model can be an effective tool for coastal water wave simulation in engineering or study.
Water wave is important hydrodynamics in coastal zone. As the evolution of water wave in the coastal zone is complex due to complex topography, a numerical model of elliptic mild-slope equation was developed in quadtree grid system. The numerical model was discretized by finite volume method and solved by GPBiCG(m,n)algorithm.The numerical model has good adaptability with the complex topography as it can generate multi-level quadtree grids in accordance with the water wave length.Compared with other numerical scheme, this model does not introduce shape function and complex cross-term, and is efficient in storage and computation. The numerical model was used to simulate the water wave propagation in experiment and the Acapulco Bay. The numerical results show that this model is accurate and efficient in simulating coastal water waves.It is believed that this model can be an effective tool for coastal water wave simulation in engineering or study.
2013, 35(5): 169-176.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.019
Abstract:
The ocean salinity is a key variable to describe the ocean. Observing sea surface salinity (SSS) can promote the understanding of global water cycle. This paper main aims to carry out the accuracy assessment of SMOS satellite SSS data in the coastal waters of China. The main methods of this paper is that matching SMOS satellite L2 ocean salinity data products (V317) with the in-situ ARGO data and navigation data, evaluating SMOS satellite data using statistics method. The results show that the linear relationship of the matched data is not significant, and the RMSE of the SMOS SSS in South China Sea and East China Sea are 1.2 and 0.7 respectively. The three sets of SSS data, which are acquired applying three models in correcting the sea surface roughness are all with relatively low accuracy, especially in coastal strong wind areas,the SSS value observed by satellite is overestimated, and SMOS SSS retrieve may be seriously influenced by the sea surface roughness and land radio frequency. The RMSE of SMOS SSS data in South China Sea is higher than the East China Sea around 0.5.the degree of accuracy of salinity data using SSS1 and SSS3 are relatively high in the China seas. In further application, higher accuracy can be purchased by amending geophysical parametersand applying local improvement in China seas.
The ocean salinity is a key variable to describe the ocean. Observing sea surface salinity (SSS) can promote the understanding of global water cycle. This paper main aims to carry out the accuracy assessment of SMOS satellite SSS data in the coastal waters of China. The main methods of this paper is that matching SMOS satellite L2 ocean salinity data products (V317) with the in-situ ARGO data and navigation data, evaluating SMOS satellite data using statistics method. The results show that the linear relationship of the matched data is not significant, and the RMSE of the SMOS SSS in South China Sea and East China Sea are 1.2 and 0.7 respectively. The three sets of SSS data, which are acquired applying three models in correcting the sea surface roughness are all with relatively low accuracy, especially in coastal strong wind areas,the SSS value observed by satellite is overestimated, and SMOS SSS retrieve may be seriously influenced by the sea surface roughness and land radio frequency. The RMSE of SMOS SSS data in South China Sea is higher than the East China Sea around 0.5.the degree of accuracy of salinity data using SSS1 and SSS3 are relatively high in the China seas. In further application, higher accuracy can be purchased by amending geophysical parametersand applying local improvement in China seas.
2013, 35(5): 177-183.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.020
Abstract:
Three sediment cores are collected from the intertidal zone of the Xinhua Bay,the Jiulong Estuary and the Dongshan Bay of Fujian Province, southeastern China. The iodine contents in the sediment samples sliced by the three cores are measured by a spectrophotometric method after alkali fusion and leached with water. The results show that the iodine contents are between 2.5 and 43.7 mg/kg in the core from the Xinhua Bay, and 17.3 and 39.6 mg/kg in that from the Jiulong Estuary and 11.3 and 29.1 mg/kg in that from the Dongshan Bay respectively. The iodine contents in sediment samples of this study are higher than that of China's soils and at same level with those of China's Seas sediment. The iodine contents are well correlated with the organic carbon content in the sediments from the Xinhua Bay and the Dongshan Bay, respectively, where matter may mainly from the ocean. The correlation between iodine and organic carbon content is not well close in the sediments from the Jiulong Estuary, where the material is mainly terrigenous. It is shown that the correlation between iodine and organic carbon contents in the sediments from the ocean is well, but not close in that terrigenous fraction.
Three sediment cores are collected from the intertidal zone of the Xinhua Bay,the Jiulong Estuary and the Dongshan Bay of Fujian Province, southeastern China. The iodine contents in the sediment samples sliced by the three cores are measured by a spectrophotometric method after alkali fusion and leached with water. The results show that the iodine contents are between 2.5 and 43.7 mg/kg in the core from the Xinhua Bay, and 17.3 and 39.6 mg/kg in that from the Jiulong Estuary and 11.3 and 29.1 mg/kg in that from the Dongshan Bay respectively. The iodine contents in sediment samples of this study are higher than that of China's soils and at same level with those of China's Seas sediment. The iodine contents are well correlated with the organic carbon content in the sediments from the Xinhua Bay and the Dongshan Bay, respectively, where matter may mainly from the ocean. The correlation between iodine and organic carbon content is not well close in the sediments from the Jiulong Estuary, where the material is mainly terrigenous. It is shown that the correlation between iodine and organic carbon contents in the sediments from the ocean is well, but not close in that terrigenous fraction.
2013, 35(5): 184-190.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2013.05.021
Abstract:
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere makes the oceans take up more CO2 from the air, and H+ concentration in surface seawater increase, which was known as ocean acidification. In order to find the responses of macroalgae to the environment changes, The economic macroalga Porphyra haitanensis was selected to study the co-effects of solar UVR and CO2 on the physiological performances of the thalli. The experiments set up two CO2 levels, 390ppmv and 800ppmv, and three solar light treatments, full spectrum solar radiation (PAB), UV-B was cutting off and PAR only. Our results showed that the enhance of the growth of Porphyra haitanensis was found in the thalli cultured under high CO2 condition compared with that under ambient CO2 condition when the UV-B or UVR were cut off, but no significant difference was found in the thalli receiving full solar radiation. UV-B decreased the contents of UV-screening compounds in Porphyra haitanensis grown under elevated CO2, while UV has no apparent effect on it when the thalli cultured at ambient CO2 levels. It showed that the advantage of CO2 in growth of Porphyra haitanensis was offseted by the full spectrum solar radiation, and the production of the economic macroalga might decrease in future ocean where solar UV radiation will futher increase.
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere makes the oceans take up more CO2 from the air, and H+ concentration in surface seawater increase, which was known as ocean acidification. In order to find the responses of macroalgae to the environment changes, The economic macroalga Porphyra haitanensis was selected to study the co-effects of solar UVR and CO2 on the physiological performances of the thalli. The experiments set up two CO2 levels, 390ppmv and 800ppmv, and three solar light treatments, full spectrum solar radiation (PAB), UV-B was cutting off and PAR only. Our results showed that the enhance of the growth of Porphyra haitanensis was found in the thalli cultured under high CO2 condition compared with that under ambient CO2 condition when the UV-B or UVR were cut off, but no significant difference was found in the thalli receiving full solar radiation. UV-B decreased the contents of UV-screening compounds in Porphyra haitanensis grown under elevated CO2, while UV has no apparent effect on it when the thalli cultured at ambient CO2 levels. It showed that the advantage of CO2 in growth of Porphyra haitanensis was offseted by the full spectrum solar radiation, and the production of the economic macroalga might decrease in future ocean where solar UV radiation will futher increase.
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