2011 Vol. 33, No. 3
Display Method:
2011, 33(3): 1-10.
Abstract:
A multilevel mixed-layer ocean model (MLOM) is improved for a general 2-D application of coupling with atmospheric or oceanic circulation models.This includes the parameterization of the Ekman upwelling pumping (UPW), the nudging of past daily sea surface temperature (SST) variation, and the relaxation to monthly mean climatological state (temperature, salinity, current) profiles.The performance of the MLOM is examined by an ideal experiment of a static storm and a real simulation of Hurricane Katrina 2005.For the static storm, the missing horizontal transport in the 1-D MLOM is effectively compensated by the UPW, and the unrealistic warm core underneath the storm center was also eliminated.In the Katrina case, the MLOM with the three improvements not only realistically simulates SST daily evolution and mean diurnal cycle, but also significantly reduces the SST warm bias along the hurricane track near the center over the Gulf of Mexico.These results suggest that the new MLOM can facilitate a more credible application in hurricane forecasts.
A multilevel mixed-layer ocean model (MLOM) is improved for a general 2-D application of coupling with atmospheric or oceanic circulation models.This includes the parameterization of the Ekman upwelling pumping (UPW), the nudging of past daily sea surface temperature (SST) variation, and the relaxation to monthly mean climatological state (temperature, salinity, current) profiles.The performance of the MLOM is examined by an ideal experiment of a static storm and a real simulation of Hurricane Katrina 2005.For the static storm, the missing horizontal transport in the 1-D MLOM is effectively compensated by the UPW, and the unrealistic warm core underneath the storm center was also eliminated.In the Katrina case, the MLOM with the three improvements not only realistically simulates SST daily evolution and mean diurnal cycle, but also significantly reduces the SST warm bias along the hurricane track near the center over the Gulf of Mexico.These results suggest that the new MLOM can facilitate a more credible application in hurricane forecasts.
2011, 33(3): 11-18.
Abstract:
Using 9 years (2000-2008) of the high resolution satellite data, the studiy shows the interannual variability of sea surface temperature in the South China Sea, and its relations with the sea surface wind and sea surface height and the characteristics of two cold anomaly events during the study period are discussed. The first EOF mode of the interannual variability of the SST represented the basin scale in-phase change and the interannual oscillation mainly occurred in the deep basin with the oscillation center in the area west of the Luzon Strait and southeast of the Indochina. The results also show that the interannual variability of the SST in the South China Sea is closely associated with the meridional sea level wind: the first mode of SST is obviously correlated with the first mode of sea level wind at 3 month lag, with a correlation coefficient of 0.74; while the second EOF mode of the SST and meridional sea lavel wind is also highly correlated with each other with a correlation coefficient of 0.71. In addition, the second SST EOF mode is clearly correlated with the sea surface height anomaly and also the Nio3.4 index and Southern Oscillation index, showing large scale characteristics.
Using 9 years (2000-2008) of the high resolution satellite data, the studiy shows the interannual variability of sea surface temperature in the South China Sea, and its relations with the sea surface wind and sea surface height and the characteristics of two cold anomaly events during the study period are discussed. The first EOF mode of the interannual variability of the SST represented the basin scale in-phase change and the interannual oscillation mainly occurred in the deep basin with the oscillation center in the area west of the Luzon Strait and southeast of the Indochina. The results also show that the interannual variability of the SST in the South China Sea is closely associated with the meridional sea level wind: the first mode of SST is obviously correlated with the first mode of sea level wind at 3 month lag, with a correlation coefficient of 0.74; while the second EOF mode of the SST and meridional sea lavel wind is also highly correlated with each other with a correlation coefficient of 0.71. In addition, the second SST EOF mode is clearly correlated with the sea surface height anomaly and also the Nio3.4 index and Southern Oscillation index, showing large scale characteristics.
2011, 33(3): 19-27.
Abstract:
There exists the asymmetry of current speed and duration between flood and ebb in the Changjiang Estuary. Applied the three-dimension numerical model in the Changjiang Estuary, the mean flood/ebb current speed and duration in the South/North Branch, South/North Channel and South/North Passage under different river discharges, tide and water depth were given out quantitatively by the numerical experiments. The dynamic causes of the asymmetry of flood/ebb current speed and duration are explained in the view of mass conservation by the water flux through the transect during flood and ebb period.
There exists the asymmetry of current speed and duration between flood and ebb in the Changjiang Estuary. Applied the three-dimension numerical model in the Changjiang Estuary, the mean flood/ebb current speed and duration in the South/North Branch, South/North Channel and South/North Passage under different river discharges, tide and water depth were given out quantitatively by the numerical experiments. The dynamic causes of the asymmetry of flood/ebb current speed and duration are explained in the view of mass conservation by the water flux through the transect during flood and ebb period.
2011, 33(3): 28-37.
Abstract:
By using the western north Pacific tropical cyclone(TC)data, OLR data and the NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ reanalysis daily data during 1979-2005, the possible mechanism of the cluster of TCs in the South China Sea (SCS)-western north Pacific monsoon trough (CTC) are discussed, the main results are as follows: (1)During May-October, the intensity and pattern of monsoon trough are closely related to the strength of Somalia’s cross-equatorial flow, the location of western north Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) and the intensity of the Southern Hemisphere Australian winter monsoon. Enhanced intensity of monsoon trough in different regions may lead to CTC. (2) CTC and the low-frequency oscillations of monsoon trough are closely connected.. the CTC often occurs when the monsoon trough is in the active phase both of 10~20 and 30~60 d oscillations . (3) CTC is affected by intensity and pattern of monsoon trough which are related to the location of WNPSH, the intra-seasonal oscillation phases of cross-equatorial flows over the Somalia and western Pacific. It supplies favorable conditions to CTC when WNPSH retreats to eastward or is in the north of mean and the cross-equatorial flows enhance either over Somalia or the western Pacific, as well as enhance in both of them. When WNPSH is west and south to the normal, the cross-equatorial flows enhance over Somalia area or the western Pacific, the monsoon trough is located southward leading to less CTC. (4) Typical cases analysis shows that CTC exhibits inter-annual variation due to the different convection and moisture conditions in the main TC generating areas which are caused by the different intensity and pattern of monsoon trough.
By using the western north Pacific tropical cyclone(TC)data, OLR data and the NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ reanalysis daily data during 1979-2005, the possible mechanism of the cluster of TCs in the South China Sea (SCS)-western north Pacific monsoon trough (CTC) are discussed, the main results are as follows: (1)During May-October, the intensity and pattern of monsoon trough are closely related to the strength of Somalia’s cross-equatorial flow, the location of western north Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) and the intensity of the Southern Hemisphere Australian winter monsoon. Enhanced intensity of monsoon trough in different regions may lead to CTC. (2) CTC and the low-frequency oscillations of monsoon trough are closely connected.. the CTC often occurs when the monsoon trough is in the active phase both of 10~20 and 30~60 d oscillations . (3) CTC is affected by intensity and pattern of monsoon trough which are related to the location of WNPSH, the intra-seasonal oscillation phases of cross-equatorial flows over the Somalia and western Pacific. It supplies favorable conditions to CTC when WNPSH retreats to eastward or is in the north of mean and the cross-equatorial flows enhance either over Somalia or the western Pacific, as well as enhance in both of them. When WNPSH is west and south to the normal, the cross-equatorial flows enhance over Somalia area or the western Pacific, the monsoon trough is located southward leading to less CTC. (4) Typical cases analysis shows that CTC exhibits inter-annual variation due to the different convection and moisture conditions in the main TC generating areas which are caused by the different intensity and pattern of monsoon trough.
2011, 33(3): 38-46.
Abstract:
Boundary element method (BEM) has been widely applied in the field of wave interaction with offshore structures, but it is still difficult to resolve the large-scale problems because of computer storage and computing cost by O(N2) order for traditional BEM. the precorrected fast Fourier transform method (pFFT) combined with higher-order boundary element method is developed to reduce the computing cost and the required memory by O(N) order in frequency-domain analyses. The continuous pressure distribution can be obtained for the structural design. Using a free-surface Green function for infinite depth, the disadvantage of fast multipole boundary element method, i.e., unable to solve infinite deep water wave problems, can be overcome. Numerical examinations show that the pFFT method has more evident advantages in saving memory and computing time, especially for large-scale problems, over the traditional BEM.
Boundary element method (BEM) has been widely applied in the field of wave interaction with offshore structures, but it is still difficult to resolve the large-scale problems because of computer storage and computing cost by O(N2) order for traditional BEM. the precorrected fast Fourier transform method (pFFT) combined with higher-order boundary element method is developed to reduce the computing cost and the required memory by O(N) order in frequency-domain analyses. The continuous pressure distribution can be obtained for the structural design. Using a free-surface Green function for infinite depth, the disadvantage of fast multipole boundary element method, i.e., unable to solve infinite deep water wave problems, can be overcome. Numerical examinations show that the pFFT method has more evident advantages in saving memory and computing time, especially for large-scale problems, over the traditional BEM.
2011, 33(3): 47-54.
Abstract:
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) is the pool of absorbing substance for light in water. In the fields of water colour remote sensing, its optical absorption properties are mainly described with an absorption coefficient and a spectral slope. It will be widely used to retrieve water quality parameters with the spectral characteristicl of absorption by yellow substances. Chemical oxygen demand(COD) is an importment parameter to reflect the degree of organic pollution, which is used to show the quantity of oxidant in measuring water samples. The experimental data in-situ including the absorption coefficient of CDOM, apparent optical properties and COD are obtained in the regions of Panjin, Liaoning Province in May 2008 and August 2009. With the measurement data, first, it has showed by correlative coefficients that the influence of COD in water on the spectral absorption coefficient is mainly represented on absorption spectral features of CDOM. Second, the exponential spectral slope was determinged. Thirdly, the model of retrieval ag(440) based on the HJ-1 satellite is created, which can be as the concentration of CDOM. Then, a remote sensing model was establish based on the exponential spectral slope and the absorption coefficient at 440 nm .Finally, the model for water COD retrieval from HJ-1 satellite was applied in the region of the Liaodong Gulf and the spatial distribution of COD was obtained.
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) is the pool of absorbing substance for light in water. In the fields of water colour remote sensing, its optical absorption properties are mainly described with an absorption coefficient and a spectral slope. It will be widely used to retrieve water quality parameters with the spectral characteristicl of absorption by yellow substances. Chemical oxygen demand(COD) is an importment parameter to reflect the degree of organic pollution, which is used to show the quantity of oxidant in measuring water samples. The experimental data in-situ including the absorption coefficient of CDOM, apparent optical properties and COD are obtained in the regions of Panjin, Liaoning Province in May 2008 and August 2009. With the measurement data, first, it has showed by correlative coefficients that the influence of COD in water on the spectral absorption coefficient is mainly represented on absorption spectral features of CDOM. Second, the exponential spectral slope was determinged. Thirdly, the model of retrieval ag(440) based on the HJ-1 satellite is created, which can be as the concentration of CDOM. Then, a remote sensing model was establish based on the exponential spectral slope and the absorption coefficient at 440 nm .Finally, the model for water COD retrieval from HJ-1 satellite was applied in the region of the Liaodong Gulf and the spatial distribution of COD was obtained.
2011, 33(3): 55-62.
Abstract:
The remote sensing reflectance spectra measured from 17 phytoplankton species belonging to dinophyta and bacillariophyta were studied. The fourth-derivative analysis was performed on the spectra after being smoothed,reversed and normalized. According to clustering analysis, the algae were classified correctly into the two catagories. The derivative spectra of dinophyta and bacillariophyta were separately averaged to obtain their characteristic spectra. And a sensitivity analysis about mineral particles was carried out, and the correct probability could up to 90% when the mineral concentration was less than 50 mg/dm3 .In a word, the derivative method could be a useful tool to differentiate dinophyta and bacillariophyta.
The remote sensing reflectance spectra measured from 17 phytoplankton species belonging to dinophyta and bacillariophyta were studied. The fourth-derivative analysis was performed on the spectra after being smoothed,reversed and normalized. According to clustering analysis, the algae were classified correctly into the two catagories. The derivative spectra of dinophyta and bacillariophyta were separately averaged to obtain their characteristic spectra. And a sensitivity analysis about mineral particles was carried out, and the correct probability could up to 90% when the mineral concentration was less than 50 mg/dm3 .In a word, the derivative method could be a useful tool to differentiate dinophyta and bacillariophyta.
2011, 33(3): 63-73.
Abstract:
The influence of variations of carbon doxide partial pressure(pCO2) in seawater on the dissolution rate and kinetics of calcite and aragonite was studied using free-drift open reaction system which was kept at constant temperature(25.0±0.2)℃ and pCO2 (101.325 kPa). The results show that: If the pCO2 between mixture gas and reaction solution is out of balance, the deserved dissolution reaction order is smller than the actual one.The imbalance of pCO2 is the main reason for different reaction orders at different stage. In pCO2 balance stage, the reaction order of aragonite and calcite is between 8.0 and 9.5. The reaction orders of calcite are 8.1 and 9.0 respectively with pCO2 of 2 600×10-6 and 320×10-6, while for aragonite they are 9.5 and 9.0 respectively with pCO2 of 2 600×10-6 and 320×10-6.When pCO2 reached a balance between the mixture gas and reaction solution, if Ω<0.75, the dissolution rate of aragonite is larger than that of calcite and if Ω>0.8 the dissolution rate of aragonite is smaller than that of calcite with the same temperature, Ω and pCO2.
The influence of variations of carbon doxide partial pressure(pCO2) in seawater on the dissolution rate and kinetics of calcite and aragonite was studied using free-drift open reaction system which was kept at constant temperature(25.0±0.2)℃ and pCO2 (101.325 kPa). The results show that: If the pCO2 between mixture gas and reaction solution is out of balance, the deserved dissolution reaction order is smller than the actual one.The imbalance of pCO2 is the main reason for different reaction orders at different stage. In pCO2 balance stage, the reaction order of aragonite and calcite is between 8.0 and 9.5. The reaction orders of calcite are 8.1 and 9.0 respectively with pCO2 of 2 600×10-6 and 320×10-6, while for aragonite they are 9.5 and 9.0 respectively with pCO2 of 2 600×10-6 and 320×10-6.When pCO2 reached a balance between the mixture gas and reaction solution, if Ω<0.75, the dissolution rate of aragonite is larger than that of calcite and if Ω>0.8 the dissolution rate of aragonite is smaller than that of calcite with the same temperature, Ω and pCO2.
2011, 33(3): 74-84.
Abstract:
Based on the comprehensive survey of the southern Huanghai Sea,the distribution of the continental shelf front and the ecological environment characteristics in cross-frontal sections were analyzed,besides,combined the biological and ecological phenomena in the frontal region,a viewpoint of the frontal region ecosystem was put forward.The results show that the continental shelf front (tidal front) induced by tidal mixing exists in the western boundary area of the southern Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass,and the mostly notable fronts exist in the areas from the northeast sea of the Changjiang Estuary to the coastal sea,as well as Shidao coastal sea and the lateral area of the Haizhou Bay,which corresponds to the surface cold patch also;in the cross-frontal sections,the uplift of temperature,DO,pH and nutrient contours in the frontal region is the result of the upwelling of the bottom cold water,meanwhile,the accumulation of the nutrients and the upwelling of high concentration nutrients water in the frontal region paly an important role in the appearance of high concentration of Chl a;the distribution characteristics of the biochemical and hydrological elements also prove that the upwelling phenomenon indeed exists in the continental shelf frontal region and the boundary area of the southern Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass;as a special environmental field in marine ecosystem,the continental shelf front has significant impacts on the ecological activities in the frontal region,and has close relationship with the intensive distribution of organisms;the unique distribution characteristic of the hydrological and biochemical in the frontal area of the southern Huanghai Sea reflects that a special living environment exists in the frontal area,therefore,a viewpoint of the frontal region ecosystem is put forward.
Based on the comprehensive survey of the southern Huanghai Sea,the distribution of the continental shelf front and the ecological environment characteristics in cross-frontal sections were analyzed,besides,combined the biological and ecological phenomena in the frontal region,a viewpoint of the frontal region ecosystem was put forward.The results show that the continental shelf front (tidal front) induced by tidal mixing exists in the western boundary area of the southern Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass,and the mostly notable fronts exist in the areas from the northeast sea of the Changjiang Estuary to the coastal sea,as well as Shidao coastal sea and the lateral area of the Haizhou Bay,which corresponds to the surface cold patch also;in the cross-frontal sections,the uplift of temperature,DO,pH and nutrient contours in the frontal region is the result of the upwelling of the bottom cold water,meanwhile,the accumulation of the nutrients and the upwelling of high concentration nutrients water in the frontal region paly an important role in the appearance of high concentration of Chl a;the distribution characteristics of the biochemical and hydrological elements also prove that the upwelling phenomenon indeed exists in the continental shelf frontal region and the boundary area of the southern Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass;as a special environmental field in marine ecosystem,the continental shelf front has significant impacts on the ecological activities in the frontal region,and has close relationship with the intensive distribution of organisms;the unique distribution characteristic of the hydrological and biochemical in the frontal area of the southern Huanghai Sea reflects that a special living environment exists in the frontal area,therefore,a viewpoint of the frontal region ecosystem is put forward.
2011, 33(3): 85-93.
Abstract:
Recent 2000 a environmental record of Core MZ02, recovered in the center of mud area on the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea, reflecting a low-energy shallow sea shelf depositional environment dominated by the coastal currents. The temporal variation of most geochemical element percentages corresponds to the climate inferred from historical record, i.e., the relatively low values of MgO/Al2O3, CaO/K2O and high value of MnO/Na2O generally concur with the warm and humid climate, and vice versa. This geochemical response suggests the potential application of these proxies in the interpretation of palaeoclimate variation of eastern China. Recent 2000 a climatic variation history is reconstructed for the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea, and there are at least seven low-temperature events during this period, which occur in ~1 480 a BP (C1), ~1 200 a BP (C2), ~1 020 a BP (C3), ~780 a BP (C4), ~580 a BP (C5), ~330 a BP (C6) and ~120 a BP (C7). All the cooling events are corroborated by other proxies in various areas, which show that regional and even global relationship of climate changes exist.
Recent 2000 a environmental record of Core MZ02, recovered in the center of mud area on the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea, reflecting a low-energy shallow sea shelf depositional environment dominated by the coastal currents. The temporal variation of most geochemical element percentages corresponds to the climate inferred from historical record, i.e., the relatively low values of MgO/Al2O3, CaO/K2O and high value of MnO/Na2O generally concur with the warm and humid climate, and vice versa. This geochemical response suggests the potential application of these proxies in the interpretation of palaeoclimate variation of eastern China. Recent 2000 a climatic variation history is reconstructed for the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea, and there are at least seven low-temperature events during this period, which occur in ~1 480 a BP (C1), ~1 200 a BP (C2), ~1 020 a BP (C3), ~780 a BP (C4), ~580 a BP (C5), ~330 a BP (C6) and ~120 a BP (C7). All the cooling events are corroborated by other proxies in various areas, which show that regional and even global relationship of climate changes exist.
2011, 33(3): 94-102.
Abstract:
The quantification and diversity of denitrifying bacteria in Liaohe Estuary sediments were studied.Denitrifying bacteria quantification was analysed by MPN-Griess in spring, summer and autumn, the quantification of denitrifying bacteria was the highest in spring and the lowest in summer, and gradually fall from the Liaohe Estury to coastal area. Most nitrite reductase genes(nirS) comparability was less than 95% with Genbank sequence in sediments of the Liaohe Estury by PCR-RFLP, a majority of denitrifying bacteria belong to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, thereinto, Proteobacteria was dominant. Using nitrite reductase genes(nirS) of international nine estuary and Liaohe Estuary sediments, phylogenetic tree was constructed, the species of denitrifying bacteria was evidently different by the clustering analysis. The study of denitrifying bacteria diversity will provide an important theory foundation for microorganism participation in denitrification and the nitric biological geochemistry circulation.
The quantification and diversity of denitrifying bacteria in Liaohe Estuary sediments were studied.Denitrifying bacteria quantification was analysed by MPN-Griess in spring, summer and autumn, the quantification of denitrifying bacteria was the highest in spring and the lowest in summer, and gradually fall from the Liaohe Estury to coastal area. Most nitrite reductase genes(nirS) comparability was less than 95% with Genbank sequence in sediments of the Liaohe Estury by PCR-RFLP, a majority of denitrifying bacteria belong to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, thereinto, Proteobacteria was dominant. Using nitrite reductase genes(nirS) of international nine estuary and Liaohe Estuary sediments, phylogenetic tree was constructed, the species of denitrifying bacteria was evidently different by the clustering analysis. The study of denitrifying bacteria diversity will provide an important theory foundation for microorganism participation in denitrification and the nitric biological geochemistry circulation.
2011, 33(3): 103-113.
Abstract:
Core DGKS-9602 is located in the middle Okinawa Through.The total length of the core is 931 cm and 88 samples were collected from the core.the core age appears to cover marine isotope stages (MIS) 1~4, with the oldest age at upproximatedly 73 ka BP. A pollen analysis from the core indicates that there is a strong relationship between pollen zones and oxgyen isotope stages.The curve of ratio between Pinus and Artemisia (P/A) is concordance with sea-level change of the region. Fossil pollen and modern surface pollen were used to calculate the Euclidean distance by non-similarity analogy and to estimate the pollen source areas, which made it possible for further study on the changes of the terrigenous matter source regions under different sea-level conditions.The results show that during MIS 4 the main source of pollen is the north region of the Okinawa Through, which is dominated by coniferous forest. At the MIS 3 stage, the sea-level is relatively high, and the eastern China (the Middle and Lower Changjiang River) and Kyushu may be the main source areas during this period where the mountain conifers mix with some broad-leaved plants dominated the forests.During MIS 2, the sea level declined dramatically, that is 'coincided with P/A ratio by dropping sharply to <1.The pollen analogue study shows that the pollen grains at last glacial maximum (MIS 2) may be mostly derived from the vicinal continental shelf plains in a short transport distance where the vegetation is predominated by grassland and wetland.Regarding to the Holocene, the result indicates a wide and diverse source areas, including the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River in China, as well as the water current of Kuroshio flowing from tropical regions.
Core DGKS-9602 is located in the middle Okinawa Through.The total length of the core is 931 cm and 88 samples were collected from the core.the core age appears to cover marine isotope stages (MIS) 1~4, with the oldest age at upproximatedly 73 ka BP. A pollen analysis from the core indicates that there is a strong relationship between pollen zones and oxgyen isotope stages.The curve of ratio between Pinus and Artemisia (P/A) is concordance with sea-level change of the region. Fossil pollen and modern surface pollen were used to calculate the Euclidean distance by non-similarity analogy and to estimate the pollen source areas, which made it possible for further study on the changes of the terrigenous matter source regions under different sea-level conditions.The results show that during MIS 4 the main source of pollen is the north region of the Okinawa Through, which is dominated by coniferous forest. At the MIS 3 stage, the sea-level is relatively high, and the eastern China (the Middle and Lower Changjiang River) and Kyushu may be the main source areas during this period where the mountain conifers mix with some broad-leaved plants dominated the forests.During MIS 2, the sea level declined dramatically, that is 'coincided with P/A ratio by dropping sharply to <1.The pollen analogue study shows that the pollen grains at last glacial maximum (MIS 2) may be mostly derived from the vicinal continental shelf plains in a short transport distance where the vegetation is predominated by grassland and wetland.Regarding to the Holocene, the result indicates a wide and diverse source areas, including the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River in China, as well as the water current of Kuroshio flowing from tropical regions.
2011, 33(3): 114-123.
Abstract:
Three F1 generation families of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (0719, 0750 and 0751) with fast growth rate and high survival rate were screened out by selective breeding. In order to further purify these families'good traits, three inbreeding strains and seven gynogenetic clones induced by cryopreserved sperms of sea perch (Lateolabrax japoniaus) were constructed.The body lengths and masses of these two lines at 127 d and 190 d were analyzed by ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls and AGR. The results showed that 0751 gynogenetic clone grew fastest in all families (P ＜0.05). The chromosome ploidy analysis of lines from 0751 family revealed that inbreeding line and gynogenetic clone had the diploid characters with the similar DNA content at G0-G1 and G2-M phases, as well the same DNA index at G0-G1 phase. Further, the genetic diversity detection of these strains by 14 pairs of microsatellite markers showed that the allelic number Na was 2.214 3 and 2.000 0, the effective allelic number Ne was 2.082 9 and 1.936 9, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.564 2 and 0.413 8 (P＜0.05), the expected heterozygosity(He) was 0.5154 and 0.490 1, the average genetic heterozygosity(Ave_Het) was 0.5066 and 0.4828, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.403 and 0.366, respectively. Expect for three loci EKOP-E1-In,EKOP17-Li,EKOP-E1-Ey being highly polymorphic in the inbreeding line, others detected moderate polymorphism in both lines. Finally, the genetic deviation index(d) of the two lines was 0.091 5 and -0.157 3, suggesting that heterozygous excess was present in the inbreeding line, and heterozygosity deficiency and homozygous excess was present in the gynogenetic clone. This study shows that gynogenesis is a more effective method to promote gene purification and has great value in Japanese flounder breeding.
Three F1 generation families of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (0719, 0750 and 0751) with fast growth rate and high survival rate were screened out by selective breeding. In order to further purify these families'good traits, three inbreeding strains and seven gynogenetic clones induced by cryopreserved sperms of sea perch (Lateolabrax japoniaus) were constructed.The body lengths and masses of these two lines at 127 d and 190 d were analyzed by ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls and AGR. The results showed that 0751 gynogenetic clone grew fastest in all families (P ＜0.05). The chromosome ploidy analysis of lines from 0751 family revealed that inbreeding line and gynogenetic clone had the diploid characters with the similar DNA content at G0-G1 and G2-M phases, as well the same DNA index at G0-G1 phase. Further, the genetic diversity detection of these strains by 14 pairs of microsatellite markers showed that the allelic number Na was 2.214 3 and 2.000 0, the effective allelic number Ne was 2.082 9 and 1.936 9, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.564 2 and 0.413 8 (P＜0.05), the expected heterozygosity(He) was 0.5154 and 0.490 1, the average genetic heterozygosity(Ave_Het) was 0.5066 and 0.4828, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.403 and 0.366, respectively. Expect for three loci EKOP-E1-In,EKOP17-Li,EKOP-E1-Ey being highly polymorphic in the inbreeding line, others detected moderate polymorphism in both lines. Finally, the genetic deviation index(d) of the two lines was 0.091 5 and -0.157 3, suggesting that heterozygous excess was present in the inbreeding line, and heterozygosity deficiency and homozygous excess was present in the gynogenetic clone. This study shows that gynogenesis is a more effective method to promote gene purification and has great value in Japanese flounder breeding.
2011, 33(3): 124-130.
Abstract:
The polymorphism of the alpha-amylase (AMY) gene was analyzed by PCR-RFLP method in 379 Litopenaeus vannamei, and association analyses were carried out to evaluate the effects of genotypes of the candidate genes on growth traits in Litopenaeus vannamei. The results showed that both the products amplified by primer AMY-5 and AMY-6 displayed polymorphisms, and there were three genotypes (CC, TT and CT) for AMY-5 and three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) for AMY-6 respectively. The results indicated that there was one single nucleotide mutation (C→T) in the exon5 (123 bp) and one single nucleotide mutation (C→T) in the exon6 (81 bp) of the alpha-amylase gene. The two mutations did not cause any amino acid changes and were silence mutations. Least square was applied to analyze the correlation of different genotypes and the growth traits. The CC and CT genotypes showed significant differences in body mass, body length, carapace length, carapace width, first abdominal segment length and the last abdominal segment length compared with the genotype TT(P<0.05). The AA and BB genotypes showed significant differences in body length, first abdominal segment length and the last abdominal segment length compared with the genotype AB (P<0.05). The AA genotype showed significant differences in body mass, carapace length, carapace width compared with the genotype AB (P<0.05). It implied that the AMY gene could have a major effect on the growth traits of Litopenaeus vannamei, and could be used as the gene that significantly affect the growth traits in Litopenaeus vannamei, and these molecular genetic markers may be applied for Litopenaeus vannamei breeding.
The polymorphism of the alpha-amylase (AMY) gene was analyzed by PCR-RFLP method in 379 Litopenaeus vannamei, and association analyses were carried out to evaluate the effects of genotypes of the candidate genes on growth traits in Litopenaeus vannamei. The results showed that both the products amplified by primer AMY-5 and AMY-6 displayed polymorphisms, and there were three genotypes (CC, TT and CT) for AMY-5 and three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) for AMY-6 respectively. The results indicated that there was one single nucleotide mutation (C→T) in the exon5 (123 bp) and one single nucleotide mutation (C→T) in the exon6 (81 bp) of the alpha-amylase gene. The two mutations did not cause any amino acid changes and were silence mutations. Least square was applied to analyze the correlation of different genotypes and the growth traits. The CC and CT genotypes showed significant differences in body mass, body length, carapace length, carapace width, first abdominal segment length and the last abdominal segment length compared with the genotype TT(P<0.05). The AA and BB genotypes showed significant differences in body length, first abdominal segment length and the last abdominal segment length compared with the genotype AB (P<0.05). The AA genotype showed significant differences in body mass, carapace length, carapace width compared with the genotype AB (P<0.05). It implied that the AMY gene could have a major effect on the growth traits of Litopenaeus vannamei, and could be used as the gene that significantly affect the growth traits in Litopenaeus vannamei, and these molecular genetic markers may be applied for Litopenaeus vannamei breeding.
2011, 33(3): 131-139.
Abstract:
The studies on the uptake and growth kinetics of NO-3,NH+4和PO3-4N in the clone of Enteromorpha linza and Bryopsis plumosa were conducted. The results suggested that NO-3 and PO3-4 were taken up in the form of active uptake by the two alga, with NH+4 taken up by passive diffusion. The parameters of Vmax and straight slope for E linza were higher than that for B. plumose, which suggested that E. linza could be more favor to high N than B. plumosa. Moreover, the value of a (Vmax/Ks) for NO-3 and NH+4 in E. linza was obviously higher than that in B. plumosa, which showed that E. linza could have more approachability to low N than B. plumosa. As for the uptaken of PO3-4, E. linza may have higher P uptake capacities at high P and lower approachability to low P than B. plumosa due to the higher Vmax and lower a than B. plumosa. NO-3 is the most favorite N form to meet the growth for both species, while NH+4 is more object to increase the accumulation of chlorophyll than NO-3. In addition, B. plumosa exhibited higher growth rate than E. linza under same N condition.
The studies on the uptake and growth kinetics of NO-3,NH+4和PO3-4N in the clone of Enteromorpha linza and Bryopsis plumosa were conducted. The results suggested that NO-3 and PO3-4 were taken up in the form of active uptake by the two alga, with NH+4 taken up by passive diffusion. The parameters of Vmax and straight slope for E linza were higher than that for B. plumose, which suggested that E. linza could be more favor to high N than B. plumosa. Moreover, the value of a (Vmax/Ks) for NO-3 and NH+4 in E. linza was obviously higher than that in B. plumosa, which showed that E. linza could have more approachability to low N than B. plumosa. As for the uptaken of PO3-4, E. linza may have higher P uptake capacities at high P and lower approachability to low P than B. plumosa due to the higher Vmax and lower a than B. plumosa. NO-3 is the most favorite N form to meet the growth for both species, while NH+4 is more object to increase the accumulation of chlorophyll than NO-3. In addition, B. plumosa exhibited higher growth rate than E. linza under same N condition.
2011, 33(3): 140-147.
Abstract:
The chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of thallus and conchocelis in both species of Porphyra grown under different light intensities were investigated with Water-PAM chlorophyll fluorometer. Results showed that the effective quantum yield of PSII (Yield) of Porphyra decreased after the treatment, and the effective quantum yield of sample decreased obviously with the increasing of light intensity. Results of the initial slop of rapid light curve (α) are similar with the effective quantum yield of sample, which meant both the time after treatment and the increasing of light intensities Would induce the decreasing of actual light energy use efficiency of Porphyra. The minimum saturating irradiance (Ik) calculated from the rapid light curves (RLC) of thallus and conchocelis in Porphyr were less than 150 μmol·m-2·s-1, which indicates Porphyra was one kind of seaweed adapted to low light intensity. High PAR increased the Ik of Porphyra,which supported the idea that Porphyra had light energy regulatory mechanism to adapt to the changes of light intensities. ANOVA results showed that the effective quantum yield of PSII, the initial slope of rapid light curve (α), the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) of conchocelis in both species of Porphyra decreased significantly with the increasing of light intensities(P<0.05), the effective quantum yield of PSII and the initial slope of rapid light curve of thallus also decreased with the increasing of light intensity, but the maximum relative electron transport rate had little change, which meant conchocelis and thallus of Porphyra might have different response mechanisms to the changes of light intensities. The results of induce curve indicated that thallus of both species of Porphyra grown under high light intensity had higher photochemical quenching (qP) and lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) than those grown under low light intensity, which suggested that the light tolerance of thallus of Porphyra could be improved by high light intensity acclimation.
The chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of thallus and conchocelis in both species of Porphyra grown under different light intensities were investigated with Water-PAM chlorophyll fluorometer. Results showed that the effective quantum yield of PSII (Yield) of Porphyra decreased after the treatment, and the effective quantum yield of sample decreased obviously with the increasing of light intensity. Results of the initial slop of rapid light curve (α) are similar with the effective quantum yield of sample, which meant both the time after treatment and the increasing of light intensities Would induce the decreasing of actual light energy use efficiency of Porphyra. The minimum saturating irradiance (Ik) calculated from the rapid light curves (RLC) of thallus and conchocelis in Porphyr were less than 150 μmol·m-2·s-1, which indicates Porphyra was one kind of seaweed adapted to low light intensity. High PAR increased the Ik of Porphyra,which supported the idea that Porphyra had light energy regulatory mechanism to adapt to the changes of light intensities. ANOVA results showed that the effective quantum yield of PSII, the initial slope of rapid light curve (α), the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) of conchocelis in both species of Porphyra decreased significantly with the increasing of light intensities(P<0.05), the effective quantum yield of PSII and the initial slope of rapid light curve of thallus also decreased with the increasing of light intensity, but the maximum relative electron transport rate had little change, which meant conchocelis and thallus of Porphyra might have different response mechanisms to the changes of light intensities. The results of induce curve indicated that thallus of both species of Porphyra grown under high light intensity had higher photochemical quenching (qP) and lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) than those grown under low light intensity, which suggested that the light tolerance of thallus of Porphyra could be improved by high light intensity acclimation.
2011, 33(3): 148-157.
Abstract:
Investigations of standing stock of phytoplankton (chlorophyll a) and primary productivity were carried out in Sections BR, NB and BS in the Bering Sea between 53°16.8'~66°00'N and 170°00'E~167°30'W during the 3nd Chinese arctic research expedition in July 2008. The size-fractionated chlorophyll a concentration and primary productivity were determined at some surveyed stations. The results show that the chlorophyll a concentration and the primary productivity appear obviously to be areal characteristics. The surface chlorophyll a concentration is 0.190~0.976 μg/dm3, and the average value is 0.442 μg/dm3 in the transect of BR. And the surface chlorophyll a concentration is 0.142~22.405 μg/dm3(the average value is 2.077 μg/dm3) in the continental shelf zone. The chlorophyll a concentration in the transect BR is lower than that in the transects NB and BS. The chlorophyll a concentration above the depth 50 m is higher than that below the depth 50 m, The maximum concentrations appear in the depth 30~40 m. The potential primary productivities (C) vary from 0.173 to 0.918 mg/(m3·h) in the surveyed area, with the average rate of 0.50 mg/(m3·h). The primary productivity in the continental shelf zone is much higher than that of the deep water zone. The assimilation index of photosynthesis is 0.29~1.03 mg/(mg·h) in the surveyed area, with the average rate of 0.74 mg/(mg·h). The results of the size-fractionated chlorophyll a and the primary productivity show that the nanoplankton and picoplankton account for 45.08% of the majority of the total chlorophyll a and 69.48% of total primary productivity in the surveyed area. The contributions of the microplankton to the total chlorophyll a and primary productivity are 54.92% and 30.52%, respectively. The nanoplankton and picoplankton play an important role in the ecosystem of the surveyed area.
Investigations of standing stock of phytoplankton (chlorophyll a) and primary productivity were carried out in Sections BR, NB and BS in the Bering Sea between 53°16.8'~66°00'N and 170°00'E~167°30'W during the 3nd Chinese arctic research expedition in July 2008. The size-fractionated chlorophyll a concentration and primary productivity were determined at some surveyed stations. The results show that the chlorophyll a concentration and the primary productivity appear obviously to be areal characteristics. The surface chlorophyll a concentration is 0.190~0.976 μg/dm3, and the average value is 0.442 μg/dm3 in the transect of BR. And the surface chlorophyll a concentration is 0.142~22.405 μg/dm3(the average value is 2.077 μg/dm3) in the continental shelf zone. The chlorophyll a concentration in the transect BR is lower than that in the transects NB and BS. The chlorophyll a concentration above the depth 50 m is higher than that below the depth 50 m, The maximum concentrations appear in the depth 30~40 m. The potential primary productivities (C) vary from 0.173 to 0.918 mg/(m3·h) in the surveyed area, with the average rate of 0.50 mg/(m3·h). The primary productivity in the continental shelf zone is much higher than that of the deep water zone. The assimilation index of photosynthesis is 0.29~1.03 mg/(mg·h) in the surveyed area, with the average rate of 0.74 mg/(mg·h). The results of the size-fractionated chlorophyll a and the primary productivity show that the nanoplankton and picoplankton account for 45.08% of the majority of the total chlorophyll a and 69.48% of total primary productivity in the surveyed area. The contributions of the microplankton to the total chlorophyll a and primary productivity are 54.92% and 30.52%, respectively. The nanoplankton and picoplankton play an important role in the ecosystem of the surveyed area.
2011, 33(3): 158-164.
Abstract:
The gene sequence between the conserved regions was acquired by PCR using the primers designed based on the sequence of that of Thermococcus siculi. HJ21 deposited in the GenBank. The upstream and downstream of the HJ21 α-amylase gene were acquired by sitefinding PCR. The expression plasmid pEt-28a-His6-THJA was structured. The plasmid was transformed into E. coli stain TOP 10F' and expressed. The His6-α-amylase was further purified. Its molecular weight was about 54.5 KDa detected by SDS-PAGE. The His6-α-amylase was further purified. The optimal temperature and pH of His6-α-amylase are 90 ℃ and 5.0 respectively. K＋,Sr2＋,Mg2＋,Na＋ improved the activity of His6-α-amylase while Cu2＋,Pb2＋,Hg2＋,Zn2＋ reduced activity of His6-α-amylase. N-bromosuccinimide and TCA significantly inhibited the activity of His6-α-amylase.
The gene sequence between the conserved regions was acquired by PCR using the primers designed based on the sequence of that of Thermococcus siculi. HJ21 deposited in the GenBank. The upstream and downstream of the HJ21 α-amylase gene were acquired by sitefinding PCR. The expression plasmid pEt-28a-His6-THJA was structured. The plasmid was transformed into E. coli stain TOP 10F' and expressed. The His6-α-amylase was further purified. Its molecular weight was about 54.5 KDa detected by SDS-PAGE. The His6-α-amylase was further purified. The optimal temperature and pH of His6-α-amylase are 90 ℃ and 5.0 respectively. K＋,Sr2＋,Mg2＋,Na＋ improved the activity of His6-α-amylase while Cu2＋,Pb2＋,Hg2＋,Zn2＋ reduced activity of His6-α-amylase. N-bromosuccinimide and TCA significantly inhibited the activity of His6-α-amylase.
2011, 33(3): 165-172.
Abstract:
2011, 33(3): 173-178.
Abstract:
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