2011 Vol. 33, No. 1
Display Method:
2011, 33(1): 1-6.
Abstract:
Fatty acid biomarker is very suitable to tracking the food sources due to its relatively conservative property during the translation through the food chain. The fatty acid biomarker, belonging to trophic biomarkers, is a powerful method which can be applied in marine trophic relation studies. The most popular fatty acid biomarkers used in marine trophic relation researches were summarized. The screening and checking processes of the fatty acid biomarkers mainly include the fatty acid composition analysis of potential food sources, the indoor feeding experiment and the in situ food chain study for biomarker checking. The fatty acid biomarker was applied mainly in two aspects: the comparison of food sources of typical species in different habitats and the food sources analysis of different species in a complex marine ecosystem. The future application of the fatty acid biomarker will be mainly focused on the analysis of certain tissue or lipid class and combination with other methods, such as stable isotope labeling, so as to improve the reliability and accuracy level of the method.
Fatty acid biomarker is very suitable to tracking the food sources due to its relatively conservative property during the translation through the food chain. The fatty acid biomarker, belonging to trophic biomarkers, is a powerful method which can be applied in marine trophic relation studies. The most popular fatty acid biomarkers used in marine trophic relation researches were summarized. The screening and checking processes of the fatty acid biomarkers mainly include the fatty acid composition analysis of potential food sources, the indoor feeding experiment and the in situ food chain study for biomarker checking. The fatty acid biomarker was applied mainly in two aspects: the comparison of food sources of typical species in different habitats and the food sources analysis of different species in a complex marine ecosystem. The future application of the fatty acid biomarker will be mainly focused on the analysis of certain tissue or lipid class and combination with other methods, such as stable isotope labeling, so as to improve the reliability and accuracy level of the method.
2011, 33(1): 7-11.
Abstract:
The vegetation has important impact on the propagation of water waves.The model for coastal water wave propagation in vegetation field was built based on the parabolic mild slope equation, in which the refraction, diffraction and wave energy dissipation due to wave breaking and vegetation effect were considered.The model was validated, and the vegetation impacts on water wave propagation were also analyzed by the model.It was shown by numerical results that the vegetation has important impacts on coastal water wave propagation, and the wave height attenuated with the increase of plant density, as well as plant height, and the water wave energy dissipation due to vegetation was also related to wave period.
The vegetation has important impact on the propagation of water waves.The model for coastal water wave propagation in vegetation field was built based on the parabolic mild slope equation, in which the refraction, diffraction and wave energy dissipation due to wave breaking and vegetation effect were considered.The model was validated, and the vegetation impacts on water wave propagation were also analyzed by the model.It was shown by numerical results that the vegetation has important impacts on coastal water wave propagation, and the wave height attenuated with the increase of plant density, as well as plant height, and the water wave energy dissipation due to vegetation was also related to wave period.
2011, 33(1): 12-16.
Abstract:
Based on the maximum entropy principle, a probability density function (PDF) for the periods of random waves is derived through solving a variational problem subject to some quite general constraints. The main points of the method are as follows: (1) the parameters in the function are expressed m-th distribution moments (m is positive number).This PDF maximizes the information entropy of T , so it is well competent for describing the distribution of T of nonlinear sea waves with large uncertainty; (2) this PDF have four parameters , so it is well competent for the maximum entropy principle; (3) its parameters can be simply determined from available data. Comparisons between the PDF and the observed distributions of periods data made from wave records measured in a wind-wave tunnel show well satisfying agreements and is more favorable than the Longuet-Higgins PDF.
Based on the maximum entropy principle, a probability density function (PDF) for the periods of random waves is derived through solving a variational problem subject to some quite general constraints. The main points of the method are as follows: (1) the parameters in the function are expressed m-th distribution moments (m is positive number).This PDF maximizes the information entropy of T , so it is well competent for describing the distribution of T of nonlinear sea waves with large uncertainty; (2) this PDF have four parameters , so it is well competent for the maximum entropy principle; (3) its parameters can be simply determined from available data. Comparisons between the PDF and the observed distributions of periods data made from wave records measured in a wind-wave tunnel show well satisfying agreements and is more favorable than the Longuet-Higgins PDF.
2011, 33(1): 27-35.
Abstract:
Based on the potential theory and the particle velocity decreasing exponentially with the increasing of the water depth for the deep-water waves, a fully nonlinear numerical variable deep wave flume model was developed. Waves generated by a piston wave maker were real-time simulated. The model is developed using a time domain higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM). A mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian technology and a 4th-order Runge-Kutta scheme are utilized to track the free surface. Image Green function is used in the whole fluid domain so that the integration on lateral surfaces are excluded. An artificial damping layer is distributed at the end of the flume to eliminate wave reflection. The GMRES accelerated algorithm is utilized to improve calculation efficiency. Numerical experiments are carried out to model the deep water waves. Steady wave profiles are obtained and good agreements between numerical solutions and analytical solutions are obtained for the small motion amplitude of the wave maker.Wave nonlinear features are shown for the large motion amplitude.the numerical experiments are also carried out to study the influence of the water depth at the upper step on the generated wave height.According to the proposed numerical simulation, the suitable water depth at the up step and the motion amplitude of the wave maker can be derived to get the required wave in deep water.
Based on the potential theory and the particle velocity decreasing exponentially with the increasing of the water depth for the deep-water waves, a fully nonlinear numerical variable deep wave flume model was developed. Waves generated by a piston wave maker were real-time simulated. The model is developed using a time domain higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM). A mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian technology and a 4th-order Runge-Kutta scheme are utilized to track the free surface. Image Green function is used in the whole fluid domain so that the integration on lateral surfaces are excluded. An artificial damping layer is distributed at the end of the flume to eliminate wave reflection. The GMRES accelerated algorithm is utilized to improve calculation efficiency. Numerical experiments are carried out to model the deep water waves. Steady wave profiles are obtained and good agreements between numerical solutions and analytical solutions are obtained for the small motion amplitude of the wave maker.Wave nonlinear features are shown for the large motion amplitude.the numerical experiments are also carried out to study the influence of the water depth at the upper step on the generated wave height.According to the proposed numerical simulation, the suitable water depth at the up step and the motion amplitude of the wave maker can be derived to get the required wave in deep water.
2011, 33(1): 36-44.
Abstract:
On the basis of the SAR data, on the backscattering coefficient computation’s foundation, the marine oil spill monitoring and surveying parametric analysis have been carried out from wave band, polarization mode, incidence angle.The result shows that based on the SAR marine oil spill monitor, from the wave band analysis, X wave band and C wave band are more suitable to monitoring marine oil spill comparing with L wave band; from the polarization mode analysis, VV polarization is more suitable to monitoring marine oil spill comparing with HH and HV polarization; from the incidence angle analysis, when the critical value of oil spill and seawater is conparted, after testing many times, doubtful oil spill located at the far incidence angle separates not easily with the seawater;doubtful oil spill of the relatively near incidence angle separates easily with the seawater.The ALOS PALSAR inages incidence angle is approximately 23°~43°, the COSMO-SlyMed incidence angle is 32°~35°, the incidence angle which separates the seawater from the oil spill is approximately easy 23°~35°.
On the basis of the SAR data, on the backscattering coefficient computation’s foundation, the marine oil spill monitoring and surveying parametric analysis have been carried out from wave band, polarization mode, incidence angle.The result shows that based on the SAR marine oil spill monitor, from the wave band analysis, X wave band and C wave band are more suitable to monitoring marine oil spill comparing with L wave band; from the polarization mode analysis, VV polarization is more suitable to monitoring marine oil spill comparing with HH and HV polarization; from the incidence angle analysis, when the critical value of oil spill and seawater is conparted, after testing many times, doubtful oil spill located at the far incidence angle separates not easily with the seawater;doubtful oil spill of the relatively near incidence angle separates easily with the seawater.The ALOS PALSAR inages incidence angle is approximately 23°~43°, the COSMO-SlyMed incidence angle is 32°~35°, the incidence angle which separates the seawater from the oil spill is approximately easy 23°~35°.
2011, 33(1): 45-51.
Abstract:
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) shows an approximate conservative behavior during estuary mixing, and can be used as the tracer of water mass movement.On the basis of the waters measured data in the Dayang Estuary on 6 May 2009, the optical properties and remote sensing retrieval model of CDOM were analyzed.The results show that CDOM mainly comes from terrigenous input in the study area, and its composition is relatively stable, so the study area belongs coastal Case II water region; a spectral slope Sg(275~295) and an absorption coefficient ag(400) all have indicative effect on the relative size of the CDOM molecular mass; CDOM exhibits a conservative mixing behavior, with the injection of freshwater in rivers, diffusion, water salinity increases, the high concentration CDOM from the river is diluted, so CDOM concentration decreases, meanwhile the high percentage of macromolecular humic acid contained the river water reduces, correspondingly, the high percentage of small molecular fulvic acid contained the ocean increases, so the Sg and M values increase; the performance of the model based on Rrs(531)/Rrs(551) sensitive band is the best, the coefficient of determination up to 0.84, so this model can be used as remote sensing retrieval model of CDOM in the Dayang Estuary.
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) shows an approximate conservative behavior during estuary mixing, and can be used as the tracer of water mass movement.On the basis of the waters measured data in the Dayang Estuary on 6 May 2009, the optical properties and remote sensing retrieval model of CDOM were analyzed.The results show that CDOM mainly comes from terrigenous input in the study area, and its composition is relatively stable, so the study area belongs coastal Case II water region; a spectral slope Sg(275~295) and an absorption coefficient ag(400) all have indicative effect on the relative size of the CDOM molecular mass; CDOM exhibits a conservative mixing behavior, with the injection of freshwater in rivers, diffusion, water salinity increases, the high concentration CDOM from the river is diluted, so CDOM concentration decreases, meanwhile the high percentage of macromolecular humic acid contained the river water reduces, correspondingly, the high percentage of small molecular fulvic acid contained the ocean increases, so the Sg and M values increase; the performance of the model based on Rrs(531)/Rrs(551) sensitive band is the best, the coefficient of determination up to 0.84, so this model can be used as remote sensing retrieval model of CDOM in the Dayang Estuary.
2011, 33(1): 52-65.
Abstract:
In optical buoy experiments in the Zhujiang River mouth regions, the time series of biooptical data of the red tide were obtained.Using these data, retrieving inherent optical parameters of the red tide were carried out with a semianalytical algorithm, and the model was tested, validated and modified with in situ data. (1) In the retrieval of inherent optical properties at major satellite ocean color bands (412, 443, 490, 510, 560, 620 and 665 nm)with rrs and QAA(quasianalytical algorithm), the errors for total absorption coefficient at and particle backscattering coefficient bbp at 490~665 nm are less than 25%. The errors for at and bbp at 443 nm are about 8%~32%, and about 31%~57% at 412 nm.The error ranges for phytoplankton pigment absorption aph, detritus and colored dissolved organic matter absorption adg are 32%~157% and 59%~80%, respectively. Comparing retrieval result by different reference wavelengths (555 and 640 nm) of QAA, it is found that with the exception of 490 and 510 nm, QAA-640 is better than QAA-555 at other bands, especially at 412 and 443 nm. (2) QAA is modified by in situ data. Modified QAA-555 model derives better at and bbp. The errors decrease by 1%~11%. Modified QAA-640 returns better at and bbp at 412, 620 and 665 nm. For aph and adg, the accuracy of retrieval results has no significant improvement. With the exception of 412 and 443 nm, the modified QAA-555 is better than the modified QAA-640. (3)Using QAA to retrieve aph and adg from in situ measured at, the errors are less than 24%; when adding 20% errors to the in situ at, the retrieval error for adg has no significant changes(＜33%), but the errors of aph fluctuate in the range of 58%~241% at 560~665 nm.
In optical buoy experiments in the Zhujiang River mouth regions, the time series of biooptical data of the red tide were obtained.Using these data, retrieving inherent optical parameters of the red tide were carried out with a semianalytical algorithm, and the model was tested, validated and modified with in situ data. (1) In the retrieval of inherent optical properties at major satellite ocean color bands (412, 443, 490, 510, 560, 620 and 665 nm)with rrs and QAA(quasianalytical algorithm), the errors for total absorption coefficient at and particle backscattering coefficient bbp at 490~665 nm are less than 25%. The errors for at and bbp at 443 nm are about 8%~32%, and about 31%~57% at 412 nm.The error ranges for phytoplankton pigment absorption aph, detritus and colored dissolved organic matter absorption adg are 32%~157% and 59%~80%, respectively. Comparing retrieval result by different reference wavelengths (555 and 640 nm) of QAA, it is found that with the exception of 490 and 510 nm, QAA-640 is better than QAA-555 at other bands, especially at 412 and 443 nm. (2) QAA is modified by in situ data. Modified QAA-555 model derives better at and bbp. The errors decrease by 1%~11%. Modified QAA-640 returns better at and bbp at 412, 620 and 665 nm. For aph and adg, the accuracy of retrieval results has no significant improvement. With the exception of 412 and 443 nm, the modified QAA-555 is better than the modified QAA-640. (3)Using QAA to retrieve aph and adg from in situ measured at, the errors are less than 24%; when adding 20% errors to the in situ at, the retrieval error for adg has no significant changes(＜33%), but the errors of aph fluctuate in the range of 58%~241% at 560~665 nm.
2011, 33(1): 66-73.
Abstract:
In the summer of 2007, one cruise survey on terrigenous chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was carried out in the Zhoushan sea area of the East China Sea.Fluorescence intensities at the excitation wavelength 370 nm /the emission wavelength 460 nm and absorption coefficients at the wavelength 355 nm were determined, which represented terrigenous CDOM concentrations. Fluorescence indices were also measured as the indicator of CDOM sources. The results show that CDOM concentrations roughly tend to decrease in the direction from the land to the sea, but there is some phenomenon of vertical jump. High concentrations of CDOM in the surface water were observed at some sites of the northeast of the Zhoushan sea area from time to time, but they showed a great variability, which suggesting that the waters might be subject to the impact of estuarine plume of the Changjiang River. It is found at a continuous observation station that the concentrations of CDOM at the low tide are often higher than those at the high tide. During the mixing process between river water and seawater, the CDOM concentrations and light absorption coefficients at 355 nm have a significant negative linear relationship with the salinity. That is to say, CDOM takes on the conservative behavior in general. However, CDOM concentrations are significantly lower than the theoretical dilution values in the low salinity zone, indicating a non-conservative removal behavior of CDOM in the suspended sediment front.The fluorescence indices are almost fixed at 1.50 in most of water samples with the salinity between 24 and 31, indicating that CDOM can be dominated with terrigenous sources. However, the fluorescence indices vary from 1.70 to 1.90 and above in low salinity (<24) zone, indicating that CDOM can be dominated with marine sources; it is related to the significant removal of terrigenous fractions of CDOM in this zone with low salinity and high turbidity.These results prove that terrigenous organic matter can be used as a good tracer and indicate the variability of water quality in the coastal plume.
In the summer of 2007, one cruise survey on terrigenous chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was carried out in the Zhoushan sea area of the East China Sea.Fluorescence intensities at the excitation wavelength 370 nm /the emission wavelength 460 nm and absorption coefficients at the wavelength 355 nm were determined, which represented terrigenous CDOM concentrations. Fluorescence indices were also measured as the indicator of CDOM sources. The results show that CDOM concentrations roughly tend to decrease in the direction from the land to the sea, but there is some phenomenon of vertical jump. High concentrations of CDOM in the surface water were observed at some sites of the northeast of the Zhoushan sea area from time to time, but they showed a great variability, which suggesting that the waters might be subject to the impact of estuarine plume of the Changjiang River. It is found at a continuous observation station that the concentrations of CDOM at the low tide are often higher than those at the high tide. During the mixing process between river water and seawater, the CDOM concentrations and light absorption coefficients at 355 nm have a significant negative linear relationship with the salinity. That is to say, CDOM takes on the conservative behavior in general. However, CDOM concentrations are significantly lower than the theoretical dilution values in the low salinity zone, indicating a non-conservative removal behavior of CDOM in the suspended sediment front.The fluorescence indices are almost fixed at 1.50 in most of water samples with the salinity between 24 and 31, indicating that CDOM can be dominated with terrigenous sources. However, the fluorescence indices vary from 1.70 to 1.90 and above in low salinity (<24) zone, indicating that CDOM can be dominated with marine sources; it is related to the significant removal of terrigenous fractions of CDOM in this zone with low salinity and high turbidity.These results prove that terrigenous organic matter can be used as a good tracer and indicate the variability of water quality in the coastal plume.
2011, 33(1): 74-82.
Abstract:
Based on the data collected from the southern Huanghai Sea investigation during October and November,2007,an analysis of the distribution of nutrients and hydrological characteristics were focused on,moreover,the relationship between the transportation pattern of nutrients and circulation condition was also studied.The result shows that the material input caused by the Changjiang diluted water,the North Jiangsu (Subei) coastal water and North Shangdong (Lubei) coastal water leads to forming three areas with high nutrients concentration in the western coast of the southern Huanghai Sea;Because of the barrier effect of thermocline and the decomposition of organic matter,a large area with high nutrients concentration also exists in the bottom water of the central survey region,its scope is similar with the high silinity-cold water mass,the low-oxygen area as well as the low-pH area at the offshore bottom;the distribution of nutrients in the bottom water confirms that the Western Coastal Current of the southern Huanghai Sea in autumn is a strong flowing to south along the frontal area of the cold water mass,which can play an important role in the transportation of the nutrients to the southeastern sea area,in addition,this transportation trend further indicates the mixture and exchange process of the Huanghai Sea water with the East China Sea water.Simultaneously,through the analysis of three typical types on section distribution of nutrients,the influence of the Changjiang diluted water,the Western Coastal Current of the southern Huanghai Sea,the residual water of the cold water mass and the Huanghai Warm Current on the vertical distribution and transportation process of nutrients was clarified to a certain extent,as well,the rule that the vertical mixture reduced gradually from the south to the north was also revealed.
Based on the data collected from the southern Huanghai Sea investigation during October and November,2007,an analysis of the distribution of nutrients and hydrological characteristics were focused on,moreover,the relationship between the transportation pattern of nutrients and circulation condition was also studied.The result shows that the material input caused by the Changjiang diluted water,the North Jiangsu (Subei) coastal water and North Shangdong (Lubei) coastal water leads to forming three areas with high nutrients concentration in the western coast of the southern Huanghai Sea;Because of the barrier effect of thermocline and the decomposition of organic matter,a large area with high nutrients concentration also exists in the bottom water of the central survey region,its scope is similar with the high silinity-cold water mass,the low-oxygen area as well as the low-pH area at the offshore bottom;the distribution of nutrients in the bottom water confirms that the Western Coastal Current of the southern Huanghai Sea in autumn is a strong flowing to south along the frontal area of the cold water mass,which can play an important role in the transportation of the nutrients to the southeastern sea area,in addition,this transportation trend further indicates the mixture and exchange process of the Huanghai Sea water with the East China Sea water.Simultaneously,through the analysis of three typical types on section distribution of nutrients,the influence of the Changjiang diluted water,the Western Coastal Current of the southern Huanghai Sea,the residual water of the cold water mass and the Huanghai Warm Current on the vertical distribution and transportation process of nutrients was clarified to a certain extent,as well,the rule that the vertical mixture reduced gradually from the south to the north was also revealed.
2011, 33(1): 83-90.
Abstract:
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was collected to measure the particulate biogenic (PBSi) and lithogenic (LSi) silica content during May 2003 in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea.Mesocosm experiments were carried out to discuss the distribution and variation of PBSi and relationships between the PBSi content and other environmental factors. Contents of PBSi and LSi vary from 0.22 to 4.25μmol/dm3 and 1.75 to 184 μmol/dm3, respectively. The content of LSi is much higher than that in the other regions of the world, however, the content of PBSi is at in middle level. Both the contents of PBSi and LSi show higher values in the coastal areas than offshore areas, due to terrigenous input from the Changjiang River. In addition, both the values of PBSi and LSi contents in bottom waters are higher than those in surface waters because of the resuspended SPM. PBSi content is closely related to silicate and SPM. Throughout the sampling period, dinoflagellates was bloom and only a small amount of PBSi was bound to identifiable diatom cells, so the distribution of Chl a was different from that of PBSi. During the mesocosm experiments, the different concents of nutrients were added. The biomass of diatom increases with PO3-4 addition, followed by the higher content of PBSi. LSi content in the mesocosm experiments was mainly determined by SPM, while nutrients had no distrinct influence on the LSi content.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was collected to measure the particulate biogenic (PBSi) and lithogenic (LSi) silica content during May 2003 in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea.Mesocosm experiments were carried out to discuss the distribution and variation of PBSi and relationships between the PBSi content and other environmental factors. Contents of PBSi and LSi vary from 0.22 to 4.25μmol/dm3 and 1.75 to 184 μmol/dm3, respectively. The content of LSi is much higher than that in the other regions of the world, however, the content of PBSi is at in middle level. Both the contents of PBSi and LSi show higher values in the coastal areas than offshore areas, due to terrigenous input from the Changjiang River. In addition, both the values of PBSi and LSi contents in bottom waters are higher than those in surface waters because of the resuspended SPM. PBSi content is closely related to silicate and SPM. Throughout the sampling period, dinoflagellates was bloom and only a small amount of PBSi was bound to identifiable diatom cells, so the distribution of Chl a was different from that of PBSi. During the mesocosm experiments, the different concents of nutrients were added. The biomass of diatom increases with PO3-4 addition, followed by the higher content of PBSi. LSi content in the mesocosm experiments was mainly determined by SPM, while nutrients had no distrinct influence on the LSi content.
2011, 33(1): 91-97.
Abstract:
The paleoenvironmental significance of magnetic susceptibility (MS) and its influencing factors in the sediments on the inner shelf of the East China Sea have been discussed since the last deglaciation.On the basis of analysis on the MS, lithology, grain-size, major elements, minerals and AMS14C dating of Core EC2005 which is located in the mud depocenter near the Zhejiang-Fujian coast, main conclusions are summarized as follows. The variations of the MS are affected by many factors and the main influencing factors at different layers change significantly. The MS in core depth 60.20~28.06 m is controlled primarily by lithology, the variations in core depth 28.06~8.40 m are due to the impact of early diagenetic effects on magnetic minerals, and the MS above 8.40 m is likely to be affected by human activities. The decrease of the MS at the bottom of 60.20~41.00 m corresponds to the climate warming and wetting trend, lake expansion that occurred during this period. This view is inconsistent with the previous studies that the high MS value corresponds to the warm and humid climate conditions. It is indicated climatic significance differs in different study areas. Therefore, caution must be exercised when the MS is adopted as climate proxies. Its significance should be discussed in detail.
The paleoenvironmental significance of magnetic susceptibility (MS) and its influencing factors in the sediments on the inner shelf of the East China Sea have been discussed since the last deglaciation.On the basis of analysis on the MS, lithology, grain-size, major elements, minerals and AMS14C dating of Core EC2005 which is located in the mud depocenter near the Zhejiang-Fujian coast, main conclusions are summarized as follows. The variations of the MS are affected by many factors and the main influencing factors at different layers change significantly. The MS in core depth 60.20~28.06 m is controlled primarily by lithology, the variations in core depth 28.06~8.40 m are due to the impact of early diagenetic effects on magnetic minerals, and the MS above 8.40 m is likely to be affected by human activities. The decrease of the MS at the bottom of 60.20~41.00 m corresponds to the climate warming and wetting trend, lake expansion that occurred during this period. This view is inconsistent with the previous studies that the high MS value corresponds to the warm and humid climate conditions. It is indicated climatic significance differs in different study areas. Therefore, caution must be exercised when the MS is adopted as climate proxies. Its significance should be discussed in detail.
2011, 33(1): 98-103.
Abstract:
Mantle plume generates magma at the junction of the core-mantle,which is equivalent to a "magma ocean", magma flow passiges between the lower mantle and the upper mantle,and between the upper mantle and the asthenosphere flow are equivalent to "magma rivers", magma from the asthenosphere through the lithosphere spray out of the ground through passiges which are equivalent to some "magma streams".Among them, there are many "magma tributary streams", some "magma tributary streames"link "magma rivers"with"magma rivers" or "magma rivers"with"magma tributary streams",each other.The phenomenon of segmentation of ocean ridges is due to the existence of horizontal "magma tributary streams" in the mantle plume, which laterally flow, shear stress of the opposite direction generates at the bottom of rock bodies, the dislocation of displacement creats between ocean crusts.The "magma tributary streams"of the first rank of segmentation of the ocean ridges are much larger than second, third and forth rank in depth, scale and shear traction at the bottom of rock stratums.The dynamics of segmentation of the ocean ridges differs from the previous studies which are considered that the segmantation of the ocean ridges is mainly controlled by the periodic pulse upwelling of magma in the mantle.
Mantle plume generates magma at the junction of the core-mantle,which is equivalent to a "magma ocean", magma flow passiges between the lower mantle and the upper mantle,and between the upper mantle and the asthenosphere flow are equivalent to "magma rivers", magma from the asthenosphere through the lithosphere spray out of the ground through passiges which are equivalent to some "magma streams".Among them, there are many "magma tributary streams", some "magma tributary streames"link "magma rivers"with"magma rivers" or "magma rivers"with"magma tributary streams",each other.The phenomenon of segmentation of ocean ridges is due to the existence of horizontal "magma tributary streams" in the mantle plume, which laterally flow, shear stress of the opposite direction generates at the bottom of rock bodies, the dislocation of displacement creats between ocean crusts.The "magma tributary streams"of the first rank of segmentation of the ocean ridges are much larger than second, third and forth rank in depth, scale and shear traction at the bottom of rock stratums.The dynamics of segmentation of the ocean ridges differs from the previous studies which are considered that the segmantation of the ocean ridges is mainly controlled by the periodic pulse upwelling of magma in the mantle.
2011, 33(1): 104-110.
Abstract:
Silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is one of the most commercially important marine fish species in China, and its resource has declined sharply in recent years. So far, the population diversity research is rare, and the stock structure of silver pomfret is not clear which are very crucial for rational conservation and exploitation of this important species. So, five geographic samples, totally 224 individuals, were collected near coastal areas of the Bohai Sea, Huanghai Sea and East China Sea. The morphological variation among five samples was studied by using the method of multivariate morphometics. The result of cluster analysis showed that five samples were divided into 4 groups. The normalized Euclidean distance between Lianyungang (LYG) and Zhoushan (ZS) and Huanghua (HH) samples was shorter than others, which indicates that these three samples have close relationship. However, the normalized Euclidean distance between Xiapu (XP) and Lianyungang (LYG) samples was the largest. The results of stepwise discriminate analysis and canonical variate analysis showed that five samples could be separated accurately, which indicates that there were morphological differentiation among five samples. Different life history and habitat environmental factors may contribute to the morphological variation. Based on the results from cluster analysis, stepwise discriminate analysis and canonical variate analysis, there were probably three different morphological populations in the Bohai Sea, Huanghai Sea and East China Sea, that is Huanghai Sea-Bohai Sea, northern East China Sea, and southern East China Sea populations.
Silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is one of the most commercially important marine fish species in China, and its resource has declined sharply in recent years. So far, the population diversity research is rare, and the stock structure of silver pomfret is not clear which are very crucial for rational conservation and exploitation of this important species. So, five geographic samples, totally 224 individuals, were collected near coastal areas of the Bohai Sea, Huanghai Sea and East China Sea. The morphological variation among five samples was studied by using the method of multivariate morphometics. The result of cluster analysis showed that five samples were divided into 4 groups. The normalized Euclidean distance between Lianyungang (LYG) and Zhoushan (ZS) and Huanghua (HH) samples was shorter than others, which indicates that these three samples have close relationship. However, the normalized Euclidean distance between Xiapu (XP) and Lianyungang (LYG) samples was the largest. The results of stepwise discriminate analysis and canonical variate analysis showed that five samples could be separated accurately, which indicates that there were morphological differentiation among five samples. Different life history and habitat environmental factors may contribute to the morphological variation. Based on the results from cluster analysis, stepwise discriminate analysis and canonical variate analysis, there were probably three different morphological populations in the Bohai Sea, Huanghai Sea and East China Sea, that is Huanghai Sea-Bohai Sea, northern East China Sea, and southern East China Sea populations.
2011, 33(1): 111-120.
Abstract:
As a major member of heat shock protein families, HSP60 can not only be served as a molecular chaperone to promote protein disaggregation and proper refolding, but also be regarded as a threatened signal under stress to elicit a potent proinflammatory response in cells of the innate immune system. Based on the EST sequences from cDNA library, the full length cDNA of HSP60 from E.akaara was successfully obtained by RACE technique. The full-length of HSP60 is 2351bp, including 75bp of 5'UTR, 539bp of 3'UTR, and a 1737bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 578 amino acids. The alignment result shows that the nuclear acid sequence and amino acids sequence of HSP60 from E. akaara share high identity with other vertebrate homologs. The phylogenetic tree based on the HSP60 amino acid sequences is congruent with their evolutionary relationships, which indicates that HSP60 may be an appropriate marker for the phylogenetic research among interspecies. The E. akaara HSP60 gene contains 9 introns and 10 exons, the same as other teleosteans. The conserved sequence, gene structure and 3D protein structure show that HSP60 may play an important role in life activities. Real-time PCR was also conducted to detect the express characterization of the E. akaara HSP60 gene. The result shows that HSP60 can be detected in various tissues, and after Vibrio harveyi-challenging, the expression of HSP60 in the liver increases dramatically, most of other tissues are also detected increasing to a great extent, which supports that HSP60 maybe play a role in fish innate immune response.
As a major member of heat shock protein families, HSP60 can not only be served as a molecular chaperone to promote protein disaggregation and proper refolding, but also be regarded as a threatened signal under stress to elicit a potent proinflammatory response in cells of the innate immune system. Based on the EST sequences from cDNA library, the full length cDNA of HSP60 from E.akaara was successfully obtained by RACE technique. The full-length of HSP60 is 2351bp, including 75bp of 5'UTR, 539bp of 3'UTR, and a 1737bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 578 amino acids. The alignment result shows that the nuclear acid sequence and amino acids sequence of HSP60 from E. akaara share high identity with other vertebrate homologs. The phylogenetic tree based on the HSP60 amino acid sequences is congruent with their evolutionary relationships, which indicates that HSP60 may be an appropriate marker for the phylogenetic research among interspecies. The E. akaara HSP60 gene contains 9 introns and 10 exons, the same as other teleosteans. The conserved sequence, gene structure and 3D protein structure show that HSP60 may play an important role in life activities. Real-time PCR was also conducted to detect the express characterization of the E. akaara HSP60 gene. The result shows that HSP60 can be detected in various tissues, and after Vibrio harveyi-challenging, the expression of HSP60 in the liver increases dramatically, most of other tissues are also detected increasing to a great extent, which supports that HSP60 maybe play a role in fish innate immune response.
2011, 33(1): 121-126.
Abstract:
Fourteen microsatellite DNA universal markers derived from Belgian wild shrimps expressed sequences tags (ESTs) were selected and evaluated. Stable banding pattern was shown by 7 EST-SSRs, and five of(CNM-MG 345, CNM-MG 390, CNM-MG 437, CNM-MG 444, CNM-MG 487) them were identified as the polymorphism EST-SSR, and subsequently used for genotyping of 240 cultured adult white shrimps sampled from Hainan Province. The characterization results, which revealed 2.400 0±0.547 7 alleles per locus, observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.279 2 to 0.820 8 and from 0.377 9 to 0.601 1 respectively, showed the moderate polymorphisms at these loci. In addition, genetic difference between the Belgian wild population and Hainan cultured population was firstly found, which might caused by geographic isolation and selective breeding over the years. This study set The foundation for population genetics studies, function gene analysis and selective breeding was set in Hainan cultured Litopenaeus vannamei.
Fourteen microsatellite DNA universal markers derived from Belgian wild shrimps expressed sequences tags (ESTs) were selected and evaluated. Stable banding pattern was shown by 7 EST-SSRs, and five of(CNM-MG 345, CNM-MG 390, CNM-MG 437, CNM-MG 444, CNM-MG 487) them were identified as the polymorphism EST-SSR, and subsequently used for genotyping of 240 cultured adult white shrimps sampled from Hainan Province. The characterization results, which revealed 2.400 0±0.547 7 alleles per locus, observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.279 2 to 0.820 8 and from 0.377 9 to 0.601 1 respectively, showed the moderate polymorphisms at these loci. In addition, genetic difference between the Belgian wild population and Hainan cultured population was firstly found, which might caused by geographic isolation and selective breeding over the years. This study set The foundation for population genetics studies, function gene analysis and selective breeding was set in Hainan cultured Litopenaeus vannamei.
2011, 33(1): 127-137.
Abstract:
Abundance, biomass and size structure of planktonic oligotrich ciliate were investigated in the shelf areas of East China Sea (25°~33°N, 120°~127°30'E) at six transects (E1-E6) during two cruises in autumn (11.19-12.23) 2006 and winter (2.22-3.11) 2007. Ciliate abundance and biomass ranged from 0 to 1795 ind./L and from 0 to 2.36 μg C/L, respectively, in autumn. Ciliate abundance and biomass were in the range of 0 to 22 695 ind./L and 0 to 10.87 μg C/L, respectively, in winter. In autumn, ciliate abundance and biomass in outer and middle shelf was greater than inner shelf water. However, in winter the middle shelf had more ciliates than outer and inner shelf. High water column integrated ciliate abundance distributed in the northern transect E2 and southern transect E5 near the outer shelf in autumn and in center area of northern transects in winter. Vertically, ciliates mainly occurred in the upper and middle layers in autumn and winter. Aloricate ciliates were dominant in the abundance in autumn and winter, but contribution of tintinnid to total biomass was higher than aloricate ciliate in autumn. Small ciliates (ESD 10~20 μm) accounted for 63% and 82% in abundance in autumn and winter, respectively. Through comparison with previous ciliate reports in East China Sea, ecological distribution of planktonic ciliates was found no distinct variation.
Abundance, biomass and size structure of planktonic oligotrich ciliate were investigated in the shelf areas of East China Sea (25°~33°N, 120°~127°30'E) at six transects (E1-E6) during two cruises in autumn (11.19-12.23) 2006 and winter (2.22-3.11) 2007. Ciliate abundance and biomass ranged from 0 to 1795 ind./L and from 0 to 2.36 μg C/L, respectively, in autumn. Ciliate abundance and biomass were in the range of 0 to 22 695 ind./L and 0 to 10.87 μg C/L, respectively, in winter. In autumn, ciliate abundance and biomass in outer and middle shelf was greater than inner shelf water. However, in winter the middle shelf had more ciliates than outer and inner shelf. High water column integrated ciliate abundance distributed in the northern transect E2 and southern transect E5 near the outer shelf in autumn and in center area of northern transects in winter. Vertically, ciliates mainly occurred in the upper and middle layers in autumn and winter. Aloricate ciliates were dominant in the abundance in autumn and winter, but contribution of tintinnid to total biomass was higher than aloricate ciliate in autumn. Small ciliates (ESD 10~20 μm) accounted for 63% and 82% in abundance in autumn and winter, respectively. Through comparison with previous ciliate reports in East China Sea, ecological distribution of planktonic ciliates was found no distinct variation.
2011, 33(1): 138-145.
Abstract:
A biological survey of zooplanktons in the ballast water sampled from 19 container ships called at the Shanghai Yangshan Deep-water Port form October 2008 to April 2009, was carried out to assess the risk of introducing non-native species in Shanghai. In this investigation,39 species of zooplanktons are identified, of which 35 species are copepoda(89.4%) and 2 species are cladocera (5.13%). The Sorensen comparability index, clustering analysis, correlation analysis and MDS analysis were applied to analyse the data of salinity, zooplankton density, biodiversity and dominant species. The zooplankton density and species quantity are related to environment factors of the exchange sites. The significant difference of zooplankton density occurred when the exchange site was of inshore to those of open sea. However, it was clear that ballast water exchange (BWE) method for enforcement by IMO did not remove all the source port taxa and this may pick up non-native species to the Yangshan Deep-water Port. 12 non-native species are identified from 47.34% of all the international navigation ships’ ballast water, which shows the potential risks to the ecological environment of the Yangshan Deep-water Port.
A biological survey of zooplanktons in the ballast water sampled from 19 container ships called at the Shanghai Yangshan Deep-water Port form October 2008 to April 2009, was carried out to assess the risk of introducing non-native species in Shanghai. In this investigation,39 species of zooplanktons are identified, of which 35 species are copepoda(89.4%) and 2 species are cladocera (5.13%). The Sorensen comparability index, clustering analysis, correlation analysis and MDS analysis were applied to analyse the data of salinity, zooplankton density, biodiversity and dominant species. The zooplankton density and species quantity are related to environment factors of the exchange sites. The significant difference of zooplankton density occurred when the exchange site was of inshore to those of open sea. However, it was clear that ballast water exchange (BWE) method for enforcement by IMO did not remove all the source port taxa and this may pick up non-native species to the Yangshan Deep-water Port. 12 non-native species are identified from 47.34% of all the international navigation ships’ ballast water, which shows the potential risks to the ecological environment of the Yangshan Deep-water Port.
2011, 33(1): 146-152.
Abstract:
In order to investigate the growth interactions between each microalgae, two microalgae Amphidinium carterae Hulburt and Skeletonema costatum(Greville) Cleve were studied with different densities using semi-continuous cultures in controlled laboratory conditions (temperature, light and illuminating periodicity, etc.) and sufficient nutrition supply every day. When 1×104 cell/cm3 A. carterae and 1×104 cells/cm3 S. costatum were inoculated into the same medium, growth of A. carterae was slightly suppressed, while S. costatum was notably suppressed. Other inoculum resulted in reduced S. costatum maximum cell densities. These results were consistent with those of simultaneous assays using cell-free filtrates of mono-algal and semi-continuous cultures. That is, exposure to cell-free filtrates of A. carterae or A. carterae s-S. costatum had a inhibitory effect on S. costatum. A mathematical model was used to simulate growth and interactions of A. carterae and S. costatum in semi-continuous cultures, which indicated that A. carterae outcompeted S. costatum over time. And the inhibition exerted by A. carterae on S. costatum was about 8.2, 3.4 and 14.2 times stronger than the inhibition exerted by S. costatum on A. carterae when they were set at A. carterae and 1×104 cells/cm3 S. costatum, A. carterae and 5×104 cells/cm3 S. costatum and A. carterae and 10×104 cells/cm3 S. costatum, respectively. These results successfully demonstrate that allelopathy is involved in the growth interactions between A. carterae and S. costatum, and extracellular metabolites have been suggested to be one factor contributing to the formation and/or maintenance of dinoflagellate blooms.Cell-free filtrate cultures is one of the basic approaches on allelopathy research which noted that cell-to-cell contact is not necessary for inhibitory effects between algae.
In order to investigate the growth interactions between each microalgae, two microalgae Amphidinium carterae Hulburt and Skeletonema costatum(Greville) Cleve were studied with different densities using semi-continuous cultures in controlled laboratory conditions (temperature, light and illuminating periodicity, etc.) and sufficient nutrition supply every day. When 1×104 cell/cm3 A. carterae and 1×104 cells/cm3 S. costatum were inoculated into the same medium, growth of A. carterae was slightly suppressed, while S. costatum was notably suppressed. Other inoculum resulted in reduced S. costatum maximum cell densities. These results were consistent with those of simultaneous assays using cell-free filtrates of mono-algal and semi-continuous cultures. That is, exposure to cell-free filtrates of A. carterae or A. carterae s-S. costatum had a inhibitory effect on S. costatum. A mathematical model was used to simulate growth and interactions of A. carterae and S. costatum in semi-continuous cultures, which indicated that A. carterae outcompeted S. costatum over time. And the inhibition exerted by A. carterae on S. costatum was about 8.2, 3.4 and 14.2 times stronger than the inhibition exerted by S. costatum on A. carterae when they were set at A. carterae and 1×104 cells/cm3 S. costatum, A. carterae and 5×104 cells/cm3 S. costatum and A. carterae and 10×104 cells/cm3 S. costatum, respectively. These results successfully demonstrate that allelopathy is involved in the growth interactions between A. carterae and S. costatum, and extracellular metabolites have been suggested to be one factor contributing to the formation and/or maintenance of dinoflagellate blooms.Cell-free filtrate cultures is one of the basic approaches on allelopathy research which noted that cell-to-cell contact is not necessary for inhibitory effects between algae.
2011, 33(1): 153-162.
Abstract:
A strain of microalgae that was isolated from the Jiaozhou Bay and primarily identified as Gymnodinium-like based on the morphological features (named as Gymnodinium sp. ZX) was further distinguished with molecular phylogenetic methods. After the processes of DNA extraction, amplification and purification, the nuclear-encoded small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were cloned and sequenced. Sequences homologous to SSU rDNA and ITS regions of Gymnodinium sp. ZX were searched with Blastn from the GenBank. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed with the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. The results show that Gymnodinium sp. ZX has a close genetic relationship with Symbiodinium rather than Gymnodinium. Therefore, Gymnodinium sp. ZX was judged as a strain of Symbiodinium sp. Then the phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on the SSU rDNA and ITS sequences of genus Symbiodinium respectively, the relationship among the various clades was analyzed, and Gymnodinium sp. ZX belonged to clade E. The Gymnodinium sp. ZX was isolated from the Jiaozhou Bay, and grew well in the f/2 medium, therefore, it was inferred that the free-living species of genus Symbiodinium probably existed in the Jiaozhou Bay.
A strain of microalgae that was isolated from the Jiaozhou Bay and primarily identified as Gymnodinium-like based on the morphological features (named as Gymnodinium sp. ZX) was further distinguished with molecular phylogenetic methods. After the processes of DNA extraction, amplification and purification, the nuclear-encoded small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were cloned and sequenced. Sequences homologous to SSU rDNA and ITS regions of Gymnodinium sp. ZX were searched with Blastn from the GenBank. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed with the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. The results show that Gymnodinium sp. ZX has a close genetic relationship with Symbiodinium rather than Gymnodinium. Therefore, Gymnodinium sp. ZX was judged as a strain of Symbiodinium sp. Then the phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on the SSU rDNA and ITS sequences of genus Symbiodinium respectively, the relationship among the various clades was analyzed, and Gymnodinium sp. ZX belonged to clade E. The Gymnodinium sp. ZX was isolated from the Jiaozhou Bay, and grew well in the f/2 medium, therefore, it was inferred that the free-living species of genus Symbiodinium probably existed in the Jiaozhou Bay.
2011, 33(1): 163-169.
Abstract:
to identify an Alexandrium "tamarensis complex" NH01 isolated from the South China Sea, phylogenetic trees were constructed with SSU rDNA and ITS sequences combined with that from GenBank and literatures. In both SSU rDNA and ITS phylogenetic trees, "tamarensis complex" of different geographical genotypes were subdivided into independent clades. Consistent with other "tarmarensis complexes" isolated from China’s coast area, NH01 also are "temperate Asia" type. The feasibility of identification of "tamarensis complex" with SSU rDNA and ITS sequences was conducted, and two kinds of system classification methods based on ITS sequence were discussed. SSU rDNA and ITS sequences can be used as molecular markers to identification Alexandrium between or even within species, can accurately determine their geographic genotype. Suggesting that a SSU rDNA and ITS nucleotide sequence tag approach is used as a routine method to identify, investigate Alexandrium of China’s coast. Meanwhile, a DNA probe based on ITS sequences was identified and could be used to identify different geographical genotypes of "tamarensis complex".
to identify an Alexandrium "tamarensis complex" NH01 isolated from the South China Sea, phylogenetic trees were constructed with SSU rDNA and ITS sequences combined with that from GenBank and literatures. In both SSU rDNA and ITS phylogenetic trees, "tamarensis complex" of different geographical genotypes were subdivided into independent clades. Consistent with other "tarmarensis complexes" isolated from China’s coast area, NH01 also are "temperate Asia" type. The feasibility of identification of "tamarensis complex" with SSU rDNA and ITS sequences was conducted, and two kinds of system classification methods based on ITS sequence were discussed. SSU rDNA and ITS sequences can be used as molecular markers to identification Alexandrium between or even within species, can accurately determine their geographic genotype. Suggesting that a SSU rDNA and ITS nucleotide sequence tag approach is used as a routine method to identify, investigate Alexandrium of China’s coast. Meanwhile, a DNA probe based on ITS sequences was identified and could be used to identify different geographical genotypes of "tamarensis complex".
2011, 33(1): 170-177.
Abstract:
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