2009 Vol. 31, No. 6
Display Method:
2009, 31(6): 1-8.
Abstract:
A detailed numerical study was performed to validate the impact of assimilation on three days'wave forecast in the northwest Pacific. The MM5 wind field predicted in NMEFC (National Marine Environment Forecast Center) was used to drive the wave model and altimeter satellite significant wave height provided by Jason-1 satellite were assimilated in the wave model. The optimal interpolation method was used in our assimilation to acquire the optimal analysis of significant wave height and corresponding wave directional spectra. Three days'wave forecast with and without assimilated initial field were computed and the results were compared. The statistical analysis show a considerable improvement in 0～72 h wave forecasting while the improvement goes less sensitive as the forecasting time grows.
A detailed numerical study was performed to validate the impact of assimilation on three days'wave forecast in the northwest Pacific. The MM5 wind field predicted in NMEFC (National Marine Environment Forecast Center) was used to drive the wave model and altimeter satellite significant wave height provided by Jason-1 satellite were assimilated in the wave model. The optimal interpolation method was used in our assimilation to acquire the optimal analysis of significant wave height and corresponding wave directional spectra. Three days'wave forecast with and without assimilated initial field were computed and the results were compared. The statistical analysis show a considerable improvement in 0～72 h wave forecasting while the improvement goes less sensitive as the forecasting time grows.
2009, 31(6): 9-21.
Abstract:
The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) is of a project which is within the Climate & Global Dynamics Division (CGD) of the Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory (ESSL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). It has recently been developed and released to the climate community. CCSM3 is a coupled climate model with components representing the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface connected by a flux coupler. According temperature restoring of ocean component model POP, GODAS analysis sub-surface temperature data was assimilated to POP model by nudging method. The results of simulation from 1980 to 2000 indicate that the numerical results related to ENSO matched with observation very well including sea surface temperature, sea surface currents, precipitation, zonal wind and sea level pressure. It could simulate ocean and atmosphere temporal and spatial variations well in low latitude regions of Pacific. However, there were positive biases on sea surface temperature, precipitation and so on. One kind of bias is from oceanic or atmospheric model alone and the other one from dynamic and thermodynamic flux couple.
The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) is of a project which is within the Climate & Global Dynamics Division (CGD) of the Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory (ESSL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). It has recently been developed and released to the climate community. CCSM3 is a coupled climate model with components representing the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface connected by a flux coupler. According temperature restoring of ocean component model POP, GODAS analysis sub-surface temperature data was assimilated to POP model by nudging method. The results of simulation from 1980 to 2000 indicate that the numerical results related to ENSO matched with observation very well including sea surface temperature, sea surface currents, precipitation, zonal wind and sea level pressure. It could simulate ocean and atmosphere temporal and spatial variations well in low latitude regions of Pacific. However, there were positive biases on sea surface temperature, precipitation and so on. One kind of bias is from oceanic or atmospheric model alone and the other one from dynamic and thermodynamic flux couple.
2009, 31(6): 22-30.
Abstract:
By analyzing the 36 years sea level data in 38 tidal stations around the coast of Japan Island, we obtain the long-term variability of the mean sea levels. The results show that there is a sea levels shift around 1984 with a continious rising trend in recently 20 years. The results also find an obvious downward trend in some stations around 1997, which suggests a long period fluctuation. By averaging the daily mean sea level data from all the tidal stations, the resuts find the sea level has a good correlation of 0.908 with the sea surface temperature (SST) in the northwest Pacific, of -0.6 with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and of -0.402 with the wind stress curl anomaly in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The above results indicate that the mean sea level long-term variability, around the Japan Island, is influenced by thermal expansion of seawater, Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the winds curl. The northwest Pacific SST is descending since 2000, while the mean sea level continue to rise. The reasons for the sea level rising in the past several years needs future study.
By analyzing the 36 years sea level data in 38 tidal stations around the coast of Japan Island, we obtain the long-term variability of the mean sea levels. The results show that there is a sea levels shift around 1984 with a continious rising trend in recently 20 years. The results also find an obvious downward trend in some stations around 1997, which suggests a long period fluctuation. By averaging the daily mean sea level data from all the tidal stations, the resuts find the sea level has a good correlation of 0.908 with the sea surface temperature (SST) in the northwest Pacific, of -0.6 with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and of -0.402 with the wind stress curl anomaly in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The above results indicate that the mean sea level long-term variability, around the Japan Island, is influenced by thermal expansion of seawater, Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the winds curl. The northwest Pacific SST is descending since 2000, while the mean sea level continue to rise. The reasons for the sea level rising in the past several years needs future study.
2009, 31(6): 31-39.
Abstract:
In spring of recent years, a large scale harmful algae bloom (HAB) of Prorocentrum donghaiense nearly occurs annually in the end of April or beginning of May in the Zhejiang coastal and off Changjiang estuary region, however, it didn't occur until the end of May of 2005.Temperature characteristic in the study area in early spring of 2005 and its influence on a large scale HAB of Prorocentrum donghaiense are analyzed on the basis of survey data carried out in spring of 2002-2005 and some related historical meteorologic data. The results show that water temperature in March 2005 is obviously lower than that of 15-year-averaged(1985-2001) in Zhejiang coastal sea, especially in nearshore region of Zhejiang coastal sea,compared to the same period of 2004, water temperature in early spring(early April) 2005 is about 2.6℃ lower. Special meteorologic conditions (the lowest air temperature in the past ten years and strong northern monsoon)and feeblish Taiwan Warm Current in winter of 2004/2005 are the main causes of low water temperature in investigated area. Low temperature characteristic may be main causative factor that a HAB of Prorocentrum donghaiense in spring 2005 occurred late which differ from that of Spring 2002-2004 in Zhejiang coastal sea.
In spring of recent years, a large scale harmful algae bloom (HAB) of Prorocentrum donghaiense nearly occurs annually in the end of April or beginning of May in the Zhejiang coastal and off Changjiang estuary region, however, it didn't occur until the end of May of 2005.Temperature characteristic in the study area in early spring of 2005 and its influence on a large scale HAB of Prorocentrum donghaiense are analyzed on the basis of survey data carried out in spring of 2002-2005 and some related historical meteorologic data. The results show that water temperature in March 2005 is obviously lower than that of 15-year-averaged(1985-2001) in Zhejiang coastal sea, especially in nearshore region of Zhejiang coastal sea,compared to the same period of 2004, water temperature in early spring(early April) 2005 is about 2.6℃ lower. Special meteorologic conditions (the lowest air temperature in the past ten years and strong northern monsoon)and feeblish Taiwan Warm Current in winter of 2004/2005 are the main causes of low water temperature in investigated area. Low temperature characteristic may be main causative factor that a HAB of Prorocentrum donghaiense in spring 2005 occurred late which differ from that of Spring 2002-2004 in Zhejiang coastal sea.
2009, 31(6): 40-47.
Abstract:
To study the relationship between the salt freshwater mixing characteristics and the variations of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, some physicochemical parameters were measured for the 36 field water samples collected from different positions along the Modao Gate waterway of the Xijiang River inner estuary in the Zhujiang River Delta zone in the drought season in 2006.The spatial variation characteristic of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the surface water was analyzed by means of correlation analysis and curve fit. The analytical results show that the variation of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, with a range of 147 to 364 Pa, and an average 201 Pa, has a decreasing tendency with a striking variational labilization ranged between 24 and 38 km channel which corresponds to the salinity of 3-6 along the Modao Gate waterway. The biogeochemistry behaviors of the riverine carbon were controlled by the spatio-temporal variation of physicochemical parameters which were influenced by the estuarine tide-mixing action.
To study the relationship between the salt freshwater mixing characteristics and the variations of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, some physicochemical parameters were measured for the 36 field water samples collected from different positions along the Modao Gate waterway of the Xijiang River inner estuary in the Zhujiang River Delta zone in the drought season in 2006.The spatial variation characteristic of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the surface water was analyzed by means of correlation analysis and curve fit. The analytical results show that the variation of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, with a range of 147 to 364 Pa, and an average 201 Pa, has a decreasing tendency with a striking variational labilization ranged between 24 and 38 km channel which corresponds to the salinity of 3-6 along the Modao Gate waterway. The biogeochemistry behaviors of the riverine carbon were controlled by the spatio-temporal variation of physicochemical parameters which were influenced by the estuarine tide-mixing action.
2009, 31(6): 48-53.
Abstract:
Spatial data warehouse has the ability to integrate the heterogeneous marine data, and gives the support of complex data analyis and high-level decision-making. In order to construct such a marine multidimensional data warehouse, the definitions of these concepts were offered, such as a dimension, a dimension hierarchy, a marine multidimensional data model. Taking a marine fishery theme as an example,fishery facts,the dimension,the dimension hierarchy, and the relationship between the dimension hierarchies were identified. Considering the complexity of spatial-temporal dimension, the marine multidimensional data warehouse was constructed using compromise hybrid data model structure.
Spatial data warehouse has the ability to integrate the heterogeneous marine data, and gives the support of complex data analyis and high-level decision-making. In order to construct such a marine multidimensional data warehouse, the definitions of these concepts were offered, such as a dimension, a dimension hierarchy, a marine multidimensional data model. Taking a marine fishery theme as an example,fishery facts,the dimension,the dimension hierarchy, and the relationship between the dimension hierarchies were identified. Considering the complexity of spatial-temporal dimension, the marine multidimensional data warehouse was constructed using compromise hybrid data model structure.
2009, 31(6): 54-68.
Abstract:
In order to discuss the response of heavy metals to human activities, two cruises'data in 2003and 2006 and surface sediments were collected in the Changjiang Estuary and its surrounding coastal areas. Contents of some elements (chromium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, calcium and strontium) and grainsize composition were analyzed. The result showed that there were no significant changes in the pattern of sediment distribution, although the percentages of clay component increased significantly. The low content and zone-type distribution of heavy metals were observed and heavy metals were enriched in an mud area. And the two areas of heavy metal high contents were located in the turbidity maximum zone and the west of plume front which was caused by the mixing between diluted water and seawater. Terrigenous discharge, hydrographic dynamics, adsorption and flocculation played important role in the distribution of heavy metals. In addition, the redox condition and the human activity which was more important for lead and zinc, were also two important factors. The Phase-Ⅰ engineering of Sanxia Reservoir stored water since 2003, there had been not obvious change in the heavy metal deposition mechanism of surface sediments in the Changjiang Estuary, but the contents of heavy metals had a gradually decreasing trend.
In order to discuss the response of heavy metals to human activities, two cruises'data in 2003and 2006 and surface sediments were collected in the Changjiang Estuary and its surrounding coastal areas. Contents of some elements (chromium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, calcium and strontium) and grainsize composition were analyzed. The result showed that there were no significant changes in the pattern of sediment distribution, although the percentages of clay component increased significantly. The low content and zone-type distribution of heavy metals were observed and heavy metals were enriched in an mud area. And the two areas of heavy metal high contents were located in the turbidity maximum zone and the west of plume front which was caused by the mixing between diluted water and seawater. Terrigenous discharge, hydrographic dynamics, adsorption and flocculation played important role in the distribution of heavy metals. In addition, the redox condition and the human activity which was more important for lead and zinc, were also two important factors. The Phase-Ⅰ engineering of Sanxia Reservoir stored water since 2003, there had been not obvious change in the heavy metal deposition mechanism of surface sediments in the Changjiang Estuary, but the contents of heavy metals had a gradually decreasing trend.
2009, 31(6): 69-76.
Abstract:
The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of Core NS97-13 sediments from the Nansha Islands sea area in the southern South China Sea was analyzed combining with 14C dating, which afforded the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid of geometry shapes, and paleocurrent directions and depositional forms of sediments were rebuilded in the study area. Results show that (1) the predominant direction of staved ellipsoid (E>1)is always located above the L-F straight line, whose nip angle (β) is 0°<β≤33.14°, whilst the predominant direction of elongated ellipsoid (E<1) is located below the L-F straight line, whose nip angle (a) is 33.14° <α<56.86°. These denote that the direction of hydrodynamic action is different when the magnetic granules deposit in the process of sedimentation. (2) The AMS parameter, (L-P, F-P) are demonstrated that the core sediments experience of reworked, redeposited and undisturbed three forms,and the former two are adulterated in the undisturbed sediment layers, resulting in the intermingled layers. (3) The axial distributions of the maximum susceptibility and the middle susceptibility are mainly NS and NE-SW, explaining that the paleocurrent direction has been mostly NS and NE-SW since about 62ka BP. The total magnetic susceptibility recorded six cold events, namely, the Heinrich layers (H1-H6),showing that there are six cold events in the Nansha Islands sea area.
The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of Core NS97-13 sediments from the Nansha Islands sea area in the southern South China Sea was analyzed combining with 14C dating, which afforded the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid of geometry shapes, and paleocurrent directions and depositional forms of sediments were rebuilded in the study area. Results show that (1) the predominant direction of staved ellipsoid (E>1)is always located above the L-F straight line, whose nip angle (β) is 0°<β≤33.14°, whilst the predominant direction of elongated ellipsoid (E<1) is located below the L-F straight line, whose nip angle (a) is 33.14° <α<56.86°. These denote that the direction of hydrodynamic action is different when the magnetic granules deposit in the process of sedimentation. (2) The AMS parameter, (L-P, F-P) are demonstrated that the core sediments experience of reworked, redeposited and undisturbed three forms,and the former two are adulterated in the undisturbed sediment layers, resulting in the intermingled layers. (3) The axial distributions of the maximum susceptibility and the middle susceptibility are mainly NS and NE-SW, explaining that the paleocurrent direction has been mostly NS and NE-SW since about 62ka BP. The total magnetic susceptibility recorded six cold events, namely, the Heinrich layers (H1-H6),showing that there are six cold events in the Nansha Islands sea area.
2009, 31(6): 77-86.
Abstract:
Typhoon, as a high energy dynamic event, has the obvious influence on the sedimentary processes of the tidal flat. The Luoyuan Bay is located in the north of Fujian Province, China and the intertidal flat is distributed extensively in the bay. In order to understand the sedimentary processes of the tidal flat during this typhoon event, the in situ measurements of the water level, the tidal current speed, the suspended sediment content (SSC) and the wave height were carried out on the tidal flat during the period when the "Fenghuang" typhoon influenced the region, and the surfacial sediments, under the different conditions were collected. Analyzing the obtained data shows that the water inundation time increases, and the value of storm surge can reach 1.1m; the variations of water current flow are very complicated, and the current velocity in the inner of Spartina alterniflora marsh is higher than that at the marsh edge. The influence of the typhoon on the SSC was highly significant, with the average SSC over the whole tide cycle being 7 times 2 d before the tyhhoo occurred. The decimus wave height can reach 1.76 m with the maximum water depth of 4 m. The repeated surveys of surface elevation show that the erosion occures on the whole bare flat along the section; only certain regions within the inner of marsh are eroded, with the erosion depth of 4.5~5.5 cm, however, the value only reaches 0.7 cm at marsh edge. The main reason of erosion on the marsh is that the plant roots are snapped off on the flat surface under the interactions among wind, wave and current, which carry off the sediment around the plant roots. With the decreasing of influencing intensity of the typhoon event, the whole flat experienced deposition. The rainfall intensity plays an important role on sediment activity.
Typhoon, as a high energy dynamic event, has the obvious influence on the sedimentary processes of the tidal flat. The Luoyuan Bay is located in the north of Fujian Province, China and the intertidal flat is distributed extensively in the bay. In order to understand the sedimentary processes of the tidal flat during this typhoon event, the in situ measurements of the water level, the tidal current speed, the suspended sediment content (SSC) and the wave height were carried out on the tidal flat during the period when the "Fenghuang" typhoon influenced the region, and the surfacial sediments, under the different conditions were collected. Analyzing the obtained data shows that the water inundation time increases, and the value of storm surge can reach 1.1m; the variations of water current flow are very complicated, and the current velocity in the inner of Spartina alterniflora marsh is higher than that at the marsh edge. The influence of the typhoon on the SSC was highly significant, with the average SSC over the whole tide cycle being 7 times 2 d before the tyhhoo occurred. The decimus wave height can reach 1.76 m with the maximum water depth of 4 m. The repeated surveys of surface elevation show that the erosion occures on the whole bare flat along the section; only certain regions within the inner of marsh are eroded, with the erosion depth of 4.5~5.5 cm, however, the value only reaches 0.7 cm at marsh edge. The main reason of erosion on the marsh is that the plant roots are snapped off on the flat surface under the interactions among wind, wave and current, which carry off the sediment around the plant roots. With the decreasing of influencing intensity of the typhoon event, the whole flat experienced deposition. The rainfall intensity plays an important role on sediment activity.
2009, 31(6): 87-99.
Abstract:
Particulate organic carbon was analysed in the south of Taiwan Strait in the summer cruises of 2004,2005 and 2006.High level of surface Particulate organic carbon(POC) concentration was found nearshore and decreased seaward. The areas with high value of surface and subsurface POC concentration were located near Dongshan Island and Nan'ao Island. (TSN)TSM were enriched during the cruises with strongly alongshore current such as those of 2005 and 2006.There was a positive correlation between POC concentration and Chi a that implied phytoplankton became the main source of POC. The positive correlation between ratio Chl a/POC and Chl a was found for data of all cruises, but ratio Chl a/POC was small in the high Chl a area adjacent to upwelling centers. This may suggest there was high trophic transfer efficiency in food chain of upwelling dominated area or upwelling event of southern Taiwan Strait. As revealed by scatter plot for the ratio Chl a/POC and Chl a, trophic transfer efficiency was restrained in the summers of 1988, 1998 and 2004, however, it became activity during the summers of 2005 and 2006.For each cruise, there was a positive correlation between POC and TSM, and there was also a positive correlation between ratio Chl a/POC and TSM. There was negative correlation between POC/TSM and TSM for data of all cruises. Obviously fluctuation in TSM, relative steady POC and steady-going relationship between ratio Chl a/POC and Chl a suggested, there was a marine biogenic matter dominated particulate organic carbon system in the southern Taiwan Strait, in despite of the regime with river input particle under strongly alongshore current event.
Particulate organic carbon was analysed in the south of Taiwan Strait in the summer cruises of 2004,2005 and 2006.High level of surface Particulate organic carbon(POC) concentration was found nearshore and decreased seaward. The areas with high value of surface and subsurface POC concentration were located near Dongshan Island and Nan'ao Island. (TSN)TSM were enriched during the cruises with strongly alongshore current such as those of 2005 and 2006.There was a positive correlation between POC concentration and Chi a that implied phytoplankton became the main source of POC. The positive correlation between ratio Chl a/POC and Chl a was found for data of all cruises, but ratio Chl a/POC was small in the high Chl a area adjacent to upwelling centers. This may suggest there was high trophic transfer efficiency in food chain of upwelling dominated area or upwelling event of southern Taiwan Strait. As revealed by scatter plot for the ratio Chl a/POC and Chl a, trophic transfer efficiency was restrained in the summers of 1988, 1998 and 2004, however, it became activity during the summers of 2005 and 2006.For each cruise, there was a positive correlation between POC and TSM, and there was also a positive correlation between ratio Chl a/POC and TSM. There was negative correlation between POC/TSM and TSM for data of all cruises. Obviously fluctuation in TSM, relative steady POC and steady-going relationship between ratio Chl a/POC and Chl a suggested, there was a marine biogenic matter dominated particulate organic carbon system in the southern Taiwan Strait, in despite of the regime with river input particle under strongly alongshore current event.
2009, 31(6): 100-109.
Abstract:
The distribution and environmental control of total and size-fractionated phytoplankton primary production in the Southern Huanghai(Yellow) Sea were studied based on the investigation conducted under summer stratification and winter mixing conditions in 2006.The mean level of euphotic zone integrated primary production in summer and winter were 30.69 mg/(m2·h) and 21.73 mg/(m2·H) respectively.High levels of primary production were observed in the Changjiang River diluted water influenced area in summer, while in winter the high level zone shifted northerly to the adjacent of Haizhou Bay. The relative contributions of different size fractions of phytoplankton were in the sequence of micro(42.8%) >nano (29.6%)>pico(27.6%) in summer and pico(41.2%)> nano(36.5%) > micro(22.3%) in winter. The relationships between the primary production and environmental factors showed that the variations of nutrients availability and light regimes driven by the hydrodynamic conditions were the main causes of primary production distribution features. The food-web mediated carbon pathway and potential export were also qualitatively analyzed with simple ecological ratios. Microbial food web played important roles both in summer and in winter, and in general the pelagic ecosystem of the southern Huanghai Sea showed a weak carbon export potential.
The distribution and environmental control of total and size-fractionated phytoplankton primary production in the Southern Huanghai(Yellow) Sea were studied based on the investigation conducted under summer stratification and winter mixing conditions in 2006.The mean level of euphotic zone integrated primary production in summer and winter were 30.69 mg/(m2·h) and 21.73 mg/(m2·H) respectively.High levels of primary production were observed in the Changjiang River diluted water influenced area in summer, while in winter the high level zone shifted northerly to the adjacent of Haizhou Bay. The relative contributions of different size fractions of phytoplankton were in the sequence of micro(42.8%) >nano (29.6%)>pico(27.6%) in summer and pico(41.2%)> nano(36.5%) > micro(22.3%) in winter. The relationships between the primary production and environmental factors showed that the variations of nutrients availability and light regimes driven by the hydrodynamic conditions were the main causes of primary production distribution features. The food-web mediated carbon pathway and potential export were also qualitatively analyzed with simple ecological ratios. Microbial food web played important roles both in summer and in winter, and in general the pelagic ecosystem of the southern Huanghai Sea showed a weak carbon export potential.
2009, 31(6): 110-118.
Abstract:
In this work, an exhaustive qualitative and quantitative profiling of the photosynthetic glycerolipids fraction of the 8 microalga diatoms was carried by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS). In the diatom thylakoids membrane, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) account for about 40%～70% and 5%～20% of the total membrane lipids, respectively.The anionic sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) as well as the likewise anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) contribute between 10%～40% and 4%～20% each. In the 8 diatoms, the molecular species of photosynthetic glycerolipids had been determined with content ranged from 0.14 to 99.79 nmol/mg dry weight. The predominant species of MGDG were those with C16:3/C16:3 and C20:5/C16:3; Three main molecular species of DGDG in the 8 diatoms always contained C20:5/C16:1, C20:5/C16:2 and C16:1/C16:1; The major molecular species of SQDG were those containing combinations of C14:0/C14:0> C14:0/C16:0, C14:0/16:1 and C14:0/C16:3; All the PG classes contained the C18:1/C18:1 as the main molecular species. The data also indicated that MGDG and DGDG are biosynthesized through prokaryotic pathway exclusively within the chloroplast, because all the fatty acids linked at sn-2 position are several C16 fatty acids in MGDG and DGDG. On the other hand, PG and SQDG have a typical mixed biosynthetic pathway (both prokaryotic pathway and eukaryotic pathway) because the fatty acids at sn-2 position include both C16 and C18 fatty acids.
In this work, an exhaustive qualitative and quantitative profiling of the photosynthetic glycerolipids fraction of the 8 microalga diatoms was carried by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS). In the diatom thylakoids membrane, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) account for about 40%～70% and 5%～20% of the total membrane lipids, respectively.The anionic sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) as well as the likewise anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) contribute between 10%～40% and 4%～20% each. In the 8 diatoms, the molecular species of photosynthetic glycerolipids had been determined with content ranged from 0.14 to 99.79 nmol/mg dry weight. The predominant species of MGDG were those with C16:3/C16:3 and C20:5/C16:3; Three main molecular species of DGDG in the 8 diatoms always contained C20:5/C16:1, C20:5/C16:2 and C16:1/C16:1; The major molecular species of SQDG were those containing combinations of C14:0/C14:0> C14:0/C16:0, C14:0/16:1 and C14:0/C16:3; All the PG classes contained the C18:1/C18:1 as the main molecular species. The data also indicated that MGDG and DGDG are biosynthesized through prokaryotic pathway exclusively within the chloroplast, because all the fatty acids linked at sn-2 position are several C16 fatty acids in MGDG and DGDG. On the other hand, PG and SQDG have a typical mixed biosynthetic pathway (both prokaryotic pathway and eukaryotic pathway) because the fatty acids at sn-2 position include both C16 and C18 fatty acids.
Parent effects and estimation of genetic parameters for three Japanese flounder breeding populations
2009, 31(6): 119-128.
Abstract:
The Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the most important species for the coastal fisheries and mariculture in China. However, in recent years, the Japanese flounder aquaculture has many problems such as disease, growth rate depression etc. due to neglect systemic breeding research.In recent years, through three methods such as artificial selection, introduction of fine stocks from Japanese and collection of local wild stocks, we have established gradually disease-resistant stock (RS), Japanese stock (JS) and Huang hai(Yellow) Sea stock (YS) as broodstocks. Subsequently, we constructed 63 half-and full-sib families. After 230 days of growth, in total 5 328 individuals from these families were randomly captured to measure their body length and body weight. Based on these data, we estimated parents'random effect for each family using Linear mixed model. At the same time, we estimated the heritability and correlation coefficient between body weight and body length using Restricted Maximum Likelihood method (REML) based on additive-dominance model. Simultaneously, the parents'effect and hybrid effect were estimated using BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) method. According to the estimated results of parents'random effect, the effect value for male 130, 141, 146, 170, 218, 229, 303 and 308 has reached a significant level of random effect (P<0.01), and male parent 112, 122, 141, 190.and 212 has reached a significant level of random effect (P<0.05). While the effect value for all female parents has reached a significant level of random effect (P<0.01). The results of genetic correlations for body length and body weight showed that four components such as additive, dominant, phenotype and genotype have been to achieve significant level (P<0.01). The results of estimated heritability showed that the additive variance ratio of body length and body weight was bigger than that of dominant variance, which suggested that the genetic effect of body length and body weight depends largely on the additive effect of genes. The total genetic effect of body length and body weight was 31.20% and 33.58%, respectively, and the random variance of body weight and body length was 68.80% and 66.41%, respectively. These findings suggested that environmental factors have great impacts on body length and body weight of Japanese flounder,so the elimination of the environmental factors was important in the process of breeding. The narrow sense heritability of body length and body weight was 0.199 and 0.256(P<0.01), respectively, and the broad sense heritability of body length and body weight was 0.312 and 0.336(P<0.01), respectively. The heritability of body length and body weight was moderate, which indicated that selection for the two growth traits would result in greater genetic improvement. RS showed positive additive effect (P<0.05) on body length and body weight, however, YS showed negative additive effect (P<0.05) on body length and body weight. The hybrids between RS and JS showed positive additive random effect (P<0.10), and the hybrids between RS and YS showed negative additive random effect (P<0.10), however, the random effects of the offspring of RS and the hybrids between JS and YS were not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, RS hybridized with the other two stocks (JS and YS) could obtain good result in selective breeding of Japanese flounder.
The Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the most important species for the coastal fisheries and mariculture in China. However, in recent years, the Japanese flounder aquaculture has many problems such as disease, growth rate depression etc. due to neglect systemic breeding research.In recent years, through three methods such as artificial selection, introduction of fine stocks from Japanese and collection of local wild stocks, we have established gradually disease-resistant stock (RS), Japanese stock (JS) and Huang hai(Yellow) Sea stock (YS) as broodstocks. Subsequently, we constructed 63 half-and full-sib families. After 230 days of growth, in total 5 328 individuals from these families were randomly captured to measure their body length and body weight. Based on these data, we estimated parents'random effect for each family using Linear mixed model. At the same time, we estimated the heritability and correlation coefficient between body weight and body length using Restricted Maximum Likelihood method (REML) based on additive-dominance model. Simultaneously, the parents'effect and hybrid effect were estimated using BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) method. According to the estimated results of parents'random effect, the effect value for male 130, 141, 146, 170, 218, 229, 303 and 308 has reached a significant level of random effect (P<0.01), and male parent 112, 122, 141, 190.and 212 has reached a significant level of random effect (P<0.05). While the effect value for all female parents has reached a significant level of random effect (P<0.01). The results of genetic correlations for body length and body weight showed that four components such as additive, dominant, phenotype and genotype have been to achieve significant level (P<0.01). The results of estimated heritability showed that the additive variance ratio of body length and body weight was bigger than that of dominant variance, which suggested that the genetic effect of body length and body weight depends largely on the additive effect of genes. The total genetic effect of body length and body weight was 31.20% and 33.58%, respectively, and the random variance of body weight and body length was 68.80% and 66.41%, respectively. These findings suggested that environmental factors have great impacts on body length and body weight of Japanese flounder,so the elimination of the environmental factors was important in the process of breeding. The narrow sense heritability of body length and body weight was 0.199 and 0.256(P<0.01), respectively, and the broad sense heritability of body length and body weight was 0.312 and 0.336(P<0.01), respectively. The heritability of body length and body weight was moderate, which indicated that selection for the two growth traits would result in greater genetic improvement. RS showed positive additive effect (P<0.05) on body length and body weight, however, YS showed negative additive effect (P<0.05) on body length and body weight. The hybrids between RS and JS showed positive additive random effect (P<0.10), and the hybrids between RS and YS showed negative additive random effect (P<0.10), however, the random effects of the offspring of RS and the hybrids between JS and YS were not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, RS hybridized with the other two stocks (JS and YS) could obtain good result in selective breeding of Japanese flounder.
2009, 31(6): 129-135.
Abstract:
The oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates of Pteria penguin were studied in laboratory, which contribute to investigate carrying capacity for Pteria penguin aquaculture, and to study physiology of cultivating pearls and ocean ecosystem dynamics and shellfish energetics. The results showed that the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates of Pteria penguin were negatively correlated with its body weight under the test temperature (13-33℃, and their relationships could expressed by a power function as: Y1=a1W-b1 and Y2=a2W-b2, respectively, In both equations,a, ranged from 1.330 to 4.128 4, and b1 from 0.453 to 0.651, and similarly, a2 ranged from 0.150 to 0.354, and b2 from 0.446 to 0.634.Under the test temperature(13-33℃),the oxygen consumption rate ranged from 0.329 to 7.303 mg/(g·h), and the ammonia-N excretion rate ranged from 0.035 to 0.489 mg/(g·H). The oxygen consumption rate of Pteria penguin reached peak at 28℃, and began to decrease at 33℃, while the ammonia-N excretion rate continuously increased from 13 to 33℃. The respiratory and excretion Q10 ranged from 0.2l0～2.494 and 1.193~2.483,respectively. And, the higher O/N was observed between 23 and 28℃. ANOVA showed that body weight, water temperature and both interaction have significant effects on the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates of Pteria penguin (P<0.01). The routine metabolism of Pteria penguin under treatment was obvious higher than the standard metabolism,and the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates increased by 32.1% and 76.7%, respectively.
The oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates of Pteria penguin were studied in laboratory, which contribute to investigate carrying capacity for Pteria penguin aquaculture, and to study physiology of cultivating pearls and ocean ecosystem dynamics and shellfish energetics. The results showed that the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates of Pteria penguin were negatively correlated with its body weight under the test temperature (13-33℃, and their relationships could expressed by a power function as: Y1=a1W-b1 and Y2=a2W-b2, respectively, In both equations,a, ranged from 1.330 to 4.128 4, and b1 from 0.453 to 0.651, and similarly, a2 ranged from 0.150 to 0.354, and b2 from 0.446 to 0.634.Under the test temperature(13-33℃),the oxygen consumption rate ranged from 0.329 to 7.303 mg/(g·h), and the ammonia-N excretion rate ranged from 0.035 to 0.489 mg/(g·H). The oxygen consumption rate of Pteria penguin reached peak at 28℃, and began to decrease at 33℃, while the ammonia-N excretion rate continuously increased from 13 to 33℃. The respiratory and excretion Q10 ranged from 0.2l0～2.494 and 1.193~2.483,respectively. And, the higher O/N was observed between 23 and 28℃. ANOVA showed that body weight, water temperature and both interaction have significant effects on the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates of Pteria penguin (P<0.01). The routine metabolism of Pteria penguin under treatment was obvious higher than the standard metabolism,and the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates increased by 32.1% and 76.7%, respectively.
2009, 31(6): 136-141.
Abstract:
Using Ag-staining technique, the nucleoli in interphase cells from different developmental stages (embryo, larva or adult) of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson) were observed and counted, which were in different ploidy levels, including haploid, normal diploid, triploid, gynogenesis diploid and triploid whose mother were gynogenesis diploid. The maximum numbers of nucleoli kept even in the same ploidy samples at different developing stages (embryo, larva or adult), as well as in different tissues(gill, kidney, fin) in any individuals. The maximum numbers of nucleoli of non-gynogenesis fishes (normal diploid and triploid) were 2 and 3 respectively. But it was interesting that the maximum number of the nucleoli from gynogenesis fishes ( gynogenesis diploid with 1 and gynogenesis triploid with 2) were one fewer than that of the non-gynogenesis fishes with the same ploidy level, and this phenomona would be deserved deep investigation. The results indicated that the numbers of nucleoli within cells at different ploidy fishes were highly correlated with their ploidy level. Therefore, as a simple and accurate method,silver-staining nucleoli counting could be widely used to identify the ploidy level in fish.
Using Ag-staining technique, the nucleoli in interphase cells from different developmental stages (embryo, larva or adult) of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson) were observed and counted, which were in different ploidy levels, including haploid, normal diploid, triploid, gynogenesis diploid and triploid whose mother were gynogenesis diploid. The maximum numbers of nucleoli kept even in the same ploidy samples at different developing stages (embryo, larva or adult), as well as in different tissues(gill, kidney, fin) in any individuals. The maximum numbers of nucleoli of non-gynogenesis fishes (normal diploid and triploid) were 2 and 3 respectively. But it was interesting that the maximum number of the nucleoli from gynogenesis fishes ( gynogenesis diploid with 1 and gynogenesis triploid with 2) were one fewer than that of the non-gynogenesis fishes with the same ploidy level, and this phenomona would be deserved deep investigation. The results indicated that the numbers of nucleoli within cells at different ploidy fishes were highly correlated with their ploidy level. Therefore, as a simple and accurate method,silver-staining nucleoli counting could be widely used to identify the ploidy level in fish.
2009, 31(6): 142-150.
Abstract:
The spermatogenesis and male gonadal histology of Cellana grata (Gould) along the coast of west Guangdong were observed with historical section. The spermatogenesis of this shell goes through stages of proliferation, growth, maturation and metamorphism. According to the morphological transformation of seminiferous cell, the process of spermatogenesis could be divided into five stages, spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid and spermatozoon. The male gonad was composed of follicle and the sperm in the follicle cavity were expelled from efferent duct. The result from observing and analyzing shows that; (l)the stage of growth was not obvious during spermatogenesis while the primary spermatocyte were smaller than the spermatogonium, (2) the seminiferous cell and its nuclei transformed smaller during the spermatogenesis and the basophilic characteristic of the nuclei was gradually intensified, (3) The diversiform spermatid was easily observed during spermatogenesis duo to the longer metamorphism stage, (4) mature sperm was 0.5×3~4 μm, with bacilliform head and flagellum tail,(5) the male gonad at growth and maturity stage was made of regular(polygon) follicle with explicit circumscription, (6)the male follicle wall was made up of seminiferous cell of different stage arranged in file,the primal seminiferous cells, which were acidophilic, was closer to the follicle velum,the termal seminiferous cells which were basophilic, were apart from the follicle velum, and the spermatozoa show swirl in the antrum, (7)the mature male gonad can embed into the tissue of foot and liver. Four structures of germ efferent duct at different levels can be observed in liver tissue section, (8)Cellana grata (Gould) was dioecism,meanwhile the phenomena of hermaphrodite and sex reversal were observed.
The spermatogenesis and male gonadal histology of Cellana grata (Gould) along the coast of west Guangdong were observed with historical section. The spermatogenesis of this shell goes through stages of proliferation, growth, maturation and metamorphism. According to the morphological transformation of seminiferous cell, the process of spermatogenesis could be divided into five stages, spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid and spermatozoon. The male gonad was composed of follicle and the sperm in the follicle cavity were expelled from efferent duct. The result from observing and analyzing shows that; (l)the stage of growth was not obvious during spermatogenesis while the primary spermatocyte were smaller than the spermatogonium, (2) the seminiferous cell and its nuclei transformed smaller during the spermatogenesis and the basophilic characteristic of the nuclei was gradually intensified, (3) The diversiform spermatid was easily observed during spermatogenesis duo to the longer metamorphism stage, (4) mature sperm was 0.5×3~4 μm, with bacilliform head and flagellum tail,(5) the male gonad at growth and maturity stage was made of regular(polygon) follicle with explicit circumscription, (6)the male follicle wall was made up of seminiferous cell of different stage arranged in file,the primal seminiferous cells, which were acidophilic, was closer to the follicle velum,the termal seminiferous cells which were basophilic, were apart from the follicle velum, and the spermatozoa show swirl in the antrum, (7)the mature male gonad can embed into the tissue of foot and liver. Four structures of germ efferent duct at different levels can be observed in liver tissue section, (8)Cellana grata (Gould) was dioecism,meanwhile the phenomena of hermaphrodite and sex reversal were observed.
2009, 31(6): 151-160.
Abstract:
A system consisting of one floating rectangular cylinder on the free surface and one submerged rectangular cylinder has been applied to a wave energy conversion device in the water of a finite depth. The radiation problem for the wave energy device consisting of dual rectangular cylinders under plane incident wave altim is solved using an eigenfunction expansion method, a new analytical expression for the radiation velocity potential is obtained and then a wave excitation force is calculated by means of the theorem of Haskind that depends on the known incident wave potential and the radiation potential. To verify the correctness of the method, a numerical method is used to recompute the same example, and the obtained results are in good accordance with the analytical method, which shows that the present method is correct. Otherwise using the present analytical solution, the trends of hydrodynamic coefficients and wave force are analyzed under different conditions.
A system consisting of one floating rectangular cylinder on the free surface and one submerged rectangular cylinder has been applied to a wave energy conversion device in the water of a finite depth. The radiation problem for the wave energy device consisting of dual rectangular cylinders under plane incident wave altim is solved using an eigenfunction expansion method, a new analytical expression for the radiation velocity potential is obtained and then a wave excitation force is calculated by means of the theorem of Haskind that depends on the known incident wave potential and the radiation potential. To verify the correctness of the method, a numerical method is used to recompute the same example, and the obtained results are in good accordance with the analytical method, which shows that the present method is correct. Otherwise using the present analytical solution, the trends of hydrodynamic coefficients and wave force are analyzed under different conditions.
2009, 31(6): 161-169.
Abstract:
2009, 31(6): 170-175.
Abstract:
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