2009 Vol. 31, No. 5
Display Method:
2009, 31(5): 1-9.
Abstract:
The satellite altimeter provides an efficient way for realt-ime monitoring global and regionalocea-nographic parameters.The TOPEX satellite altimeter has provided the synchronously observed data of the global sea surface wind speed and significant wave height (SWH),so far,these data have the longest time series and the best data quality.The data of the SWH and the wind speed over the surrounding waters of Taiwan Island are compared with the data from the TOPEX satellite altimeter,and the validity is analyzed from the TOPEX satellite altimeter data.Meanwhile,the characteristics of the SWH which is greater than or equal to 4 m over the surrounding waters of Taiwan Island is analyzed.It is shown that the large waves commonly appear in winter and autumn every year,and the maximum of the mean SWH often appears in summer,but it is opposite in spring.When the SWH is greater than or equal to 6 m,it appears in the surrounding waters of the east or northeast of Taiwan Island,and it less appears in the surrounding waters of the south of Taiwan Island.
The satellite altimeter provides an efficient way for realt-ime monitoring global and regionalocea-nographic parameters.The TOPEX satellite altimeter has provided the synchronously observed data of the global sea surface wind speed and significant wave height (SWH),so far,these data have the longest time series and the best data quality.The data of the SWH and the wind speed over the surrounding waters of Taiwan Island are compared with the data from the TOPEX satellite altimeter,and the validity is analyzed from the TOPEX satellite altimeter data.Meanwhile,the characteristics of the SWH which is greater than or equal to 4 m over the surrounding waters of Taiwan Island is analyzed.It is shown that the large waves commonly appear in winter and autumn every year,and the maximum of the mean SWH often appears in summer,but it is opposite in spring.When the SWH is greater than or equal to 6 m,it appears in the surrounding waters of the east or northeast of Taiwan Island,and it less appears in the surrounding waters of the south of Taiwan Island.
2009, 31(5): 10-18.
Abstract:
The statistical retrieval model for the content of suspended particulate matter (SPM) is developed based on the in situ measurements of SPM content and remote sensing reflectance spectra in the Bohai Gulf and the Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea in China The model utilizes spectral information of bands at 555 and 670 nm and is proved to be insensitive to the input noise when bejing applied to the independent dataset The spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of SPM in the Bohai Sea are analyzed in terms of the spatial pattern,the disturbance by sustaining strong wind and the seasonal variability (1) The area with the highest content of SPM in the Bohai Sea is located in the Laizhou Bay and the coastal part of the Bohai Gulf The SPM content is also relatively high in the coastal part of the Liaodong Gulf.The other parts of the Bohai Sea are characterized by the low content of SPM (2) Weather process of sustaining strong wind can significantly alter the SPM spatial pattern in the Bohai Sea in short period (several days) The local responses in the Bohai Gulf and the Laizhou Bay are intense and those in the Liaodong Gulf are weak,which can be explained by the local water depths,different types of bottom and particle size distributions of SPM content in these areas (3) The seasonal feature of SPM distribution in the Bohai Sea is characterized by the high values in autumn and winter and low values in spring and summer The Bohai Gulf is an area with the most significant seasonal variation,whereas the north-west part of the central Bohai Sea near Qinghuangdao is an area with the least.The seasonal variation of SPM content distribution could be attributed to the climate factors such as wind Besides,river runoff is another key factor.
The statistical retrieval model for the content of suspended particulate matter (SPM) is developed based on the in situ measurements of SPM content and remote sensing reflectance spectra in the Bohai Gulf and the Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea in China The model utilizes spectral information of bands at 555 and 670 nm and is proved to be insensitive to the input noise when bejing applied to the independent dataset The spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of SPM in the Bohai Sea are analyzed in terms of the spatial pattern,the disturbance by sustaining strong wind and the seasonal variability (1) The area with the highest content of SPM in the Bohai Sea is located in the Laizhou Bay and the coastal part of the Bohai Gulf The SPM content is also relatively high in the coastal part of the Liaodong Gulf.The other parts of the Bohai Sea are characterized by the low content of SPM (2) Weather process of sustaining strong wind can significantly alter the SPM spatial pattern in the Bohai Sea in short period (several days) The local responses in the Bohai Gulf and the Laizhou Bay are intense and those in the Liaodong Gulf are weak,which can be explained by the local water depths,different types of bottom and particle size distributions of SPM content in these areas (3) The seasonal feature of SPM distribution in the Bohai Sea is characterized by the high values in autumn and winter and low values in spring and summer The Bohai Gulf is an area with the most significant seasonal variation,whereas the north-west part of the central Bohai Sea near Qinghuangdao is an area with the least.The seasonal variation of SPM content distribution could be attributed to the climate factors such as wind Besides,river runoff is another key factor.
2009, 31(5): 19-30.
Abstract:
Surface sediments were collected from Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea in June 2006 and April 2007.The sediments were separated into five fractions via water elutriation.The sediments and the fractioned sediments were analyzed with modified SEDEX to obtain six forms of phosphorus.The results indicated that TP in June 2006 and in April 2007 varied from 12.56 to 19.64 μmol/g and from 8.99 to 19.91 μmol/g,respectively.Detrital P was the major form.Exchangeable P,iron-bound P,organic P,Authigenic P and refractory P had the similar distribution pattern with higher contents appeared just out of the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay,while higer detrital P content was found in the lower estuary.The content of different P forms varied by sediments size:organic P,Authigenic P and refractory P were the dominant forms in < 8 μm classes and decreased with the increasing sediment size;detrital P was the main contributor of 32~63 μm and > 63 μm classes.The distributions of P in estuarine sediments were affected mainly by the sediments size and the content of various particulate P in different particle size classes.
Surface sediments were collected from Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea in June 2006 and April 2007.The sediments were separated into five fractions via water elutriation.The sediments and the fractioned sediments were analyzed with modified SEDEX to obtain six forms of phosphorus.The results indicated that TP in June 2006 and in April 2007 varied from 12.56 to 19.64 μmol/g and from 8.99 to 19.91 μmol/g,respectively.Detrital P was the major form.Exchangeable P,iron-bound P,organic P,Authigenic P and refractory P had the similar distribution pattern with higher contents appeared just out of the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay,while higer detrital P content was found in the lower estuary.The content of different P forms varied by sediments size:organic P,Authigenic P and refractory P were the dominant forms in < 8 μm classes and decreased with the increasing sediment size;detrital P was the main contributor of 32~63 μm and > 63 μm classes.The distributions of P in estuarine sediments were affected mainly by the sediments size and the content of various particulate P in different particle size classes.
2009, 31(5): 31-39.
Abstract:
The distribution of particulate biogenic silica (PBSi) and lithogenic silica (LSi) were studied in the northern part of South China Sea in winter 2004.The average concent rations of PBSi and LSi were 0.59 and 8.93 μmol/dm3,respectively.Due to the intrusion of off shore seawater,the concentrations of PBSi decreased greatly from the coastal water (1.0μmol/dm3) to the offshore water (0.23μmol/dm3),just like the distribution of dissolved silicate (DSi),which is related to the water mass and shelf front.The concentration of PBSi in the northern part of South China Sea is ranked at the lower end among the world coastal areas.
The distribution of particulate biogenic silica (PBSi) and lithogenic silica (LSi) were studied in the northern part of South China Sea in winter 2004.The average concent rations of PBSi and LSi were 0.59 and 8.93 μmol/dm3,respectively.Due to the intrusion of off shore seawater,the concentrations of PBSi decreased greatly from the coastal water (1.0μmol/dm3) to the offshore water (0.23μmol/dm3),just like the distribution of dissolved silicate (DSi),which is related to the water mass and shelf front.The concentration of PBSi in the northern part of South China Sea is ranked at the lower end among the world coastal areas.
2009, 31(5): 40-47.
Abstract:
The observation of vertical and horizontal distribution of microphytobenthos (MPB) living on tidal flats, and the estimate of the contribution of the dominant primary producers to total primary production have been carried out in the Jiuduansha salt marshes of the Changjiang Estuary in June (summer) and December (winter) of 2006.MPB concentrate on the surface of the sediments under illumination, and its biomass decrease rapidly with depth. Significant variations of chlorophyll a concentrations in the surface sediments are found between tidal flats covered by different vegetations, following the sequence of bare flat > Scirpus mariqueter region > Spartina alterniflora region ≈ Phragmetis australis region. The biomass and production of MPB are much higher than phytoplankton in the overlaying water column, indicating MPB dominate the algal production in these salt marshes. Although the biomass of MPB are much lower than vascular plants, and only account for 0.41% of total biomass of primary producers in Jiuduansha, MPB contribute 16.53% of total primary production to the ecosystem here.Considerable production of MPB makes this nutritious and digestible producer may play an important role in maintaining this salt marsh ecosystem.
The observation of vertical and horizontal distribution of microphytobenthos (MPB) living on tidal flats, and the estimate of the contribution of the dominant primary producers to total primary production have been carried out in the Jiuduansha salt marshes of the Changjiang Estuary in June (summer) and December (winter) of 2006.MPB concentrate on the surface of the sediments under illumination, and its biomass decrease rapidly with depth. Significant variations of chlorophyll a concentrations in the surface sediments are found between tidal flats covered by different vegetations, following the sequence of bare flat > Scirpus mariqueter region > Spartina alterniflora region ≈ Phragmetis australis region. The biomass and production of MPB are much higher than phytoplankton in the overlaying water column, indicating MPB dominate the algal production in these salt marshes. Although the biomass of MPB are much lower than vascular plants, and only account for 0.41% of total biomass of primary producers in Jiuduansha, MPB contribute 16.53% of total primary production to the ecosystem here.Considerable production of MPB makes this nutritious and digestible producer may play an important role in maintaining this salt marsh ecosystem.
2009, 31(5): 48-57.
Abstract:
For restructuring the formation conditions of the black smoker chimney from L vent EPR 9°~10°N,mineralogy,the distribution of elements,and the ages of this chimney were studied with mineralogical,geochemical and radioactive chronological methods.Mineral observations show that the inner wall of this chimney is composed of cubanite,and the outer wall of the chimney is mainly composed of anhydrite.The results of lead-210 age show that the chimney forms after the 1991 EPR volcanic eruption events and has a slower growth rate,about 0.3 cm/a.Combining these results with the published data about A vent,nearby L vent,it is suggested that this chimney begins growth with a vapor phase fluid,and later is influenced by a brine phase fluid with temperature not less than 330℃.
For restructuring the formation conditions of the black smoker chimney from L vent EPR 9°~10°N,mineralogy,the distribution of elements,and the ages of this chimney were studied with mineralogical,geochemical and radioactive chronological methods.Mineral observations show that the inner wall of this chimney is composed of cubanite,and the outer wall of the chimney is mainly composed of anhydrite.The results of lead-210 age show that the chimney forms after the 1991 EPR volcanic eruption events and has a slower growth rate,about 0.3 cm/a.Combining these results with the published data about A vent,nearby L vent,it is suggested that this chimney begins growth with a vapor phase fluid,and later is influenced by a brine phase fluid with temperature not less than 330℃.
2009, 31(5): 58-68.
Abstract:
Three sea level relics were introduced based on the investigation of the Hainan Island coastal zone: the sea level relic of the Shitou Park, Tongguling of Wenchang City with 30 m height above present-day sea level, the sea level relic of Huangliu Town of Dongfang City with 25～35 m height above present-day sea level, and the sea level relic of Luhuitou of Sanya City with 2.5 m height above present-day sea level. The following several conclusions are got based on the synthetical research of other scientist's study results about the change of sea level. First, the sea level of the South China Sea and adjacent areas has had falling tendency since mid-Holocene, and the highest height is 3 m above present-day sea level with the emergence geolo gical age of 7 ka. Second, the height's otherness of paleo sea-level of the South China Sea and adjacent areas since mid-Holocene that has been displayed by sea level relics is the conjunct result of paleo sea-level continuance descend and otherness vertical movement of crust. Finally, the central ocean basin, and the deltas of Zhujiang River, Red River, Mekong River and Zhaopiye River were structural subsidence areas, but Taiwan Island, the Leizhou Peninsula, the Indochina Peninsula, the South Malaya Peninsula, Java Island and Sulawesi Island were structural uplifted areas in the South China Sea and adjacent areas during mid-Holocene, and the biggest amplitude of structural uplift was located in Taiwan Island.
Three sea level relics were introduced based on the investigation of the Hainan Island coastal zone: the sea level relic of the Shitou Park, Tongguling of Wenchang City with 30 m height above present-day sea level, the sea level relic of Huangliu Town of Dongfang City with 25～35 m height above present-day sea level, and the sea level relic of Luhuitou of Sanya City with 2.5 m height above present-day sea level. The following several conclusions are got based on the synthetical research of other scientist's study results about the change of sea level. First, the sea level of the South China Sea and adjacent areas has had falling tendency since mid-Holocene, and the highest height is 3 m above present-day sea level with the emergence geolo gical age of 7 ka. Second, the height's otherness of paleo sea-level of the South China Sea and adjacent areas since mid-Holocene that has been displayed by sea level relics is the conjunct result of paleo sea-level continuance descend and otherness vertical movement of crust. Finally, the central ocean basin, and the deltas of Zhujiang River, Red River, Mekong River and Zhaopiye River were structural subsidence areas, but Taiwan Island, the Leizhou Peninsula, the Indochina Peninsula, the South Malaya Peninsula, Java Island and Sulawesi Island were structural uplifted areas in the South China Sea and adjacent areas during mid-Holocene, and the biggest amplitude of structural uplift was located in Taiwan Island.
2009, 31(5): 69-79.
Abstract:
On the basis of the high-resolution single-channel sparker seismic profiles and MBES (multibeam echo sounding),the LSRs (linear sand ridges) on Stratum U2 and Stratum U14 on the ECS (East China Sea) shelf are identified and contrasted each other,their form ages are different,more than 200 ka.The sand ridges on Stratum U14 which is bellow seafloor 90 m are buried sand ridges,and belong to TST (transgressive systems tract) of 320~200 ka BP,and the upper bounding surfaces of the sand ridge units are therefore considered as the MFS (maximum flooding surface) of this transgressive.The sand ridges on Stratum U2 are recessive sand ridges,which have belonged to the TST since the LGM (last glacial maximum),and their upper bounding surfaces are the MFS of the LGM.Although the form ages of two sand ridge units are different,more than 200 ka,and their stratigraphy positions are different,more than 90 m,the general strikes of sand ridges are similar.It is suggested that the palaeo-tidal components of the ECS have been steady since 200 ka.Four substages sand ridges are identified from the stratig raphy of Stratum U2,and four trends of sand ridges are distinguished from the topogr aphic map of the MBES too.These multistages and multitrend sand ridges are the evidences that the evolution of submarine to pography of the ECS has met the response of sea-level stepped changes since the LGM.
On the basis of the high-resolution single-channel sparker seismic profiles and MBES (multibeam echo sounding),the LSRs (linear sand ridges) on Stratum U2 and Stratum U14 on the ECS (East China Sea) shelf are identified and contrasted each other,their form ages are different,more than 200 ka.The sand ridges on Stratum U14 which is bellow seafloor 90 m are buried sand ridges,and belong to TST (transgressive systems tract) of 320~200 ka BP,and the upper bounding surfaces of the sand ridge units are therefore considered as the MFS (maximum flooding surface) of this transgressive.The sand ridges on Stratum U2 are recessive sand ridges,which have belonged to the TST since the LGM (last glacial maximum),and their upper bounding surfaces are the MFS of the LGM.Although the form ages of two sand ridge units are different,more than 200 ka,and their stratigraphy positions are different,more than 90 m,the general strikes of sand ridges are similar.It is suggested that the palaeo-tidal components of the ECS have been steady since 200 ka.Four substages sand ridges are identified from the stratig raphy of Stratum U2,and four trends of sand ridges are distinguished from the topogr aphic map of the MBES too.These multistages and multitrend sand ridges are the evidences that the evolution of submarine to pography of the ECS has met the response of sea-level stepped changes since the LGM.
2009, 31(5): 80-88.
Abstract:
A lot of high resolution single channel seismic data and subbottom profile data show that there are many buried channels in the continental shelf area out of the mouth of the Changjiang River.The buried ancient channel profilers of the study area can be classified into three patterns which are symmetry,asymmetry and double-entry channel analyzing the characteristics of shallow geology and seismic phase.The characteristic of the filled sediment in the channels is complicated and diversified.The ancient channels mainly exist in the sedimentary layer of the Late Pleistocene epoch.Sixty profiles joined up in series to three ancient rivers which were the ancient Changjiang River system with length of 180 km,and the ancient Zhoushan River with length of 64 km and the ancient Qiant ang River with length of more than 100 km.The analytical results reveal that the width-to-depth ratio of the ancient Changjiang River was comparatively large.In the last glacial maximum,the river used to cut a depth of 81~109 m.The longitudinal slope of the river bottom was 0.82×10-4.The ancient average flux was about 535.24 m3/s and the largest profile flux was 20433.72 m3/s.Therefore the ancient Changjiang River was braided-branched river according to the slope-width method.
A lot of high resolution single channel seismic data and subbottom profile data show that there are many buried channels in the continental shelf area out of the mouth of the Changjiang River.The buried ancient channel profilers of the study area can be classified into three patterns which are symmetry,asymmetry and double-entry channel analyzing the characteristics of shallow geology and seismic phase.The characteristic of the filled sediment in the channels is complicated and diversified.The ancient channels mainly exist in the sedimentary layer of the Late Pleistocene epoch.Sixty profiles joined up in series to three ancient rivers which were the ancient Changjiang River system with length of 180 km,and the ancient Zhoushan River with length of 64 km and the ancient Qiant ang River with length of more than 100 km.The analytical results reveal that the width-to-depth ratio of the ancient Changjiang River was comparatively large.In the last glacial maximum,the river used to cut a depth of 81~109 m.The longitudinal slope of the river bottom was 0.82×10-4.The ancient average flux was about 535.24 m3/s and the largest profile flux was 20433.72 m3/s.Therefore the ancient Changjiang River was braided-branched river according to the slope-width method.
2009, 31(5): 89-100.
Abstract:
An adjustment process in erosion and accretion was discussed on the riverbed sediment in the Jiaojiang mountain-seream macrotidal estuary with the data of the observed tidal current,suspended sediment and anthropogenic activity,based on the GIS digitized and calculated sediment erosion and accretion on the riverbed using 19 bathyorographies in different years in the recent 70 a.It was shown that the adjust ment between erosion and accretion on the riverbed underwent the more remarkable four stages either on the transverse and longitudinal profiles or on the riverbed planes in this estuary,the average erosion-accretion rate on the riverbed planes,however,was more approachable to ward the whole area than that on the transverse and longit udinal profiles % (1) it was in slowly scoured state and the erosion region made up 65.4% in the study area where the average annual scouring rate was 2.3 cm/a or 537 000 m3 by the dominant natural action between 1933 and 1962;(2) it was transformed from the slow erosion into the clearer accretion and its region taken up 66.2% in the entire area where the average annual depositing rate was 2.2 cm/a or 504000 m3 by the influence that the reservoir was built up on the upper reaches of the tributary Yongning River between 1962 and 1984;(3) it was changed from the accretion into the slight erosion and its region accounted for 62.6% on the whole area where the average annual scouring rate was 1.8cm/a or 414 000 m3 by the action that the partial work construction was completed for the navigable channel regulation between 1984 and 1990;(4) it was developed to wards the direction of the accelerating erosion from the slight one and its region occupied 71.5% in the study area where the average annual scouring rate was 5.6 cm/a or 1 308 000 m3 between 1990 and 2003.This implies to a certain extent that the adjustment between erosion and accretion on the riverbed sediment is subjected to human impact stronger than nature in the Jiaojiang Estuary.
An adjustment process in erosion and accretion was discussed on the riverbed sediment in the Jiaojiang mountain-seream macrotidal estuary with the data of the observed tidal current,suspended sediment and anthropogenic activity,based on the GIS digitized and calculated sediment erosion and accretion on the riverbed using 19 bathyorographies in different years in the recent 70 a.It was shown that the adjust ment between erosion and accretion on the riverbed underwent the more remarkable four stages either on the transverse and longitudinal profiles or on the riverbed planes in this estuary,the average erosion-accretion rate on the riverbed planes,however,was more approachable to ward the whole area than that on the transverse and longit udinal profiles % (1) it was in slowly scoured state and the erosion region made up 65.4% in the study area where the average annual scouring rate was 2.3 cm/a or 537 000 m3 by the dominant natural action between 1933 and 1962;(2) it was transformed from the slow erosion into the clearer accretion and its region taken up 66.2% in the entire area where the average annual depositing rate was 2.2 cm/a or 504000 m3 by the influence that the reservoir was built up on the upper reaches of the tributary Yongning River between 1962 and 1984;(3) it was changed from the accretion into the slight erosion and its region accounted for 62.6% on the whole area where the average annual scouring rate was 1.8cm/a or 414 000 m3 by the action that the partial work construction was completed for the navigable channel regulation between 1984 and 1990;(4) it was developed to wards the direction of the accelerating erosion from the slight one and its region occupied 71.5% in the study area where the average annual scouring rate was 5.6 cm/a or 1 308 000 m3 between 1990 and 2003.This implies to a certain extent that the adjustment between erosion and accretion on the riverbed sediment is subjected to human impact stronger than nature in the Jiaojiang Estuary.
2009, 31(5): 101-111.
Abstract:
Four Spartina plantations,S.anglica,S.alterniflora,S.patens and S.cynosuriodes,have been introduced to China since 1963.S.anglica and S.alterniflora have been widely planted along the China's coast and arousing hot discussions and arguments about their effects and characteristics of invasion since 2000.The survey shows that S.anglica has been greatly degraded and only 16 hm2 are left along the China's coast.However,S.alterniflora has widely spread to Liaoning Province,Hebei Province,Tianjin Municipality,Shandong Province,Jiangsu Province,Shanghai Municipality,Zhejiang Province,Fujian Province,Guangdong Province,the Zhuangzu.Autonomous Region of Guangxi and HongKong with an area of 34 451 hm2 till 2007.The distribution of S.alterniflora<、i> can be divided into three parts according to its ecological niche and the characteristics of the China's coast.One is the tidal flats to the south part of Fuding,Fujian Province,which shows potential competition with mangrove ecosystem.The other is estuaries,especially in the Changjiang Estuary,which shows obvious competition with native reeds and Scirpusmari queter.The third is coastal tidal flats in the China's coast,which shows ambiguous effects among its economic,environmental,ecological benefits and invasive threats against local ecosyst em.S.alterniflora has shown different colonization capacity and spreading capacity in different areas in China's coast according to its distribution.Therefore,further studies and assessments on the ecological effects caused by S.alterniflora in the China's coast should be scientifically evaluated.
Four Spartina plantations,S.anglica,S.alterniflora,S.patens and S.cynosuriodes,have been introduced to China since 1963.S.anglica and S.alterniflora have been widely planted along the China's coast and arousing hot discussions and arguments about their effects and characteristics of invasion since 2000.The survey shows that S.anglica has been greatly degraded and only 16 hm2 are left along the China's coast.However,S.alterniflora has widely spread to Liaoning Province,Hebei Province,Tianjin Municipality,Shandong Province,Jiangsu Province,Shanghai Municipality,Zhejiang Province,Fujian Province,Guangdong Province,the Zhuangzu.Autonomous Region of Guangxi and HongKong with an area of 34 451 hm2 till 2007.The distribution of S.alterniflora<、i> can be divided into three parts according to its ecological niche and the characteristics of the China's coast.One is the tidal flats to the south part of Fuding,Fujian Province,which shows potential competition with mangrove ecosystem.The other is estuaries,especially in the Changjiang Estuary,which shows obvious competition with native reeds and Scirpusmari queter.The third is coastal tidal flats in the China's coast,which shows ambiguous effects among its economic,environmental,ecological benefits and invasive threats against local ecosyst em.S.alterniflora has shown different colonization capacity and spreading capacity in different areas in China's coast according to its distribution.Therefore,further studies and assessments on the ecological effects caused by S.alterniflora in the China's coast should be scientifically evaluated.
2009, 31(5): 112-122.
Abstract:
In December 2008,continuous high-level mortalities of culturedtongue soleoccurredin one farm of Ganyu County of Jiangsu Province,China,gross signs of disease exhibited haemorrhages at the head,opercula and base of fin,rot of dorsal fin,swelling of the abdomen filled with ascitic fluid,and exposure of intestine tube outside of anus.Virtually pure dense cultures were obtained from liver and ascitic fluid of diseased tongue sole,and strong pathogenicity of the isolates to tongue sole were determined by inoculation.The phenotypic characteristics of isolates (3 strains) were examined,including morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical characteristics,and the activity of extracellulase and hemoly sin;the 16S rRNA and gyrB were amplified by PCR and compared with sequences deposited in databases,molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed.The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and gyrB genes were compared,this confirmed that gyrB gene analysis may be a more useful too l.Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrB genes indicated highhomogeneity between the isolates and Listonena anguill arum from GenBank database.The isolates were identified Listonella anguillarum [(Bergeman 1909) MacDonell and Colwell 1986] of Listonella (MacDonell and Colwell 1986) based on their phenotepic and molecular characteristics.Detection of the activity of extracellulase and hemolysin showed that the isolates could produced diastase,proteinase and lecithinase,exhibited β-haemolysis on containing 7% defibrinated rabbit blood agar plates,and hemolysin gene (493 bp) and metalloprotease gene (248 bp) of 3 isolates could be amplified.Drug resistance of isolates to 49 antimicrobial agents were detected,the results showed that isolates were resistant to 13 agents including penicillin G,and have difference in sensitivity and resistance to six antimicrobial agents among different strains.
In December 2008,continuous high-level mortalities of culturedtongue soleoccurredin one farm of Ganyu County of Jiangsu Province,China,gross signs of disease exhibited haemorrhages at the head,opercula and base of fin,rot of dorsal fin,swelling of the abdomen filled with ascitic fluid,and exposure of intestine tube outside of anus.Virtually pure dense cultures were obtained from liver and ascitic fluid of diseased tongue sole,and strong pathogenicity of the isolates to tongue sole were determined by inoculation.The phenotypic characteristics of isolates (3 strains) were examined,including morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical characteristics,and the activity of extracellulase and hemoly sin;the 16S rRNA and gyrB were amplified by PCR and compared with sequences deposited in databases,molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed.The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and gyrB genes were compared,this confirmed that gyrB gene analysis may be a more useful too l.Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrB genes indicated highhomogeneity between the isolates and Listonena anguill arum from GenBank database.The isolates were identified Listonella anguillarum [(Bergeman 1909) MacDonell and Colwell 1986] of Listonella (MacDonell and Colwell 1986) based on their phenotepic and molecular characteristics.Detection of the activity of extracellulase and hemolysin showed that the isolates could produced diastase,proteinase and lecithinase,exhibited β-haemolysis on containing 7% defibrinated rabbit blood agar plates,and hemolysin gene (493 bp) and metalloprotease gene (248 bp) of 3 isolates could be amplified.Drug resistance of isolates to 49 antimicrobial agents were detected,the results showed that isolates were resistant to 13 agents including penicillin G,and have difference in sensitivity and resistance to six antimicrobial agents among different strains.
2009, 31(5): 123-131.
Abstract:
Predation on bacteria and cyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp.) by heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF) were measured at three stations in the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM) area in October,2006.It was shown that the densities of HNF,bacteria and cyano bacteria were 0.36×103~1.13×103,0.39×106~1.13×106 and 0.04×104~3.74×104 cells/cm3 respectively Ingestion rate of heterotrophic bacteria,estimated on the basis of uptake of fluorescently labeled bacteria,varied from 5.33~14.89 (cell/ HF·h).The grazing rate on cyanobacteria was calculated from 0.26×10-2 to 23.10×10-2 cells/(HF·h).HNF removed only 9.27%~33.08% of bacterial biomass and 2.66%~13.1% of bacterial production,while the consumption upon cyanobacteria was 8.12%~16.09% of the biomass and 8.12%~16.09% of the production,indicating that the consumption by HNF was unlikely responsible for the main fate of these two planktonic bacteria and their production in the HSCWM in autumn.
Predation on bacteria and cyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp.) by heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF) were measured at three stations in the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM) area in October,2006.It was shown that the densities of HNF,bacteria and cyano bacteria were 0.36×103~1.13×103,0.39×106~1.13×106 and 0.04×104~3.74×104 cells/cm3 respectively Ingestion rate of heterotrophic bacteria,estimated on the basis of uptake of fluorescently labeled bacteria,varied from 5.33~14.89 (cell/ HF·h).The grazing rate on cyanobacteria was calculated from 0.26×10-2 to 23.10×10-2 cells/(HF·h).HNF removed only 9.27%~33.08% of bacterial biomass and 2.66%~13.1% of bacterial production,while the consumption upon cyanobacteria was 8.12%~16.09% of the biomass and 8.12%~16.09% of the production,indicating that the consumption by HNF was unlikely responsible for the main fate of these two planktonic bacteria and their production in the HSCWM in autumn.
2009, 31(5): 132-147.
Abstract:
The species composition,dominant species,and abundance of phytoplankton were investigated in the northern Huanghai Sea between December 30,2006 and January 17,2007.The results showed that 131 species were identified,belonging to 4 phyla with 68 genera,in which 86.3% were Bacillariophyta (53 genera and 113 species) and 12.2% were Pyrrophyta (11 genera and 16 species).The majority of species were neritic and cosmopolitan in temperate coastal seas.The average quantity of phytoplankton was 88.89×104 cells/m3,Bacllariophyta and Pyrrophyta were 86.58×104 cells/m3 and 2.28×104 cells/m3,respectively.The dominant speciesincluded Eucampiazodiacus,Paraliasulcata,Pseudo-nitzschiapungens,Chaetoceros densus,Chaetoceros debilis,Rhizosolenia setigera.In addition,the average diversity index (H') and evenness (J') values were 1.80 and 0.42,respectively.It was found that the coastal waters of southern Liaoning was the area of highest phytoplankton abundance,followed by the coastal waters of northern Shandong and the central area of the northern Huanghai Sea.The horizontal distribution of phytoplankton was determined by the diatom distribution pattern.In comparison with the investigation of Jan.1959,the abundance of phytoplankton reduced nearly 41%(from 150.00×104 cells/m3 to 88.89×104 cells/m3),among which the abundance of diatoms reduced from 148.00×104 cells/m3 to 86.58×104 cells/m3,while the abundance of dinoflagellates increased from 1.25×104 cells/m3 to 2.28×104 cells/m3 (from 0.8% to 2.5%).The community pattern relating to diatoms as the dominant group,followed by dinoflagellates,as well as the phytoplankton abundance,has not significantly changed irrespective of the above differences.
The species composition,dominant species,and abundance of phytoplankton were investigated in the northern Huanghai Sea between December 30,2006 and January 17,2007.The results showed that 131 species were identified,belonging to 4 phyla with 68 genera,in which 86.3% were Bacillariophyta (53 genera and 113 species) and 12.2% were Pyrrophyta (11 genera and 16 species).The majority of species were neritic and cosmopolitan in temperate coastal seas.The average quantity of phytoplankton was 88.89×104 cells/m3,Bacllariophyta and Pyrrophyta were 86.58×104 cells/m3 and 2.28×104 cells/m3,respectively.The dominant speciesincluded Eucampiazodiacus,Paraliasulcata,Pseudo-nitzschiapungens,Chaetoceros densus,Chaetoceros debilis,Rhizosolenia setigera.In addition,the average diversity index (H') and evenness (J') values were 1.80 and 0.42,respectively.It was found that the coastal waters of southern Liaoning was the area of highest phytoplankton abundance,followed by the coastal waters of northern Shandong and the central area of the northern Huanghai Sea.The horizontal distribution of phytoplankton was determined by the diatom distribution pattern.In comparison with the investigation of Jan.1959,the abundance of phytoplankton reduced nearly 41%(from 150.00×104 cells/m3 to 88.89×104 cells/m3),among which the abundance of diatoms reduced from 148.00×104 cells/m3 to 86.58×104 cells/m3,while the abundance of dinoflagellates increased from 1.25×104 cells/m3 to 2.28×104 cells/m3 (from 0.8% to 2.5%).The community pattern relating to diatoms as the dominant group,followed by dinoflagellates,as well as the phytoplankton abundance,has not significantly changed irrespective of the above differences.
2009, 31(5): 148-155.
Abstract:
Based on the eigenfunction expansion technique,an analytical study on the wave generated by a piston wave generator in a depth-varied water-flume in step-type is carried out.The corresponding velocity potential and wave elevation in the flume are developed.The analytical solution is verified by a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM).Numerical experiments are carried out to study the effect of the step on the generated wave height due to the step,the ratio of water depths at the up and low steps,the wave generator position,and the period of the wave generator motion.According to research,the suitable water depths and the wave generat or position can be chosen to reach the required wave height Meanwhile,the amplitude of the wave generator motion can be deduced according to the expected wave period and amplitude.
Based on the eigenfunction expansion technique,an analytical study on the wave generated by a piston wave generator in a depth-varied water-flume in step-type is carried out.The corresponding velocity potential and wave elevation in the flume are developed.The analytical solution is verified by a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM).Numerical experiments are carried out to study the effect of the step on the generated wave height due to the step,the ratio of water depths at the up and low steps,the wave generator position,and the period of the wave generator motion.According to research,the suitable water depths and the wave generat or position can be chosen to reach the required wave height Meanwhile,the amplitude of the wave generator motion can be deduced according to the expected wave period and amplitude.
2009, 31(5): 156-161.
Abstract:
First,a numerical model was presented based on Moisan temperature relationship between the maximal specific growth rate of phytoplankton and the temperature,applying Shelford's law of tolerance.Algal ecological amplitude of tem perature (optimum temperature,optimum temperature range,tolerance range of temperature) can be computed quantitatively with this numerical model.Biological zero degree can be also computed with this formula.Second,the relationship between Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu specific growth rates and the temperature was provided combining with experimental data.Finally,the ecological amplitude of temperature of the algae species was given quantificationally,which approximately agreed with the previous results.
First,a numerical model was presented based on Moisan temperature relationship between the maximal specific growth rate of phytoplankton and the temperature,applying Shelford's law of tolerance.Algal ecological amplitude of tem perature (optimum temperature,optimum temperature range,tolerance range of temperature) can be computed quantitatively with this numerical model.Biological zero degree can be also computed with this formula.Second,the relationship between Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu specific growth rates and the temperature was provided combining with experimental data.Finally,the ecological amplitude of temperature of the algae species was given quantificationally,which approximately agreed with the previous results.
2009, 31(5): 162-168.
Abstract:
2009, 31(5): 169-174.
Abstract:
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