2008 Vol. 30, No. 6
Display Method:
2008, 30(6): 1-16.
Abstract:
The multi-year averaged surface current field and seasonal variability in the Kuroshio and adjacent regions are s udied.The data used in this study are trajectories and (1/4) latitude by (1/4) longitude mean currents derived from 323 Argos drifters deployed by Chinese institutions and World Ocean Circulation Experiment from 1979 to 2003.The results show that the Kuroshio surface path adapts well to the western boundary to pography and exhibits six great turnings.The branching occurs frequently near anticyclonic turnings rather than near cyclonic ones.At the Luzon Strait, the surface water intrusion into the South China Sea occurs only in fall and winter.The Kuroshio surface path east of Taiwan appears nearly as straight lines in summer, fall, and winter, when anticy clonic eddies coexiston its rightside; while the path may cyclonically turning in spring when no eddy exists.The Kuroshio intrusion northeast of Taiwan of ten occurs in fall and winter, but not in summer.The running direction, width and velocity of the middle segment of the Kuroshio surface currents in the East China Sea vary seasonally.The northward intrusion of the Kuroshio surface water southwest of Kyushu occurs in spring and fall, but not in summer.The northmost position of the Kuroshio surface path southwest of Kyushu occurs in fall, but never goes beyond 31 N.The northward surface current east of the Ryukyu Islands exists only along Okinawa-Amami Islands from spring to fall.In particular, it appears as an arm of an anticyclonic eddy in fall.
The multi-year averaged surface current field and seasonal variability in the Kuroshio and adjacent regions are s udied.The data used in this study are trajectories and (1/4) latitude by (1/4) longitude mean currents derived from 323 Argos drifters deployed by Chinese institutions and World Ocean Circulation Experiment from 1979 to 2003.The results show that the Kuroshio surface path adapts well to the western boundary to pography and exhibits six great turnings.The branching occurs frequently near anticyclonic turnings rather than near cyclonic ones.At the Luzon Strait, the surface water intrusion into the South China Sea occurs only in fall and winter.The Kuroshio surface path east of Taiwan appears nearly as straight lines in summer, fall, and winter, when anticy clonic eddies coexiston its rightside; while the path may cyclonically turning in spring when no eddy exists.The Kuroshio intrusion northeast of Taiwan of ten occurs in fall and winter, but not in summer.The running direction, width and velocity of the middle segment of the Kuroshio surface currents in the East China Sea vary seasonally.The northward intrusion of the Kuroshio surface water southwest of Kyushu occurs in spring and fall, but not in summer.The northmost position of the Kuroshio surface path southwest of Kyushu occurs in fall, but never goes beyond 31 N.The northward surface current east of the Ryukyu Islands exists only along Okinawa-Amami Islands from spring to fall.In particular, it appears as an arm of an anticyclonic eddy in fall.
2008, 30(6): 17-23.
Abstract:
The decadal variations of the subsurface and intermediate water masses in the western tropical Pacific Ocean are analyzed with the CTD data of World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01) in 1980s-1990s and the Argo data after 2000.The results show that the general distributions and water properties of the subsurface water masses and the interm ediate water masses in the western tropical Pacific Ocean during periods of 1985-1994 and 2002-2005 are basically consistent.The slight decadal variation corresponds to the normal status of the global atmosphere-ocean coupling system during the two periods.By tracking the salinity maximum representing the character of the subsurface water masses, the northward diffusion of South Pacific Tropical Water is found to enhance with its edge moving from 5°N during 1985-1994 to 6°~7°N during 2002-2005, while the southward diffusion of North Pacific Tropical Water weakened with its edge moving from 2°N during 1985-1994 to 4°N during 2002-2005.The salinity minimum representing the character of the intermediate water masses show that the northward diffusion of Antarctic Intermediate Water streng thened with its edge moving from 11°N during 1985-1994 to 13°N during 2002-2005; simult aneously, the southward diffusion of North Pacific Intermediate Water weaken.The relationship between the foregoing decadal variations and the strength of global water cycle is worth studying in the future.
The decadal variations of the subsurface and intermediate water masses in the western tropical Pacific Ocean are analyzed with the CTD data of World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01) in 1980s-1990s and the Argo data after 2000.The results show that the general distributions and water properties of the subsurface water masses and the interm ediate water masses in the western tropical Pacific Ocean during periods of 1985-1994 and 2002-2005 are basically consistent.The slight decadal variation corresponds to the normal status of the global atmosphere-ocean coupling system during the two periods.By tracking the salinity maximum representing the character of the subsurface water masses, the northward diffusion of South Pacific Tropical Water is found to enhance with its edge moving from 5°N during 1985-1994 to 6°~7°N during 2002-2005, while the southward diffusion of North Pacific Tropical Water weakened with its edge moving from 2°N during 1985-1994 to 4°N during 2002-2005.The salinity minimum representing the character of the intermediate water masses show that the northward diffusion of Antarctic Intermediate Water streng thened with its edge moving from 11°N during 1985-1994 to 13°N during 2002-2005; simult aneously, the southward diffusion of North Pacific Intermediate Water weaken.The relationship between the foregoing decadal variations and the strength of global water cycle is worth studying in the future.
2008, 30(6): 24-29.
Abstract:
Based on the tide-averaged convection flux of water and substance at unit length vertical section, 2-D water and substances long-term transport velocity is defined, which describe the water and substances long-term transport direction and speed at unit length vertical section.2-D water and substances long-term transport velocity can also introduce the separation of water and substances long-term transport, namely in the case that substances convection velocity is as same as waters at every tide phase, their tide-averaged convection velocity may be different in direction and speed because of substance concentrations impact.2-D substances long-term transport velocity is decomposed as 2-D waters long-term transport velocity, 2-D tide pumping transport velocity and vertical shear transport velocity, which describe the substances long-term transport from residual current transport, tide pumping transport and vertical shear transpor trespectively.Tide pumping transport and vertical shear transport result in the difference of water and substances long-term transport at unit length vertical section.In estuary, the topographty, river flux, tidal current and density grads make favorable entironment for the separation of water and substances long-term transport.
Based on the tide-averaged convection flux of water and substance at unit length vertical section, 2-D water and substances long-term transport velocity is defined, which describe the water and substances long-term transport direction and speed at unit length vertical section.2-D water and substances long-term transport velocity can also introduce the separation of water and substances long-term transport, namely in the case that substances convection velocity is as same as waters at every tide phase, their tide-averaged convection velocity may be different in direction and speed because of substance concentrations impact.2-D substances long-term transport velocity is decomposed as 2-D waters long-term transport velocity, 2-D tide pumping transport velocity and vertical shear transport velocity, which describe the substances long-term transport from residual current transport, tide pumping transport and vertical shear transpor trespectively.Tide pumping transport and vertical shear transport result in the difference of water and substances long-term transport at unit length vertical section.In estuary, the topographty, river flux, tidal current and density grads make favorable entironment for the separation of water and substances long-term transport.
2008, 30(6): 30-38.
Abstract:
The 48 h mesoscale model simulations from July 17 to 19, 2005 of the atmospheric circulation around Arctic region with the polar MM 5 are presented.The numerical analyses indicate there was a cold, low pressure around the east of the Pole and a warm high pressure at the west of the Pole over the Arctic.At the map of surface, the corresponding systems were a cyclone and an anticyclone circulation.There was a fluctuation mode of high (cyclone)-low (anticyclone)-low(anticyclone)-high (cyclone) over the entire Arctic region.Five upper-air observations from the Arctic are used to verify the simulated atmospheric state for the variables of temperature and wind.The model is found to reproduce the observed atmospheric state based on statistic and vertical analyses.This is evident as smaller model biases and larger correlation coefficients for the variables of temperature and wind.Moreover, the mesoscale model reflects there were evident diurnal cycle for the temperature at height of 2 m, sensible heat and latent heat fluxes at station Barrow; and the inversed temperature and Katabatic vertical structures at Barrow was simulated by the model, effectively.
2008, 30(6): 39-50.
Abstract:
Based on the comparative analysis of the major air-sea elements over the South China Sea (SCS) and its adjacent regions during the anomalous years of South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM), the fundamental results were obtained.In the summer of the strong SCSSM year, the westerly in the low level and easterly in the upper level over the middle and southern part of the SCS enhanced, the cyclonic anomaly circulation existed over the northern part of the SCS, the ascending motions strengthened.Correspondingly, the convections and precipitation enhanced over the SCS and the coastal areas of China, whereas the precipitation decreased over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River valley.While in the weak SCSSM year, the distributions of the above mentioned meteoro logical elements appeared nearly different.In the Strong SCSSM year, the position and strength of the subtropical high over the western Pacific Ocean was obviously farther east and weak than normal.Correspondingly the distributions of the convections, precipitation, and the atmospheric heat sources over the SCS and its adjacent regions between the strong and weak SCSSM year appeared quite different.The most significant difference was located at the SCS and its adjacent regions.In the strong SCSSM year, the obvious enhanced heat sources appeared over the regions from the Bay of the Bengal to the area to the east of the Philippines.Whereas in the weak SCSSM year, the heat sources over these regions weakened.Also, the distributions of the sea surface height, ocean circulation, sea surface temperature and so on which reflected the ocean conditions were apparently different between the strong and weak SCSSM year.As an important forcing factor, sea surface temperature not only plays an important role in the formation of the monsoonal circulation, but also was greatly affected by the monsoon anomalies.Further, it would make a significant impact on weather and climate over the local region.
Based on the comparative analysis of the major air-sea elements over the South China Sea (SCS) and its adjacent regions during the anomalous years of South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM), the fundamental results were obtained.In the summer of the strong SCSSM year, the westerly in the low level and easterly in the upper level over the middle and southern part of the SCS enhanced, the cyclonic anomaly circulation existed over the northern part of the SCS, the ascending motions strengthened.Correspondingly, the convections and precipitation enhanced over the SCS and the coastal areas of China, whereas the precipitation decreased over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River valley.While in the weak SCSSM year, the distributions of the above mentioned meteoro logical elements appeared nearly different.In the Strong SCSSM year, the position and strength of the subtropical high over the western Pacific Ocean was obviously farther east and weak than normal.Correspondingly the distributions of the convections, precipitation, and the atmospheric heat sources over the SCS and its adjacent regions between the strong and weak SCSSM year appeared quite different.The most significant difference was located at the SCS and its adjacent regions.In the strong SCSSM year, the obvious enhanced heat sources appeared over the regions from the Bay of the Bengal to the area to the east of the Philippines.Whereas in the weak SCSSM year, the heat sources over these regions weakened.Also, the distributions of the sea surface height, ocean circulation, sea surface temperature and so on which reflected the ocean conditions were apparently different between the strong and weak SCSSM year.As an important forcing factor, sea surface temperature not only plays an important role in the formation of the monsoonal circulation, but also was greatly affected by the monsoon anomalies.Further, it would make a significant impact on weather and climate over the local region.
2008, 30(6): 51-59.
Abstract:
As a new ocean surface wind speed measurement tool using active microwave remote sensing, there are several advantages of using global navigation satellite system reflection (GNSS) R) such as high temporal and spatial resolution, low cost, rich of GNSS resources, high flexibility in comparison with other remote sensing tools, which can of fset the lack of regional wind speed measurement means.The characteristics of four parts in Z-V theoretical model were studied respectively and the numerical simulations of waveforms were performed at aircraft altitude.Furthermore, a bidimensional interpolation wind speed retrieval method was proposed on the basis of the fact that wind speed has effect on waveform peak and tail.Combining the aircraft data with the specific development condition of sea, the ocean surface wind was retrieved.The result shows that the mean wind speed retrieved from this method is agreed with that recorded from a nearby station with a bias of 1.4 m/s, and almost in accord with that recorded from a nearby buoy.
As a new ocean surface wind speed measurement tool using active microwave remote sensing, there are several advantages of using global navigation satellite system reflection (GNSS) R) such as high temporal and spatial resolution, low cost, rich of GNSS resources, high flexibility in comparison with other remote sensing tools, which can of fset the lack of regional wind speed measurement means.The characteristics of four parts in Z-V theoretical model were studied respectively and the numerical simulations of waveforms were performed at aircraft altitude.Furthermore, a bidimensional interpolation wind speed retrieval method was proposed on the basis of the fact that wind speed has effect on waveform peak and tail.Combining the aircraft data with the specific development condition of sea, the ocean surface wind was retrieved.The result shows that the mean wind speed retrieved from this method is agreed with that recorded from a nearby station with a bias of 1.4 m/s, and almost in accord with that recorded from a nearby buoy.
2008, 30(6): 60-68.
Abstract:
Chloroform bitumen A、saturated-hydro carbon, arene, nonhydrocarbons, n-alkannes isopre- noids and terpenoids of samples of four stations from the equatorial Pacific area were analyzed by the gas chromatography method.The result showed that the content of nonhydrocarbon was higher than those of saturated-hydrocarbon and arene, and the value of saturated-hydrocarbon/arene was relatively lower.The order of evolvement was WP02-1 > ES0103 > W2001-2 > MP2001-01.All of the samples could be divided into two groups according to the character of n-alkanes.The characteristic of one group was single peak form with high-carbon.The range of CPI and nC23-/nC24+ was 0.812~1.380 and 0.081~0.234, re- spectively.These indicated that the source of the n-alkanes was mainly aquatic higher macro phytes origin.The other group of n-alkanes come of both lower thalloses and terrigenous origin according to their CPI with 0.983~1.382 and nC23-/nC24+ with 0.631~0.950, and double peaks of gas chromatography.All the samples we studied were low-mature hydrocarbon and reductive environment played an important role in the formation and preservation of low-mature hydrocarbon.
Chloroform bitumen A、saturated-hydro carbon, arene, nonhydrocarbons, n-alkannes isopre- noids and terpenoids of samples of four stations from the equatorial Pacific area were analyzed by the gas chromatography method.The result showed that the content of nonhydrocarbon was higher than those of saturated-hydrocarbon and arene, and the value of saturated-hydrocarbon/arene was relatively lower.The order of evolvement was WP02-1 > ES0103 > W2001-2 > MP2001-01.All of the samples could be divided into two groups according to the character of n-alkanes.The characteristic of one group was single peak form with high-carbon.The range of CPI and nC23-/nC24+ was 0.812~1.380 and 0.081~0.234, re- spectively.These indicated that the source of the n-alkanes was mainly aquatic higher macro phytes origin.The other group of n-alkanes come of both lower thalloses and terrigenous origin according to their CPI with 0.983~1.382 and nC23-/nC24+ with 0.631~0.950, and double peaks of gas chromatography.All the samples we studied were low-mature hydrocarbon and reductive environment played an important role in the formation and preservation of low-mature hydrocarbon.
2008, 30(6): 69-75.
Abstract:
The methane concentration of water samples at five stations collected by the CTD rosette water sampler in the area of southwestern Dongsha Islands and the Xisha Trough, respectively, was analyzed by the gas-stripping method on aboard ship.It shows abnormal high methane concentrations in near bottom water samples at three stations.In the southwestern Dongsha Islands area, the methane concent rations of 4.25 and 10.64 nmol/dm3 occur in near bottom water samples at Stas E105A and E106, respectively.In the Xisha Trough area, the high methane concentrations of 5.17, 8.48 and 8.70 nmol/dm3 in water depths of 1.750, 1.900 and 2.050 m, respectively, have been observed at Sta E413.It is believed that the abnormal high methane concentrations are generated from the leakage of methane from sediments.Combining with previous geophysical and geochemical data from these two areas, this was probably related to the submarine gas hydrate decomposition and cold seep system.In May 2007, gas hydrate samples were successfully obtained by the drilling in Shenhu sea area located in the southwestern Dongsha Islands area.It is called for further drilling surveys to confirm the existence of gas hydrate and cold seep system in the Xisha Trough as early as possible.
The methane concentration of water samples at five stations collected by the CTD rosette water sampler in the area of southwestern Dongsha Islands and the Xisha Trough, respectively, was analyzed by the gas-stripping method on aboard ship.It shows abnormal high methane concentrations in near bottom water samples at three stations.In the southwestern Dongsha Islands area, the methane concent rations of 4.25 and 10.64 nmol/dm3 occur in near bottom water samples at Stas E105A and E106, respectively.In the Xisha Trough area, the high methane concentrations of 5.17, 8.48 and 8.70 nmol/dm3 in water depths of 1.750, 1.900 and 2.050 m, respectively, have been observed at Sta E413.It is believed that the abnormal high methane concentrations are generated from the leakage of methane from sediments.Combining with previous geophysical and geochemical data from these two areas, this was probably related to the submarine gas hydrate decomposition and cold seep system.In May 2007, gas hydrate samples were successfully obtained by the drilling in Shenhu sea area located in the southwestern Dongsha Islands area.It is called for further drilling surveys to confirm the existence of gas hydrate and cold seep system in the Xisha Trough as early as possible.
2008, 30(6): 76-84.
Abstract:
Seamount shape statistic parameters (summit diameter, seamount height, basal diameter, flatness, seamount slope, and the ratio of seamount height to basal diameter) have been complied from 60 profiles of well-surveyed Pacific seamounts in the heig htrange of 1 350~4 650 m.Multivariate statistic analysis on six parameters shows that seamount shape type can be classified by the ratio of seamount height to basal diameter.The ratio is less than 0.10 for the guyots (Type Ⅰ), or more than 0.10 for the pointed cone seamounts (TypeⅡ).And for the ratio being equal to 0.10 the flatness and the slope are referred, the flatter and gentler seamount is at tributed to Type Ⅰ, ot herwise TypeⅡ.The Magellan Seamounts and the Marshall Islands in the west Pacific Ocean are distributed basically by the guyot, but the Wake-Marcus Seamounts, the Mid-Pacific Ocean Mountains and the Lines Islands between the west and central Pacific grow generally with two type seamounts.Compared with the cobalt-rich crust on the pointed cone seamount and the guyot, it is discovered that the pebble crusts are richer in the guyot than the pointed cone seamount but the laminated crusts develop well in both type seamounts.In the central Pacific Ocean, the cobalt-rich crusts are richer in the pointed cone seamounts than the guyot.But the summit area is smaller in the pointed cone seamount than the guyot, the cobalt-rich crust resources are not potential in TypeⅡ seamount of the central Pacific Ocean.In the central and west Pacific Ocean, the laminated crusts grow richer on the guyot in the Mag ellan Seamounts and the Wake-Marcus Islands than the Mid-Pacific Mountains, the Marshall Islands and the Lines Islands, the former average thickness is more than 3 cm but the latter is less than 3 cm.As a whole, there is obvious difference in two type seamounts, the cobalt-rich crusts on the guyot in the west Pacific Ocean develop better than the central Pacific Ocean, and the cobalt-rich crust resource in the west ward slope of guyot is richer than the east ward one, to the contrary in the pointed cone seamounts.
Seamount shape statistic parameters (summit diameter, seamount height, basal diameter, flatness, seamount slope, and the ratio of seamount height to basal diameter) have been complied from 60 profiles of well-surveyed Pacific seamounts in the heig htrange of 1 350~4 650 m.Multivariate statistic analysis on six parameters shows that seamount shape type can be classified by the ratio of seamount height to basal diameter.The ratio is less than 0.10 for the guyots (Type Ⅰ), or more than 0.10 for the pointed cone seamounts (TypeⅡ).And for the ratio being equal to 0.10 the flatness and the slope are referred, the flatter and gentler seamount is at tributed to Type Ⅰ, ot herwise TypeⅡ.The Magellan Seamounts and the Marshall Islands in the west Pacific Ocean are distributed basically by the guyot, but the Wake-Marcus Seamounts, the Mid-Pacific Ocean Mountains and the Lines Islands between the west and central Pacific grow generally with two type seamounts.Compared with the cobalt-rich crust on the pointed cone seamount and the guyot, it is discovered that the pebble crusts are richer in the guyot than the pointed cone seamount but the laminated crusts develop well in both type seamounts.In the central Pacific Ocean, the cobalt-rich crusts are richer in the pointed cone seamounts than the guyot.But the summit area is smaller in the pointed cone seamount than the guyot, the cobalt-rich crust resources are not potential in TypeⅡ seamount of the central Pacific Ocean.In the central and west Pacific Ocean, the laminated crusts grow richer on the guyot in the Mag ellan Seamounts and the Wake-Marcus Islands than the Mid-Pacific Mountains, the Marshall Islands and the Lines Islands, the former average thickness is more than 3 cm but the latter is less than 3 cm.As a whole, there is obvious difference in two type seamounts, the cobalt-rich crusts on the guyot in the west Pacific Ocean develop better than the central Pacific Ocean, and the cobalt-rich crust resource in the west ward slope of guyot is richer than the east ward one, to the contrary in the pointed cone seamounts.
2008, 30(6): 85-93.
Abstract:
The main elements of Core 191 are analyzed using the method of XRF in the northern South China Sea.The results show that the main element of the highest content is SiO2, the next is CaCO3, Al2O3 and CaO.In the vertical distribution the content of CaCO3 is coincident with that of CaO, and the content of SiO2 is similar to that of Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O and MgO.Combined with the dating of AMS(carbon-14), five geochemistry layers are divided, this is indicated that the changing of main elements and the content ratio of MgO to Al2O3 along the core have reflected the evolution of climate, sea level and terrigenous mater supply since oxygenisotope Stage 3 in the northern South China Sea.And the changing has good corre-spondence to short period global climate change such as Heinrich event, Dansgaerd-Oeschger gyration, Younger Dry as event and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata event, just little late to Greenland Island ice core because of regional response.Since oxygenisotope Stage 3, the deposited rate in the study area has dropped, not as the common result that the deposited rate in interglacial stage or warm period is higer than that in glacial stage or cold period in orther areas of the South China Sea.The reason is that rocks are easier to weathering and to eroding in the frequent climate oscillation of heat and cold or dryness and wetness in this stage.
The main elements of Core 191 are analyzed using the method of XRF in the northern South China Sea.The results show that the main element of the highest content is SiO2, the next is CaCO3, Al2O3 and CaO.In the vertical distribution the content of CaCO3 is coincident with that of CaO, and the content of SiO2 is similar to that of Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O and MgO.Combined with the dating of AMS(carbon-14), five geochemistry layers are divided, this is indicated that the changing of main elements and the content ratio of MgO to Al2O3 along the core have reflected the evolution of climate, sea level and terrigenous mater supply since oxygenisotope Stage 3 in the northern South China Sea.And the changing has good corre-spondence to short period global climate change such as Heinrich event, Dansgaerd-Oeschger gyration, Younger Dry as event and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata event, just little late to Greenland Island ice core because of regional response.Since oxygenisotope Stage 3, the deposited rate in the study area has dropped, not as the common result that the deposited rate in interglacial stage or warm period is higer than that in glacial stage or cold period in orther areas of the South China Sea.The reason is that rocks are easier to weathering and to eroding in the frequent climate oscillation of heat and cold or dryness and wetness in this stage.
2008, 30(6): 94-98.
Abstract:
In view of the difficulty of observation for diurnal variations during the survey of seamounts in the ocean, a correction method based on a linear least-squares algorithm was introduced.On the supposal of that the time-variation of earth magnetism can be fitted by a high-order polynomial, the coefficients of the polynomial, and the curve of diurnal variations can be obtained using the linear least-squares algorithm of an intersection error.Subtracted diurnal variations from the observed magnetic field, the magneticanomalies of seamounts removed the influence of diurnal variations can be obtained.Theoretical and real data processing shows that not only the result of the diurnal variations deleting is well, but the computercal-culating is simple.Additionally, in order to improve the result of diurnal variation correction, certain problems which may be meet with during the magnetic survey of seamounts are discussed.
In view of the difficulty of observation for diurnal variations during the survey of seamounts in the ocean, a correction method based on a linear least-squares algorithm was introduced.On the supposal of that the time-variation of earth magnetism can be fitted by a high-order polynomial, the coefficients of the polynomial, and the curve of diurnal variations can be obtained using the linear least-squares algorithm of an intersection error.Subtracted diurnal variations from the observed magnetic field, the magneticanomalies of seamounts removed the influence of diurnal variations can be obtained.Theoretical and real data processing shows that not only the result of the diurnal variations deleting is well, but the computercal-culating is simple.Additionally, in order to improve the result of diurnal variation correction, certain problems which may be meet with during the magnetic survey of seamounts are discussed.
2008, 30(6): 99-105.
Abstract:
The geological-geophysical map(1:1 000 000) series of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea and adjacent regions will be published in the late half year of 2008.The regional tectonic map is one of the main professional maps.The mapping methods, the division method of geological tectonic units and the main geological tectonic units are mainly discussed.The strata from Pliocene to Holocene are peeled off so as to display the Pre-Pliocene structures.In basins, isopaches are drawn for the Cenozoic deposits.The plate tectonic theory and present tectonic pattern are adopted as the priorities in tectonic division.As to the division of intraplate tectonic units, it is a revision, complement and improvement of previous dividing systems, and the nomenclature for each tectonic unit follows the current system in China.The first-order tectonic unit is plate (Pacific Plate, Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate).The second-order tectonic unit is tectonic domain(East Asian continental tectonic domain, East Asian continental margin tectonic domain and West Pacific tectonic domain).The Philippine Sea Plate and the west part of the Pacific Plate are called the West Pacific tectonic domain.The part of the Eurasian Plate involved in this study area can be further divided into East Asian continental tectonic domain and East Asian continental margin tectonic domain.The Asian continental marg in domain is composed of the Ryūkyū island arc, the Okinaw a Trough back-arc basin and the back-arc basin of Sea of Japan.The Asian continental tectonic domain in this study area is composed of the Sino-Korea Massif, Yangtze Massif and South China Massif.In turn, these massifs consist of basins, folded belts or uplift zones.The basins, the folded belts or the uplift zones are further divided into uplifts and depressions made up of sags and swells.
The geological-geophysical map(1:1 000 000) series of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea and adjacent regions will be published in the late half year of 2008.The regional tectonic map is one of the main professional maps.The mapping methods, the division method of geological tectonic units and the main geological tectonic units are mainly discussed.The strata from Pliocene to Holocene are peeled off so as to display the Pre-Pliocene structures.In basins, isopaches are drawn for the Cenozoic deposits.The plate tectonic theory and present tectonic pattern are adopted as the priorities in tectonic division.As to the division of intraplate tectonic units, it is a revision, complement and improvement of previous dividing systems, and the nomenclature for each tectonic unit follows the current system in China.The first-order tectonic unit is plate (Pacific Plate, Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate).The second-order tectonic unit is tectonic domain(East Asian continental tectonic domain, East Asian continental margin tectonic domain and West Pacific tectonic domain).The Philippine Sea Plate and the west part of the Pacific Plate are called the West Pacific tectonic domain.The part of the Eurasian Plate involved in this study area can be further divided into East Asian continental tectonic domain and East Asian continental margin tectonic domain.The Asian continental marg in domain is composed of the Ryūkyū island arc, the Okinaw a Trough back-arc basin and the back-arc basin of Sea of Japan.The Asian continental tectonic domain in this study area is composed of the Sino-Korea Massif, Yangtze Massif and South China Massif.In turn, these massifs consist of basins, folded belts or uplift zones.The basins, the folded belts or the uplift zones are further divided into uplifts and depressions made up of sags and swells.
2008, 30(6): 106-114.
Abstract:
To identify the animal species accurately is very important for both biologist and farmer.Groupers are of considerable importance in the commercial and artisanal fisheries in tropical and subtropical seas.It presents certain difficulties and confusions in the identification of the species.For example, whether E.moara and E.bruneus, with the closely similarity in outer shape and distribution belong to one species or not, has being existed the argument for a long time.The int erspecific differences between them were mainly identified on the basis of the skeleton system as well as the meristic and morphometric characters.The results revealed as the follow ings: (1) Although their outer shape, color and bands were very similar, the bars on the body were different.By means of the Fisher Discrim inant Function Analysis, statistically significant difference would be found to exist between E.moara and E.bruneus (p < 0.001) in meristic and morphometric characters, such as the ratios of body length/snout-vent length, dorsal fin coxal length/anal fin coxal length and head length/diameter of eyes, the numbers of dorsal fin rays, gill rakers and pyloric caeca; (2) They were basically homologous on the configuration and composition of neurocranium, splanchnocranium, vertebrate, rib and appendicular skeleton, but there were many remarkably differences: Preorbital, Post-orbital, Preoperculare, Urohyal, Predorsal interneural spine and the connection of Hypurals and Caudal spine and so on.As we known, these skeletons could also be used as the important characters to identify genera or species in fishes.Accordingly, we considered that E.moara and E.bruneus were different species in the same genus.
To identify the animal species accurately is very important for both biologist and farmer.Groupers are of considerable importance in the commercial and artisanal fisheries in tropical and subtropical seas.It presents certain difficulties and confusions in the identification of the species.For example, whether E.moara and E.bruneus, with the closely similarity in outer shape and distribution belong to one species or not, has being existed the argument for a long time.The int erspecific differences between them were mainly identified on the basis of the skeleton system as well as the meristic and morphometric characters.The results revealed as the follow ings: (1) Although their outer shape, color and bands were very similar, the bars on the body were different.By means of the Fisher Discrim inant Function Analysis, statistically significant difference would be found to exist between E.moara and E.bruneus (p < 0.001) in meristic and morphometric characters, such as the ratios of body length/snout-vent length, dorsal fin coxal length/anal fin coxal length and head length/diameter of eyes, the numbers of dorsal fin rays, gill rakers and pyloric caeca; (2) They were basically homologous on the configuration and composition of neurocranium, splanchnocranium, vertebrate, rib and appendicular skeleton, but there were many remarkably differences: Preorbital, Post-orbital, Preoperculare, Urohyal, Predorsal interneural spine and the connection of Hypurals and Caudal spine and so on.As we known, these skeletons could also be used as the important characters to identify genera or species in fishes.Accordingly, we considered that E.moara and E.bruneus were different species in the same genus.
2008, 30(6): 115-121.
Abstract:
The entire mitochondrial control region sequences (1 094—1 096 nucleotides) were amplified from 5 Chiloscyllium plagiosum populations(Mindong, Minnan, Yuexi, Hainan, Beibuwan) in the coastal waters of southern China and 8 haplotypes were defined by 6 poly morphic sites after sequence alignment.The low levels of gene diversity(h=0.542 5~0.744 8) and nucleotide diversity (π=0.000 571~0.000 980) indicate slow rates of mitochondrial DNA evolution in C.plagiosum.The results of AMOVA reveal the variation occur most within populations and minor among populations(Fst=0.216 26, P < 0.000 1).The 5 populations were classified into two geographic populations (Taiwan straits population, Northern South China Sea population) by exact test of population differentiation and nested clade analyses.The results indicate that the gene flow of C.plagiosum expands in coastal waters and genetic variations are affected by geographic structure and distance isolation.
The entire mitochondrial control region sequences (1 094—1 096 nucleotides) were amplified from 5 Chiloscyllium plagiosum populations(Mindong, Minnan, Yuexi, Hainan, Beibuwan) in the coastal waters of southern China and 8 haplotypes were defined by 6 poly morphic sites after sequence alignment.The low levels of gene diversity(h=0.542 5~0.744 8) and nucleotide diversity (π=0.000 571~0.000 980) indicate slow rates of mitochondrial DNA evolution in C.plagiosum.The results of AMOVA reveal the variation occur most within populations and minor among populations(Fst=0.216 26, P < 0.000 1).The 5 populations were classified into two geographic populations (Taiwan straits population, Northern South China Sea population) by exact test of population differentiation and nested clade analyses.The results indicate that the gene flow of C.plagiosum expands in coastal waters and genetic variations are affected by geographic structure and distance isolation.
2008, 30(6): 122-131.
Abstract:
The study was conducted to investigate the changes in the hepatosomatic index (HSI), the main biochemical compositions and its histological feature of Portunustrituberculatus at the different physiological stages in East Sea by biochemical determination and hist olog ical examination.Furthermore, the relationship between changing histology and main biochemical composition in the hepat opancreas were also discussed in the end of this paper.The results showed that: (1) During the ovarian maturation, the HSI increased to (7.46±1.23)% at stage Ⅳ, then decreased to (4.62±0.63)% at stage Ⅳ; (2) Although the stable protein level (10%~12% wet weight) could be found in wet hepatopancreas during the ovarian development, there were significant differences in the other main biochemical compositions during the course of ovarian maturation.The highest water content of the hepato pancreas could be found at the stage Ⅰ, which reached 67.91%.Then, the total lipid (TL) content based on wet hepat opancreas appeared as the trend of "low—high—low".The peak TL content (24.24% wet weight) was found at stage Ⅳ in wet hepatopancreas, while the lowest TL content was only 13.48% at stage.Moreover, the carbohydrate content of wet hepat opancreas decreased slightly except for stage.(3) The significant changes of hepatopancreatic histology happened in the reproductive molting and spawning stages in female crabs.In early stage Ⅰ (before reproductive molting), B cells dominated in the hepat opancreatic tubules while R cells seemed slender.Meanwhile, the abundant food residue and vacuoles sloughed off by B cells were found in tubule lumens of the hepatopancreas.In stage Ⅱ (after reproductive molting), the numbers of R cells increased significantly, which were filled with lipid droplets with ovarian development.After spawning, the boundary of many hepat opancreatic cells became unclear or even mixed.However, there were more B and F cells on the hepat opancreas than before, which suggested that crabs restart feeding to ensure the second ovarian development as the water temperature increased.
The study was conducted to investigate the changes in the hepatosomatic index (HSI), the main biochemical compositions and its histological feature of Portunustrituberculatus at the different physiological stages in East Sea by biochemical determination and hist olog ical examination.Furthermore, the relationship between changing histology and main biochemical composition in the hepat opancreas were also discussed in the end of this paper.The results showed that: (1) During the ovarian maturation, the HSI increased to (7.46±1.23)% at stage Ⅳ, then decreased to (4.62±0.63)% at stage Ⅳ; (2) Although the stable protein level (10%~12% wet weight) could be found in wet hepatopancreas during the ovarian development, there were significant differences in the other main biochemical compositions during the course of ovarian maturation.The highest water content of the hepato pancreas could be found at the stage Ⅰ, which reached 67.91%.Then, the total lipid (TL) content based on wet hepat opancreas appeared as the trend of "low—high—low".The peak TL content (24.24% wet weight) was found at stage Ⅳ in wet hepatopancreas, while the lowest TL content was only 13.48% at stage.Moreover, the carbohydrate content of wet hepat opancreas decreased slightly except for stage.(3) The significant changes of hepatopancreatic histology happened in the reproductive molting and spawning stages in female crabs.In early stage Ⅰ (before reproductive molting), B cells dominated in the hepat opancreatic tubules while R cells seemed slender.Meanwhile, the abundant food residue and vacuoles sloughed off by B cells were found in tubule lumens of the hepatopancreas.In stage Ⅱ (after reproductive molting), the numbers of R cells increased significantly, which were filled with lipid droplets with ovarian development.After spawning, the boundary of many hepat opancreatic cells became unclear or even mixed.However, there were more B and F cells on the hepat opancreas than before, which suggested that crabs restart feeding to ensure the second ovarian development as the water temperature increased.
2008, 30(6): 132-139.
Abstract:
To research and establish the qualitative and quantitative detection of red tide organisms via immunology and fluo rescence technique, polyclonal antibodies against three red tide algae with different size, Heterosigma akashiwo, Symnodinium sp.and Alexandrium catenella were raised.Block affinity treatment was done to enhance the specificity of the antibodies.The titer of three polyclonal antibodies was determined by the indirect enzyme-linked immunoso rbent assay, and three algal cells were detected by immuno-fluorescent technique.The result showed that Heterosigma akashiwo and Symnodinium sp.antibodies without block treatment got titer higher than 1:41 000 and 1:18 000, respectively, an indicating of high affinity antibodies.The titer of Alexandrium catenella antibody reached 1:3 500, relatively lower than the previous two.The specificity of three polyclonal antibodies after affinity treatment was raised remarkably.However, the titer declined.All the polyclonal antibodies showed a high affinity with their own cells.The fluorescent signal of Heterosigma akashiwo and Symnodinium sp.antibodies was conferred to the outer cell surface, while those of Alexandrium catenella was patchy distributed mainly around the excavated cingulum.Polyclonal antibodies were only reacted with their own algae.No cross activity with other two algae was detected.The antibody of Alexandrium catenella reacted its own cells, no cross activity was found with Alexandriumt amarense, which will be applicable in distinguishing species within the genus.Combining immunology with fluorescence technique had the advant ages of specific, sensitive, intuitionistic and simple with low cost.The development of the technique and methods will be prompted for the accurately qualitative and quantitative monitoring of red tide algae.
To research and establish the qualitative and quantitative detection of red tide organisms via immunology and fluo rescence technique, polyclonal antibodies against three red tide algae with different size, Heterosigma akashiwo, Symnodinium sp.and Alexandrium catenella were raised.Block affinity treatment was done to enhance the specificity of the antibodies.The titer of three polyclonal antibodies was determined by the indirect enzyme-linked immunoso rbent assay, and three algal cells were detected by immuno-fluorescent technique.The result showed that Heterosigma akashiwo and Symnodinium sp.antibodies without block treatment got titer higher than 1:41 000 and 1:18 000, respectively, an indicating of high affinity antibodies.The titer of Alexandrium catenella antibody reached 1:3 500, relatively lower than the previous two.The specificity of three polyclonal antibodies after affinity treatment was raised remarkably.However, the titer declined.All the polyclonal antibodies showed a high affinity with their own cells.The fluorescent signal of Heterosigma akashiwo and Symnodinium sp.antibodies was conferred to the outer cell surface, while those of Alexandrium catenella was patchy distributed mainly around the excavated cingulum.Polyclonal antibodies were only reacted with their own algae.No cross activity with other two algae was detected.The antibody of Alexandrium catenella reacted its own cells, no cross activity was found with Alexandriumt amarense, which will be applicable in distinguishing species within the genus.Combining immunology with fluorescence technique had the advant ages of specific, sensitive, intuitionistic and simple with low cost.The development of the technique and methods will be prompted for the accurately qualitative and quantitative monitoring of red tide algae.
2008, 30(6): 140-146.
Abstract:
In order to study the role of microzooplnakton grazing on phytoplankt on bloom, daily changes of the microzooplankt on grazing rates and the growth rates of phytoplankton were investigated by using the dilution technique and HPLC pigment analysis in an mesocosm experiment conducted in Taiwan Strait, in July, 2005.The bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens were fast excitated in the mesocosm due to nutrient addition, ChlorophyⅡ a concentration increased from 1.45μg/dm3 on July 6 to 29.80μg/dm3 on July 8 and then declined.During the experiment, the bloom almost consisted of the diatoms according to light microscopy and HPLC pigment ananlysis.Before the peak of the bloom(on July 8), the growth rates of phytoplankton were consistently high (> 1.0/d-1) and more than the grazing rates of microzooplankton, the grazing rates of microzooplankton also increased gradually, up to 0.86/don July 7, indicating that greater than 57% of the standing stock of phytoplankton was removed per day.After July 8, chloro phyⅡ a concentration began to decline remarkably and meanwhile microzoo plankton grazing rates were more than phytoplankton growth rates except July 13.Microzo oplankton were consisted of aloricate ciliates(Strombidium spp.and Strobilidium spp.), heterotrophic dinoflagellates(Gyrodinium spirale) and loricate ciliates, they showed a rapid response to the phytoplankton abundance after the nutrientenrichments and most of them almost increased to maximum on July 9 and two large-sized ciliates increased to maximum at post bloom (on July 11).This species composition of microzooplankton was one of the reasons of microzooplankton having high grazing rates and controlling and promoting diatom bloom decline.
In order to study the role of microzooplnakton grazing on phytoplankt on bloom, daily changes of the microzooplankt on grazing rates and the growth rates of phytoplankton were investigated by using the dilution technique and HPLC pigment analysis in an mesocosm experiment conducted in Taiwan Strait, in July, 2005.The bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens were fast excitated in the mesocosm due to nutrient addition, ChlorophyⅡ a concentration increased from 1.45μg/dm3 on July 6 to 29.80μg/dm3 on July 8 and then declined.During the experiment, the bloom almost consisted of the diatoms according to light microscopy and HPLC pigment ananlysis.Before the peak of the bloom(on July 8), the growth rates of phytoplankton were consistently high (> 1.0/d-1) and more than the grazing rates of microzooplankton, the grazing rates of microzooplankton also increased gradually, up to 0.86/don July 7, indicating that greater than 57% of the standing stock of phytoplankton was removed per day.After July 8, chloro phyⅡ a concentration began to decline remarkably and meanwhile microzoo plankton grazing rates were more than phytoplankton growth rates except July 13.Microzo oplankton were consisted of aloricate ciliates(Strombidium spp.and Strobilidium spp.), heterotrophic dinoflagellates(Gyrodinium spirale) and loricate ciliates, they showed a rapid response to the phytoplankton abundance after the nutrientenrichments and most of them almost increased to maximum on July 9 and two large-sized ciliates increased to maximum at post bloom (on July 11).This species composition of microzooplankton was one of the reasons of microzooplankton having high grazing rates and controlling and promoting diatom bloom decline.
2008, 30(6): 147-153.
Abstract:
The wild strain (♀) of Porphyrahaitanensis was crossbred with the red strain (♂) one which selected through induction of mutation to get the hybrid conchocelies and thallus.Of all the hybrids, 5 healthy thallus which have predominance of growth and other economic characteristics were selected to digest with snail enzymes, and through somacloning and conchocelies culturing, 5 s rains (A、B、C、D、E) which have steady characters were obtained.And then, ISSR method was used to study the heterosis of the P.haitanensis parents and these 5 hybrid strains, 21 ISSR primers(were screened from 67 primers) gave rise to 366 discernible DNA bands of which 347 (94.8%) were polymorphic, the size of ISSR markers were highly reproducible ranged from 400 to 4000 bp.By statistic and analyzing these amplified bands, it can find that the average genetic similarity between the 5 hybrids and female parent and male parent are 0.519 1 and 0.555 1, which less the genetic similarity between the parents (0.612 0).The effective number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and shannon's information index among 5 hybrids were 1.550 1, 0.320 0 and 0.472 0 respectively, which also greater than the corresponding values (1.390 7, 0.195 4 and 0.270 8 respectively) between the parents evidently.From these datas, it can conclude that the hybrid can enhance the genetic diversity of P.haitanensis and produce distinct heterosis.From these datas, it also can find that the genetic distances between the 5 hybrids and female parent and male parent are no equality, all secund to the female parent, the reason maybe is the cytoplasmic gene also participate in the expressing and regulation of P.haitanensis genetic characters.At last, the application of ISSR method in fo recasting heterosis was discussed.
The wild strain (♀) of Porphyrahaitanensis was crossbred with the red strain (♂) one which selected through induction of mutation to get the hybrid conchocelies and thallus.Of all the hybrids, 5 healthy thallus which have predominance of growth and other economic characteristics were selected to digest with snail enzymes, and through somacloning and conchocelies culturing, 5 s rains (A、B、C、D、E) which have steady characters were obtained.And then, ISSR method was used to study the heterosis of the P.haitanensis parents and these 5 hybrid strains, 21 ISSR primers(were screened from 67 primers) gave rise to 366 discernible DNA bands of which 347 (94.8%) were polymorphic, the size of ISSR markers were highly reproducible ranged from 400 to 4000 bp.By statistic and analyzing these amplified bands, it can find that the average genetic similarity between the 5 hybrids and female parent and male parent are 0.519 1 and 0.555 1, which less the genetic similarity between the parents (0.612 0).The effective number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and shannon's information index among 5 hybrids were 1.550 1, 0.320 0 and 0.472 0 respectively, which also greater than the corresponding values (1.390 7, 0.195 4 and 0.270 8 respectively) between the parents evidently.From these datas, it can conclude that the hybrid can enhance the genetic diversity of P.haitanensis and produce distinct heterosis.From these datas, it also can find that the genetic distances between the 5 hybrids and female parent and male parent are no equality, all secund to the female parent, the reason maybe is the cytoplasmic gene also participate in the expressing and regulation of P.haitanensis genetic characters.At last, the application of ISSR method in fo recasting heterosis was discussed.
2008, 30(6): 154-163.
Abstract:
On the basis of the measurements of suspended sediment and current velocity at the two measurement stations in the Chongming east intertidal and subtidal zones in the Changjiang Estuary, during spring and neap tides in October 2006, the characteristics of grain-size distributions of suspended sediment and resuspension process are analyzed.The results show that the suspended sediment during spring and neap tides is fine-grained, with a meangrain-size of 6 m.The averaged grain-size of suspended sediment in the intert idalzone is slightly coarser than that in the subtidal zone.Similarly, the meangrain-size in spring tide is coarser than neap tide.The meangrain-size decreases from the bottom to the top within the water column.The relationships between mean grain-size with current velocity and suspended sediment content are insignificant, which is influenced by the factors of spatial variations of seabed sediment, intensity of resuspension, grain-size distributions of resuspended seabed sediments, and resuspension of fluid mud.In response to the complex distribution of seabed sediment, the spatial variation of resuspension is significant in the study area.During the survey period, the resuspension is weak at the places w ere the mean grain-size of seabed sediments is bigger than 60 m, and the seabed sediment transports mainly as bedload.However, at the place where the seabed sediment is fine-grained, with a mean grain-size of 5~11 m, the resuspension is significant and the grain-size distributions of suspended and seabed sediments are almostidentical under strong hydrodynamic condition.The amplitude of resuspension in the spring tide is five to ten factors of neap tide, the mean content of the suspended sediment generated by resuspension is 8%~20% and the content of it is 0.03~0.47 kg/m3 at the bottom layers.
On the basis of the measurements of suspended sediment and current velocity at the two measurement stations in the Chongming east intertidal and subtidal zones in the Changjiang Estuary, during spring and neap tides in October 2006, the characteristics of grain-size distributions of suspended sediment and resuspension process are analyzed.The results show that the suspended sediment during spring and neap tides is fine-grained, with a meangrain-size of 6 m.The averaged grain-size of suspended sediment in the intert idalzone is slightly coarser than that in the subtidal zone.Similarly, the meangrain-size in spring tide is coarser than neap tide.The meangrain-size decreases from the bottom to the top within the water column.The relationships between mean grain-size with current velocity and suspended sediment content are insignificant, which is influenced by the factors of spatial variations of seabed sediment, intensity of resuspension, grain-size distributions of resuspended seabed sediments, and resuspension of fluid mud.In response to the complex distribution of seabed sediment, the spatial variation of resuspension is significant in the study area.During the survey period, the resuspension is weak at the places w ere the mean grain-size of seabed sediments is bigger than 60 m, and the seabed sediment transports mainly as bedload.However, at the place where the seabed sediment is fine-grained, with a mean grain-size of 5~11 m, the resuspension is significant and the grain-size distributions of suspended and seabed sediments are almostidentical under strong hydrodynamic condition.The amplitude of resuspension in the spring tide is five to ten factors of neap tide, the mean content of the suspended sediment generated by resuspension is 8%~20% and the content of it is 0.03~0.47 kg/m3 at the bottom layers.
2008, 30(6): 164-170.
Abstract:
2008, 30(6): 171-176.
Abstract:
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