2008 Vol. 30, No. 4
Display Method:
2008, 30(4): 1-11.
Abstract:
The mechanisms of tropical cyclone genesis remain enigmatic and contr oversial,because of the lack of observations over the tropical oceans and the complexities of tropical cyclone lifecycle.Since 1950's,meteorologists have done lots of jobs to investigate the nature of environment,external fo rcing and trigger mechanism of tropical cyclone formation using limited observations and numerical simulations.Some important progress on tropical cyclone genesis all over the world during recent 50 years is reviewed in this paper.In addition,the advantages and shortcomings of each viewpoint,the remaining questions and what should be focused on in the future are discussed.
The mechanisms of tropical cyclone genesis remain enigmatic and contr oversial,because of the lack of observations over the tropical oceans and the complexities of tropical cyclone lifecycle.Since 1950's,meteorologists have done lots of jobs to investigate the nature of environment,external fo rcing and trigger mechanism of tropical cyclone formation using limited observations and numerical simulations.Some important progress on tropical cyclone genesis all over the world during recent 50 years is reviewed in this paper.In addition,the advantages and shortcomings of each viewpoint,the remaining questions and what should be focused on in the future are discussed.
2008, 30(4): 12-20.
Abstract:
The harmonic analysis method is used to analyze the high-resolution successive observed acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) data on a fixed station,which is located in southern area of the North Huanghai Sea.The current data is decomposed into three components:steady current which is not changing with time,periodical tidal currents and residual current,further the tidal current is decomposed to barotropictidal current and baroclinictidal current.By analyzing the components of the observed current,combining with the satellite data about the sea surface wind field,surveyed temperature profile and salinity profile data during the same period,the analysis results show that the major dynamic control fact or of the steady current in the upper layers on this station is wind stress in summer,and the characteristics of the Ekman current is quite obvious,however,the steady current direction in the middle and lOwer layers is opposite to direction in the upper layers.Basically,it shows a vertical spatial structure "flow inward in the upper layer and flow outward in the lower layer".The largest velocity of the steady current is near the surface which is larger than 5 cm/s nearly.The tidal current in each layer belongs to the regular semi-diurnal tidal currents type,the long axis direction of the major semi-diurnal tidal currents ellipse is the southeast-northwest.Basically,the maximum of tidal ellipse curvature appears near the bottom layer.In the view of the ocean current energy,the tidal current and The residual current takes large proportion on average,the ratio between the tidal current energy and the observed current energy is 77%,but the ratio of the steady current energy is only 0.6%,the baroclinic tidal current in this station is weak,and the ratio between the energies of baroclinic and barotropic tidal current components is only 5%.
The harmonic analysis method is used to analyze the high-resolution successive observed acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) data on a fixed station,which is located in southern area of the North Huanghai Sea.The current data is decomposed into three components:steady current which is not changing with time,periodical tidal currents and residual current,further the tidal current is decomposed to barotropictidal current and baroclinictidal current.By analyzing the components of the observed current,combining with the satellite data about the sea surface wind field,surveyed temperature profile and salinity profile data during the same period,the analysis results show that the major dynamic control fact or of the steady current in the upper layers on this station is wind stress in summer,and the characteristics of the Ekman current is quite obvious,however,the steady current direction in the middle and lOwer layers is opposite to direction in the upper layers.Basically,it shows a vertical spatial structure "flow inward in the upper layer and flow outward in the lower layer".The largest velocity of the steady current is near the surface which is larger than 5 cm/s nearly.The tidal current in each layer belongs to the regular semi-diurnal tidal currents type,the long axis direction of the major semi-diurnal tidal currents ellipse is the southeast-northwest.Basically,the maximum of tidal ellipse curvature appears near the bottom layer.In the view of the ocean current energy,the tidal current and The residual current takes large proportion on average,the ratio between the tidal current energy and the observed current energy is 77%,but the ratio of the steady current energy is only 0.6%,the baroclinic tidal current in this station is weak,and the ratio between the energies of baroclinic and barotropic tidal current components is only 5%.
2008, 30(4): 21-29.
Abstract:
A numerical model suitable for tides and tidal currents forecast in Jiaozhou Bay,which includes M2,S2,K1,O1,M4,and MS4 tidal constituents,is developed based on Princeton Ocean Model (POM) of 98 wersion.A wetting and drying scheme is imbedded into POM to deal with the dynamic land-sea boundaries in Jiaozhou Bay,where extensive mudflats are regularly exposed from extremely shallow coastal waters.Hourly tidal level observations of Dagang gauge in a month and the diel consecutive insitu tidal current data at 5 stations are used to validate the model performance.Comparisons between observations and numerical modeling indicate that the model performs well in simulating the tidal dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay.The distributions of tides,tidal currents,and Eulerian residual currents are given by the model;the modeled cyclic tidal currents and vortex patterns in Eulerian residual currents field are consistent with observations.The propagation of tidal waves is discussed based on tidal energy flux computation.The tides in Jiaozhou Bay is discovered to be characterized by standing waves to a great extent,which can be manifested by the analyses of tidal level and currents evolution,as well as the tidal energy fluxes distribution.Numerical experiments show that the moving boundary treatment is important for the numerical simulation of tidal current speed in Jiaozhou Bay.It is necessary to utilize a model which has movable land-sea boundaries to treat the wetting and drying processes in order to precisely predict the tidal currents in coastal waters with wide intertidal zones.
A numerical model suitable for tides and tidal currents forecast in Jiaozhou Bay,which includes M2,S2,K1,O1,M4,and MS4 tidal constituents,is developed based on Princeton Ocean Model (POM) of 98 wersion.A wetting and drying scheme is imbedded into POM to deal with the dynamic land-sea boundaries in Jiaozhou Bay,where extensive mudflats are regularly exposed from extremely shallow coastal waters.Hourly tidal level observations of Dagang gauge in a month and the diel consecutive insitu tidal current data at 5 stations are used to validate the model performance.Comparisons between observations and numerical modeling indicate that the model performs well in simulating the tidal dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay.The distributions of tides,tidal currents,and Eulerian residual currents are given by the model;the modeled cyclic tidal currents and vortex patterns in Eulerian residual currents field are consistent with observations.The propagation of tidal waves is discussed based on tidal energy flux computation.The tides in Jiaozhou Bay is discovered to be characterized by standing waves to a great extent,which can be manifested by the analyses of tidal level and currents evolution,as well as the tidal energy fluxes distribution.Numerical experiments show that the moving boundary treatment is important for the numerical simulation of tidal current speed in Jiaozhou Bay.It is necessary to utilize a model which has movable land-sea boundaries to treat the wetting and drying processes in order to precisely predict the tidal currents in coastal waters with wide intertidal zones.
2008, 30(4): 30-38.
Abstract:
The mesoscale atmospheric model MM5 (V3) and the third-generation ocean wave model WAVEWATCH Ⅲ are coupled each other in a two-way coupling manner using LINUXIPC technique.The coupled model is used to simulatea typical cyclone to study the interaction between the cyclonic circulation and ocean waves.The model sensitivity is tested to the three different parameterizations of sea surface roughness length.The results show that LINUXIPC technique is capable of coupling atmospheric and oceanic models and the coupled model performs very well.The coupled model is of good capability in simulating the cyclones and the results are sensitive to the paramet erizations of sea surface roughness.In view of the dependence of sea surface roughness on wave age,the ocean waves affect both dynamical and thermal processes witnin the ai-rsea interaction layer;the impact consequences are different as different parameterization schemes of sea surface roughness length are used.
The mesoscale atmospheric model MM5 (V3) and the third-generation ocean wave model WAVEWATCH Ⅲ are coupled each other in a two-way coupling manner using LINUXIPC technique.The coupled model is used to simulatea typical cyclone to study the interaction between the cyclonic circulation and ocean waves.The model sensitivity is tested to the three different parameterizations of sea surface roughness length.The results show that LINUXIPC technique is capable of coupling atmospheric and oceanic models and the coupled model performs very well.The coupled model is of good capability in simulating the cyclones and the results are sensitive to the paramet erizations of sea surface roughness.In view of the dependence of sea surface roughness on wave age,the ocean waves affect both dynamical and thermal processes witnin the ai-rsea interaction layer;the impact consequences are different as different parameterization schemes of sea surface roughness length are used.
2008, 30(4): 39-47.
Abstract:
Using the latest Arctic runoff data set,including R-ArcticNET V3.0 and ArcticRIMS,analyze the seasonal variation and decadal trend of four dominant rivers that flow into the Arctic.The results show that there is a sharp increase of the Arcticrunoff from April to June,which is primarily due to snow melt when surface air temperature exceeds the freezing point.The contribution of the precipitation is secondary.The discharge into the Arctic from Eurasia has increased for the past 70 years,whereas the discharge from North American has decreased for the past 30 year.However,the total discharge into the Arctic has increased.More importantly,the decadal trend of the Arctic runoff is seasonally dependent.There is a downward trend in summer and autumn,and an upward trend in spring and winter.Wefurther discuss the influence of atmospheric circulation and surface climate conditions on seasonal discharges of the four rivers.The results suggest that the North Atlantic Oscillation (North Pacific Index) has positive correlation with discharge in winter and spring from Eurasia (North American).Surface air tem perature in spring has positive (negative) relationship with discharges in spring (summer).Precipitation and discharges show almost simultaneous in-phase relationship.Snow cover in spring has negative (positive) correlation with runoff in spring (summer).Summer snow cover has positive relationship with summer runoff.
Using the latest Arctic runoff data set,including R-ArcticNET V3.0 and ArcticRIMS,analyze the seasonal variation and decadal trend of four dominant rivers that flow into the Arctic.The results show that there is a sharp increase of the Arcticrunoff from April to June,which is primarily due to snow melt when surface air temperature exceeds the freezing point.The contribution of the precipitation is secondary.The discharge into the Arctic from Eurasia has increased for the past 70 years,whereas the discharge from North American has decreased for the past 30 year.However,the total discharge into the Arctic has increased.More importantly,the decadal trend of the Arctic runoff is seasonally dependent.There is a downward trend in summer and autumn,and an upward trend in spring and winter.Wefurther discuss the influence of atmospheric circulation and surface climate conditions on seasonal discharges of the four rivers.The results suggest that the North Atlantic Oscillation (North Pacific Index) has positive correlation with discharge in winter and spring from Eurasia (North American).Surface air tem perature in spring has positive (negative) relationship with discharges in spring (summer).Precipitation and discharges show almost simultaneous in-phase relationship.Snow cover in spring has negative (positive) correlation with runoff in spring (summer).Summer snow cover has positive relationship with summer runoff.
2008, 30(4): 48-55.
Abstract:
Seabed sediment acoustic attenuation properties in shallow seas of the South China Sea were reported,a new way to measure and calculate the seabed sediment acoustic attenuation was presented,the results from two different frequencies were analyzed and the relation among several physical parameters of seabed sediment was discussed.Results show that the acoustic attenuation at the high frequency is much higher than that at the low frequency in the same type sediment;the acoustic attenuation of coarse granule sediment is higher than that of fine-particle sediment at the same measuring frequency.The acoustic attenuation is respectively 80~150/150~360 dB/m at low/high frequencies in the shallow sea seabed sediment of the Beibu Gulf and in the shallow sea seabed sediment of the southern H ainan Province,and the attenuation result is respectively 66~160/190~350 dB/m at low/high measuring frequencies.Comparing results with data from acoustic attenuation measurement of surface sediments in the northern Taiwan Strait,the data at the high frequency approach to it,but other data at the low frequency have much difference from it.
Seabed sediment acoustic attenuation properties in shallow seas of the South China Sea were reported,a new way to measure and calculate the seabed sediment acoustic attenuation was presented,the results from two different frequencies were analyzed and the relation among several physical parameters of seabed sediment was discussed.Results show that the acoustic attenuation at the high frequency is much higher than that at the low frequency in the same type sediment;the acoustic attenuation of coarse granule sediment is higher than that of fine-particle sediment at the same measuring frequency.The acoustic attenuation is respectively 80~150/150~360 dB/m at low/high frequencies in the shallow sea seabed sediment of the Beibu Gulf and in the shallow sea seabed sediment of the southern H ainan Province,and the attenuation result is respectively 66~160/190~350 dB/m at low/high measuring frequencies.Comparing results with data from acoustic attenuation measurement of surface sediments in the northern Taiwan Strait,the data at the high frequency approach to it,but other data at the low frequency have much difference from it.
2008, 30(4): 56-62.
Abstract:
There is urgent and necessary to integrate amarine geographic information system and marine remote sensing detection modules.On the basis of the current technology and features of applications,an opening three-layer integration framework is designed.On the data layer,the two-level three-base integration mechanism based on the plug-in technology is applied;on the function layer,the integration mode based on API,DLL,EXE and COM is discussed;and on the application layer,the share mechanism based on the clients/service is adopted.Taking the satellite remotesensing application platform of China's coastal and offshore as an example discusses the key technology of integration at different layers and in different modules,which integrates multiecology remote sensing fusion and assimilation module,surge detection module and eight other detection modules.The result shows that it is possible to realize the conformity of technology and resources after the integration,and to provide the incorporate technology platform for marine information operation functioning.
There is urgent and necessary to integrate amarine geographic information system and marine remote sensing detection modules.On the basis of the current technology and features of applications,an opening three-layer integration framework is designed.On the data layer,the two-level three-base integration mechanism based on the plug-in technology is applied;on the function layer,the integration mode based on API,DLL,EXE and COM is discussed;and on the application layer,the share mechanism based on the clients/service is adopted.Taking the satellite remotesensing application platform of China's coastal and offshore as an example discusses the key technology of integration at different layers and in different modules,which integrates multiecology remote sensing fusion and assimilation module,surge detection module and eight other detection modules.The result shows that it is possible to realize the conformity of technology and resources after the integration,and to provide the incorporate technology platform for marine information operation functioning.
2008, 30(4): 63-70.
Abstract:
With the development of modern oceanic obser vation technologies,coastal survey data have experienced a substantial growth.The integration management of the data from different disciplines,different sources and different formats has become a major research field in coastal geomorphology by using geographic information system (GIS).A new methodology framework of GIS technology is put forward in coastal ocean geomorphology,including data acquisition,process,analysis,and representation.It focuses on some major GIS technology to study the land-ocean interaction mechanism,such as spatial analysis,submarine topography model and three-dimensionol (3-D) visualization,and apply its result to coastal urban planning,harbor site selection and geomorphological environment about coral reefs and islands on the continental shelf.The case studies cover the whole coastal ocean to serve the social community,economical development and diplomatic rights for decisionmaking all round in the coastal zone.The research shows clearly that the application of coastal multisource geospatial platform has changed the traditional coastal geomorphological science dramatically from its research scope,fields and methods,however,as made clear,extracting accurate information from remotely sensed data and GIS databases for coastal geomorphological applications is a nontrivial challenge that requires the combined knowledge and skills of information scientists and geomorphologists.
With the development of modern oceanic obser vation technologies,coastal survey data have experienced a substantial growth.The integration management of the data from different disciplines,different sources and different formats has become a major research field in coastal geomorphology by using geographic information system (GIS).A new methodology framework of GIS technology is put forward in coastal ocean geomorphology,including data acquisition,process,analysis,and representation.It focuses on some major GIS technology to study the land-ocean interaction mechanism,such as spatial analysis,submarine topography model and three-dimensionol (3-D) visualization,and apply its result to coastal urban planning,harbor site selection and geomorphological environment about coral reefs and islands on the continental shelf.The case studies cover the whole coastal ocean to serve the social community,economical development and diplomatic rights for decisionmaking all round in the coastal zone.The research shows clearly that the application of coastal multisource geospatial platform has changed the traditional coastal geomorphological science dramatically from its research scope,fields and methods,however,as made clear,extracting accurate information from remotely sensed data and GIS databases for coastal geomorphological applications is a nontrivial challenge that requires the combined knowledge and skills of information scientists and geomorphologists.
2008, 30(4): 71-79.
Abstract:
The contents of zinc,chromium,cadmium,nickel,lead and copper were measured on both suface sediments and core sediments in the Shenzhen Bay.The average contents of these metals showed that the contents of all the metals have exceeded the background values in the coastal zone of Guangdong Province.cadmium is a heavy pollution matter which indicates a strong pollution level according to the ecological risk coefficient method.The ecological risk index of the whole area is 299 which belongs to middle and strong level.The area with strong pollution level is the near shore area closing to the inside of Shenzhen Bay,Shakou coast is in the middle level while the weak pollution level occurs in the Shenzhen Estuary according to the ecological risk index.The four sediment cores can be divided into two parts based on lead-210 dating,sediment size analysis and economic development period in surrounding areas with a boundary of 1950.It has been a period with continuous increase of heavy metals since 1950 with strong human intervention.The sediment size,deposition rate and human activities have positive relationship with the contents of heavy metals which directly impact the pollution level of heavy metals in sediments of the Shenzhen Bay.
The contents of zinc,chromium,cadmium,nickel,lead and copper were measured on both suface sediments and core sediments in the Shenzhen Bay.The average contents of these metals showed that the contents of all the metals have exceeded the background values in the coastal zone of Guangdong Province.cadmium is a heavy pollution matter which indicates a strong pollution level according to the ecological risk coefficient method.The ecological risk index of the whole area is 299 which belongs to middle and strong level.The area with strong pollution level is the near shore area closing to the inside of Shenzhen Bay,Shakou coast is in the middle level while the weak pollution level occurs in the Shenzhen Estuary according to the ecological risk index.The four sediment cores can be divided into two parts based on lead-210 dating,sediment size analysis and economic development period in surrounding areas with a boundary of 1950.It has been a period with continuous increase of heavy metals since 1950 with strong human intervention.The sediment size,deposition rate and human activities have positive relationship with the contents of heavy metals which directly impact the pollution level of heavy metals in sediments of the Shenzhen Bay.
2008, 30(4): 80-86.
Abstract:
The tube model is based on the first model and considers the dilution effect of permeating cold seawater.It adds Zone D which represents lower-temperature permeating seawater to the previous model.The model stresses direct mixing of lower-temperature seawater in Zone D with hot fluid in discharge zone,consequently analyses how the hydrothermal fluid is diluted.First,the control equations of two circulations are cstablished,and then it is tried to find numerical solution of the model under different circumstances.Finally,a series of conclusions are found after analyzing the solutions as follows:Permeating cold seawater can hardly invade the black smoker to dilute the hot fluid,while Zone D may become the next discharge zone when the hot fluid discharges at high speed.If there are fissures at the bottom of the black smoker or the shell it has high permeability,evaluations for the temperature,the mass flux,etc.cannot be achieved by considering the vent of the black smoker solely,as the high permeating zone around the smoker may be another bigger discharge zone.Parameters of natural hydrothermal system with obvious low-temperature fluid hardly belong to the parameter space of this model.Different models should be used at different stages of hydrothermal circulation system.
The tube model is based on the first model and considers the dilution effect of permeating cold seawater.It adds Zone D which represents lower-temperature permeating seawater to the previous model.The model stresses direct mixing of lower-temperature seawater in Zone D with hot fluid in discharge zone,consequently analyses how the hydrothermal fluid is diluted.First,the control equations of two circulations are cstablished,and then it is tried to find numerical solution of the model under different circumstances.Finally,a series of conclusions are found after analyzing the solutions as follows:Permeating cold seawater can hardly invade the black smoker to dilute the hot fluid,while Zone D may become the next discharge zone when the hot fluid discharges at high speed.If there are fissures at the bottom of the black smoker or the shell it has high permeability,evaluations for the temperature,the mass flux,etc.cannot be achieved by considering the vent of the black smoker solely,as the high permeating zone around the smoker may be another bigger discharge zone.Parameters of natural hydrothermal system with obvious low-temperature fluid hardly belong to the parameter space of this model.Different models should be used at different stages of hydrothermal circulation system.
2008, 30(4): 87-94.
Abstract:
Deep-sea Core WP7 (3°56'S,156°E,and water depth 1 580 m) retrieved from the nuclear region of western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) was selected for benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil study.On the basis of the AMS 14C data and comparison with SPECMAP δ18O the stratigraphy of Core WP7 was established.Withbenthic foraminifera and nannofossil indexes,the variations of paleoproductivity and upper water structure were reconstructed and their control factors and paleoceangraphic implications in this region during the last 250 ka BP were discussed.Results showed that the primary productivity was higher in glacial periods (MIS 6,4 and 2) and lower in interglacial periods (MIS 7,5,3 and 1),which indicated the controlling influence of the Northern Hemisphereice volume changes on the productivity of WPWP.The down core changes of Florisphaeraprof unda percentage content implied that the thermocline was shallower in glacial periods and deeper in interglacial periods,which might be the direct controlling factors of WPWP productivity changes.It is speculated that the glacial-interglacial fluctuation of the depth of thermocline was induced by the super-ENSO variation.
Deep-sea Core WP7 (3°56'S,156°E,and water depth 1 580 m) retrieved from the nuclear region of western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) was selected for benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil study.On the basis of the AMS 14C data and comparison with SPECMAP δ18O the stratigraphy of Core WP7 was established.Withbenthic foraminifera and nannofossil indexes,the variations of paleoproductivity and upper water structure were reconstructed and their control factors and paleoceangraphic implications in this region during the last 250 ka BP were discussed.Results showed that the primary productivity was higher in glacial periods (MIS 6,4 and 2) and lower in interglacial periods (MIS 7,5,3 and 1),which indicated the controlling influence of the Northern Hemisphereice volume changes on the productivity of WPWP.The down core changes of Florisphaeraprof unda percentage content implied that the thermocline was shallower in glacial periods and deeper in interglacial periods,which might be the direct controlling factors of WPWP productivity changes.It is speculated that the glacial-interglacial fluctuation of the depth of thermocline was induced by the super-ENSO variation.
2008, 30(4): 95-103.
Abstract:
In the summer of 2005,the Second Institute of Oceanog raphy,State Oceanic Administration has investigated adjacent sea of Hainan Island for sediment and environment studies,and collected a sediment core in the Yangpu Bay.On the basis of the dated sediment core,the grain size,total organic carbon and stable organic carbon isotope (δ13C),total nitrogen and stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N),biogenic silica,heavy metals (nickel,cadmium,chromium,copper,zinc,lead),organochlorine pesticides (HCHs,DDTs) were analyzed.From 111 cm to surface,the concentrations of total organic carbon,total nitrogen and biogenic silica show increasing trends.Especially from 45 cm to surface,the trends are significant.So the conclusion can be obtained that accelerated entrophication occurred in the Yangpu Bay.The data of δ13 C and the atomicratio of total organiccarbon and total nitrogen reveal the mixing inputs of terrigenous and marine organic matter in the Yangpu Bay.And sediment organic carbon is dominated by terrigenous organic carbon.The corresponding relationship between terrigenous organic carbon and total organic carbon is good,and the value of the relationship coefficient is 0.917.From 23 cm to surface,δ13C was decreasing.From bottom to surface,δ15N was increasing.From 111 cm to surface,the concentrations of heavy metal and organochlorine pesticides show increasing trends.Analyzing all indicators of environmental evolution,the results showed that the development of Yangpu Bay environment during last hundred years can be divided into three stages:before the 1970s characterized by good biogenic environment;from the 1970s to the 1990s,the concentrations of heavy metals,organochlorine pesticides and biogenic elements are increasing;and from the 1990s to the beginning of the 21 century,the environment was polluted by all elements mentioned,and resulted in eutrophication.
In the summer of 2005,the Second Institute of Oceanog raphy,State Oceanic Administration has investigated adjacent sea of Hainan Island for sediment and environment studies,and collected a sediment core in the Yangpu Bay.On the basis of the dated sediment core,the grain size,total organic carbon and stable organic carbon isotope (δ13C),total nitrogen and stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N),biogenic silica,heavy metals (nickel,cadmium,chromium,copper,zinc,lead),organochlorine pesticides (HCHs,DDTs) were analyzed.From 111 cm to surface,the concentrations of total organic carbon,total nitrogen and biogenic silica show increasing trends.Especially from 45 cm to surface,the trends are significant.So the conclusion can be obtained that accelerated entrophication occurred in the Yangpu Bay.The data of δ13 C and the atomicratio of total organiccarbon and total nitrogen reveal the mixing inputs of terrigenous and marine organic matter in the Yangpu Bay.And sediment organic carbon is dominated by terrigenous organic carbon.The corresponding relationship between terrigenous organic carbon and total organic carbon is good,and the value of the relationship coefficient is 0.917.From 23 cm to surface,δ13C was decreasing.From bottom to surface,δ15N was increasing.From 111 cm to surface,the concentrations of heavy metal and organochlorine pesticides show increasing trends.Analyzing all indicators of environmental evolution,the results showed that the development of Yangpu Bay environment during last hundred years can be divided into three stages:before the 1970s characterized by good biogenic environment;from the 1970s to the 1990s,the concentrations of heavy metals,organochlorine pesticides and biogenic elements are increasing;and from the 1990s to the beginning of the 21 century,the environment was polluted by all elements mentioned,and resulted in eutrophication.
2008, 30(4): 104-113.
Abstract:
The investigation on sea-ice research in combination with physics,chemistry and ecology was carried out in North-Western of Weddell Sea,Antarctica,during the cruise of ANT/XXⅢ-7 on board POLARSTERN in the austral winter (Aug-Oct) 2006.Textural analyses of seaice cores were carried out and the results related to the distribution of chlorophyll a in ice cores.The mean concentrations of chlorophyll a in the sea ice varied considerably with ice texture.The concentration of chlorophyll per core a ranged from 2.10~84.40 μg/dm3 with a mean of 16.56 μg/dm3.The value of R (chlorophyll a/gorse of chlorophyll) ranged from 0.179~0.183.These high winter chlorophyll values indicate that primary produc-tion was considerable and confirm that there is significant primary production in Antarctic sea ice during winter and thus probably constitutes a major proportion of Southern Ocean primary production and carbon flux before the sea ice rereats.
The investigation on sea-ice research in combination with physics,chemistry and ecology was carried out in North-Western of Weddell Sea,Antarctica,during the cruise of ANT/XXⅢ-7 on board POLARSTERN in the austral winter (Aug-Oct) 2006.Textural analyses of seaice cores were carried out and the results related to the distribution of chlorophyll a in ice cores.The mean concentrations of chlorophyll a in the sea ice varied considerably with ice texture.The concentration of chlorophyll per core a ranged from 2.10~84.40 μg/dm3 with a mean of 16.56 μg/dm3.The value of R (chlorophyll a/gorse of chlorophyll) ranged from 0.179~0.183.These high winter chlorophyll values indicate that primary produc-tion was considerable and confirm that there is significant primary production in Antarctic sea ice during winter and thus probably constitutes a major proportion of Southern Ocean primary production and carbon flux before the sea ice rereats.
2008, 30(4): 114-122.
Abstract:
The vertical distribution and diversity of archaea in the profile of sediment from Qi'ao Island (Zhujiang River Estuary) were investigated by molecular phy logenetic methods.Sequence analysis showed that the archaeal diversity was high in estuarine sediments and many archaea were some new,uncultured archaea.The Crenarchaota (81%) were predominated along the sediment core.The community structure and diversity of archaea shifted greatly within vertical distance.88% archaeal sequences from the surface layer fell into marine nitrification Creanarchaeon;most of archaeal sequences from the middle and bottom layers were closely related to environmental clones from methane-rich environments and 15% archaeal sequences in the middle layer clustered with Methanosar cinales and Methanomicrobiales.In addition,the results of QC-PCR demonstrated that the abundance of archaea was high [(1.93±0.60)×106~(6.45±0.25)×107 16S rDNA copies/g] and increased when the depth increased.
The vertical distribution and diversity of archaea in the profile of sediment from Qi'ao Island (Zhujiang River Estuary) were investigated by molecular phy logenetic methods.Sequence analysis showed that the archaeal diversity was high in estuarine sediments and many archaea were some new,uncultured archaea.The Crenarchaota (81%) were predominated along the sediment core.The community structure and diversity of archaea shifted greatly within vertical distance.88% archaeal sequences from the surface layer fell into marine nitrification Creanarchaeon;most of archaeal sequences from the middle and bottom layers were closely related to environmental clones from methane-rich environments and 15% archaeal sequences in the middle layer clustered with Methanosar cinales and Methanomicrobiales.In addition,the results of QC-PCR demonstrated that the abundance of archaea was high [(1.93±0.60)×106~(6.45±0.25)×107 16S rDNA copies/g] and increased when the depth increased.
2008, 30(4): 123-130.
Abstract:
On the basis of the data from bottom traw l surveys in 4 seasons of 2000 in the East China Sea and the Huanghai Sea,studies on the seasonal characteristics of fish quantity distribution are conducted by the method of factor analysis.By R type analysis,the results show that there are 4 species,Rajakanojei,Coiliamystus,Muraenesox cinereus and Collichthys niveatus,which are correlated closely in spring;and 5 species,Engraulis japonicas,Pseudosciaenapolyatis,Lophius litulon,Chelidonichthys kumu and Saurida elongate,in summer;and 5 species,Trichiurus haumela,Pampus nozawae,Erisphex potti,Pneumatop horus japonicas and Pseudosciaena polyatis,in autumn;and 3 species,Trichiurus haumela,Champsodon capensis and Acropomajaponicum,in winter.By the approbation of historic survey information,the main relation among the 5 species of spring is the relation between preys and predators.By the promoted analysis,it is discovered that the water areas where correlative species of each season assembled together are correspond to these areas where these species take physiology cycling migrations in each season Based on Q type analysis,the synthesis predominant species in each season and their mainly distributed water area can be got.The results show that Trichiurus haumela and Pseudosciaenap olyatis are the absolute predominant species in the East China sea and the Huanghai Sea Except the two synthesis predominant species,the others are all smallty pefishes which are all with low value and quick growth characteristics
On the basis of the data from bottom traw l surveys in 4 seasons of 2000 in the East China Sea and the Huanghai Sea,studies on the seasonal characteristics of fish quantity distribution are conducted by the method of factor analysis.By R type analysis,the results show that there are 4 species,Rajakanojei,Coiliamystus,Muraenesox cinereus and Collichthys niveatus,which are correlated closely in spring;and 5 species,Engraulis japonicas,Pseudosciaenapolyatis,Lophius litulon,Chelidonichthys kumu and Saurida elongate,in summer;and 5 species,Trichiurus haumela,Pampus nozawae,Erisphex potti,Pneumatop horus japonicas and Pseudosciaena polyatis,in autumn;and 3 species,Trichiurus haumela,Champsodon capensis and Acropomajaponicum,in winter.By the approbation of historic survey information,the main relation among the 5 species of spring is the relation between preys and predators.By the promoted analysis,it is discovered that the water areas where correlative species of each season assembled together are correspond to these areas where these species take physiology cycling migrations in each season Based on Q type analysis,the synthesis predominant species in each season and their mainly distributed water area can be got.The results show that Trichiurus haumela and Pseudosciaenap olyatis are the absolute predominant species in the East China sea and the Huanghai Sea Except the two synthesis predominant species,the others are all smallty pefishes which are all with low value and quick growth characteristics
2008, 30(4): 131-138.
Abstract:
CYP4F7 is amember of the 4F subfamily of the Cytochrome P450,which plays a vital role in the course of either catalyzing and regulating the metabolism of endogenous substances or activating and degrading exogenetic substances by transferring electrons.A CYP4F7 cDNA sequence (GenBank accession number:EU 169141) was isolated and identified from the total RNA of Pseudosciaena crocea kidney using the combined methods of BD SMARTTM cDNA synthesis and RACE-PCR.The sequence of CYP4F7 cDNA is 1934 bp which contains a 5'UTR of 59bp and a 3'UTR of 264bp,and an open reading frame with 1611bp that encodes a protein of 536 amino acids.The amino acid sequence of P.crocea CYP4F7 shared 67%~71% of residue identity with the CYP4F subfamily of other high mammals such as human and mice,and shared the highest identity of 91% with sea bass,Dicentrarchuslabrax.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that mRNA expression of CYP4F7 can be detected in the spleen,heart,liver,anterior kidney,kidney and gills,but not in the intestine and muscle in the normal group and the lipopo lysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated group of P.crocea,in which the higher expression was found in the spleen and liver.The expression of the CYP4F7 in all these tissues examined showed some decrease in the LPS-treated P.crocea compared with normal P.crocea,suggesting that LPS might be an inhibit or of cytochrome P450 CYP4F7 gene and CYP4F7 might be related to large yellow croaker P.crocea immune response.
CYP4F7 is amember of the 4F subfamily of the Cytochrome P450,which plays a vital role in the course of either catalyzing and regulating the metabolism of endogenous substances or activating and degrading exogenetic substances by transferring electrons.A CYP4F7 cDNA sequence (GenBank accession number:EU 169141) was isolated and identified from the total RNA of Pseudosciaena crocea kidney using the combined methods of BD SMARTTM cDNA synthesis and RACE-PCR.The sequence of CYP4F7 cDNA is 1934 bp which contains a 5'UTR of 59bp and a 3'UTR of 264bp,and an open reading frame with 1611bp that encodes a protein of 536 amino acids.The amino acid sequence of P.crocea CYP4F7 shared 67%~71% of residue identity with the CYP4F subfamily of other high mammals such as human and mice,and shared the highest identity of 91% with sea bass,Dicentrarchuslabrax.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that mRNA expression of CYP4F7 can be detected in the spleen,heart,liver,anterior kidney,kidney and gills,but not in the intestine and muscle in the normal group and the lipopo lysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated group of P.crocea,in which the higher expression was found in the spleen and liver.The expression of the CYP4F7 in all these tissues examined showed some decrease in the LPS-treated P.crocea compared with normal P.crocea,suggesting that LPS might be an inhibit or of cytochrome P450 CYP4F7 gene and CYP4F7 might be related to large yellow croaker P.crocea immune response.
2008, 30(4): 139-146.
Abstract:
Aequoreataiwanensis n.sp.,a new species of Aequorea:from Minnan-Taiwan Shoal fishing ground upwelling region was described in this paper.Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ (mtCOI) gene fragments of A.taiwanensis,A.papillata and A.conica was successfully amplified by universal primers,and obtained 538 bp sequences.Sequence divergence and genetic distance was analysed based on the mtCOI gene sequences.Both morphological and molecular data supported that A.taiwanensis n.sp is a valid species.The mtCOI sequences from the three speices of genus Aequorea showed high variation frequency,with sequence divergences ranging from 9.10% to 11.9% and pairwise genetice distances ranging from 0.097 to 0.130.mtCOI sequence analysis proved to be diagnostic molecular systematic characteristics for accurate identification and discrimination of the species of Aequorea or its population,and will be used to resolved evolutionary relationships among species of Aequorea.We suggested that a difference of from 10 to 20% between mtCOI sequences indicated species-level divergence among cogeneric species in Hydromedusa.Morphological description of Aequoreataiwanensis n.sp.:Usually 25 mm wide.Umbrellaplatter than a hemisphere,lens-shaped,with solid jelly,jelly thicker in centre,thinning gradually and evenly towards umbrella margin;manubrium broad and large,about one-half diameter of umbrella;lateral walls very extensive,with transparent lines radiating from ends of radial canals to mout-hlips;mouth-lips elongated,slender-shaped,usually approximately as numerous as radial canals.Radial canals straight and narrow,usually 90~102 in number.Ring canal narrow;gonads linear,extending along almost whole length of radial canals.With 12 marginal tent acles,with elongated conical bases narrowing suddenly distally,with a short adaxial excretory papillae,scattering black pigments.With 3~5 small,marginal bulbs between marginal tentacles with adaxial excretory papillae,but without black pig ments.With one statocysts between successive radial canals,each with 1~2 concretions,velum narrow.
Aequoreataiwanensis n.sp.,a new species of Aequorea:from Minnan-Taiwan Shoal fishing ground upwelling region was described in this paper.Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ (mtCOI) gene fragments of A.taiwanensis,A.papillata and A.conica was successfully amplified by universal primers,and obtained 538 bp sequences.Sequence divergence and genetic distance was analysed based on the mtCOI gene sequences.Both morphological and molecular data supported that A.taiwanensis n.sp is a valid species.The mtCOI sequences from the three speices of genus Aequorea showed high variation frequency,with sequence divergences ranging from 9.10% to 11.9% and pairwise genetice distances ranging from 0.097 to 0.130.mtCOI sequence analysis proved to be diagnostic molecular systematic characteristics for accurate identification and discrimination of the species of Aequorea or its population,and will be used to resolved evolutionary relationships among species of Aequorea.We suggested that a difference of from 10 to 20% between mtCOI sequences indicated species-level divergence among cogeneric species in Hydromedusa.Morphological description of Aequoreataiwanensis n.sp.:Usually 25 mm wide.Umbrellaplatter than a hemisphere,lens-shaped,with solid jelly,jelly thicker in centre,thinning gradually and evenly towards umbrella margin;manubrium broad and large,about one-half diameter of umbrella;lateral walls very extensive,with transparent lines radiating from ends of radial canals to mout-hlips;mouth-lips elongated,slender-shaped,usually approximately as numerous as radial canals.Radial canals straight and narrow,usually 90~102 in number.Ring canal narrow;gonads linear,extending along almost whole length of radial canals.With 12 marginal tent acles,with elongated conical bases narrowing suddenly distally,with a short adaxial excretory papillae,scattering black pigments.With 3~5 small,marginal bulbs between marginal tentacles with adaxial excretory papillae,but without black pig ments.With one statocysts between successive radial canals,each with 1~2 concretions,velum narrow.
2008, 30(4): 147-153.
Abstract:
The number of meiofauna and the community of free-living marine nematode were studied at Fen glin Site,Jimei District,Xiamen City,where there are different types of mangrove wih similar sediment type,salinity and tidal level.The samples were taken at four transect,13 sampling sites in winter 2004 The results showed that the free-living marine nematodes were the dominant group the percentage of which in the total number of meiofauna ranging betwean 76.1%~96.3%.The abundance of meiofauna in old mangrove(Avicennia marina) district was the least and in bare beach where waste water flows was the most There were a total of 37 putative species in the samples.The total number of recorded species was the lowest in the new mangrove district,and highest in the old mangrove district.The species diversity indexes,species evenness indexes and richness indexes in old mangrove district were all higher than those in new mangrove district.The dominant species and feeding types were different in three types of habitats.Cluster analysis using group average linking of Bray-Curtis similarities and MDS indicated that there was connection between community structure offree-living marine nematodes and the sediment produced by different types of mangroves.
The number of meiofauna and the community of free-living marine nematode were studied at Fen glin Site,Jimei District,Xiamen City,where there are different types of mangrove wih similar sediment type,salinity and tidal level.The samples were taken at four transect,13 sampling sites in winter 2004 The results showed that the free-living marine nematodes were the dominant group the percentage of which in the total number of meiofauna ranging betwean 76.1%~96.3%.The abundance of meiofauna in old mangrove(Avicennia marina) district was the least and in bare beach where waste water flows was the most There were a total of 37 putative species in the samples.The total number of recorded species was the lowest in the new mangrove district,and highest in the old mangrove district.The species diversity indexes,species evenness indexes and richness indexes in old mangrove district were all higher than those in new mangrove district.The dominant species and feeding types were different in three types of habitats.Cluster analysis using group average linking of Bray-Curtis similarities and MDS indicated that there was connection between community structure offree-living marine nematodes and the sediment produced by different types of mangroves.
2008, 30(4): 154-160.
Abstract:
Bacterial adhesion to fish mucus is an important step in the initial stage of infection.It is important to underst and the characteristics involved in the adherence of bacteria to fish mucus so that preventive measures can be devised to reduce infection.In order to get a better understanding of adhesion characteristic of pathogenic Vibrio fluvialis to the skin mucus of Paralichthys olivaceus,the influences of bacterial density,incubation time,incubation temperature,pH,cation,and carbohydrate on the bacterial adhesion were investigated by using 3H-TdR as isotope tracer.The results showed that:the adhesive quantity of V.fluvialis increased with bacterial densities,a saturation kinetics hyperbola:y= 417.89ln(x)+691.57 (R2=0.986),was obtained by plotting adhered bacteria against the density of bacteria added;adhesive quantity of V.fluvialis increased with incubation times and reached equilibrium after incubation for 180 min;bacterial adhesion enhanced with the increase of incubation temperatures (from 4 to 30) and NaCl concentrations (from 0.5% to 4.5%);V.fluvialis exhibited stronger adhesion under sourish condition,strongest adhesion was recorded at pH 5;Ca2+ and Mg2+ obviously promoted the bacterial adhesion respectively,Ca2+ more efficiently;8 kinds of carbohydrates tested promoted the bacterial adhesion remarkably.The results indicated that:pathogenic V.fluvialis could adhere to the skin mucus of P.olivaceus facility,which would convenient for the subsequently infection;the bacterial adhesion was environmental factors dependent,warm water facilitated the bacterial adhesion.The results also indicated that the bacterial adhesion of V.fluvialis was governable,which might be useful for the vibriosis control in fish culture.
Bacterial adhesion to fish mucus is an important step in the initial stage of infection.It is important to underst and the characteristics involved in the adherence of bacteria to fish mucus so that preventive measures can be devised to reduce infection.In order to get a better understanding of adhesion characteristic of pathogenic Vibrio fluvialis to the skin mucus of Paralichthys olivaceus,the influences of bacterial density,incubation time,incubation temperature,pH,cation,and carbohydrate on the bacterial adhesion were investigated by using 3H-TdR as isotope tracer.The results showed that:the adhesive quantity of V.fluvialis increased with bacterial densities,a saturation kinetics hyperbola:y= 417.89ln(x)+691.57 (R2=0.986),was obtained by plotting adhered bacteria against the density of bacteria added;adhesive quantity of V.fluvialis increased with incubation times and reached equilibrium after incubation for 180 min;bacterial adhesion enhanced with the increase of incubation temperatures (from 4 to 30) and NaCl concentrations (from 0.5% to 4.5%);V.fluvialis exhibited stronger adhesion under sourish condition,strongest adhesion was recorded at pH 5;Ca2+ and Mg2+ obviously promoted the bacterial adhesion respectively,Ca2+ more efficiently;8 kinds of carbohydrates tested promoted the bacterial adhesion remarkably.The results indicated that:pathogenic V.fluvialis could adhere to the skin mucus of P.olivaceus facility,which would convenient for the subsequently infection;the bacterial adhesion was environmental factors dependent,warm water facilitated the bacterial adhesion.The results also indicated that the bacterial adhesion of V.fluvialis was governable,which might be useful for the vibriosis control in fish culture.
2008, 30(4): 161-168.
Abstract:
Epiphytic bacteria were isolated from Porphyra yezoensis cultivated in the fields or wildly distributed in natural coasts from Nantong (Jiangsu);Qingdao (Shandong) and Wenzhou (Zhejiang) in China,and the conchocelis cultured in Dongtai (Jiangsu) in order to investigate their diversity and the relationship with healthy culture of Porphyra.On the basis of morphological observation,DGGE of 16S rDNA-V3 fragments and 16S rDNA sequence,63 isolated strains were grouped into 21 morphotypes,which had high similarities with strains of 10 genus such as Pseudoalteromonas,Psychrobacter,Bacillus and so on.The analysis showed that the epiphytic bacteria flora in P.yezoensis were relevant with its growth habitats but different from its surroundings.The flora of epiphytic bacteria from different origins,different physiological status (health and disease) and different development stages (thallus and conchocelis) were quite various.The bioactivities of the epiphytic bacteria were measured by the normal tested bacteria and pathogenicbacteria of animal aquaculture or human beings,which showed correlation with the physiological status of their hosts Dominating bacteria from healthy Porphyra belonged to the genus Pseudoalteromonas,which were not found in rotted samples.The significant difference of epiphytic bacterial flora might have some relationships with the healthy growth of P.yezoensis.
Epiphytic bacteria were isolated from Porphyra yezoensis cultivated in the fields or wildly distributed in natural coasts from Nantong (Jiangsu);Qingdao (Shandong) and Wenzhou (Zhejiang) in China,and the conchocelis cultured in Dongtai (Jiangsu) in order to investigate their diversity and the relationship with healthy culture of Porphyra.On the basis of morphological observation,DGGE of 16S rDNA-V3 fragments and 16S rDNA sequence,63 isolated strains were grouped into 21 morphotypes,which had high similarities with strains of 10 genus such as Pseudoalteromonas,Psychrobacter,Bacillus and so on.The analysis showed that the epiphytic bacteria flora in P.yezoensis were relevant with its growth habitats but different from its surroundings.The flora of epiphytic bacteria from different origins,different physiological status (health and disease) and different development stages (thallus and conchocelis) were quite various.The bioactivities of the epiphytic bacteria were measured by the normal tested bacteria and pathogenicbacteria of animal aquaculture or human beings,which showed correlation with the physiological status of their hosts Dominating bacteria from healthy Porphyra belonged to the genus Pseudoalteromonas,which were not found in rotted samples.The significant difference of epiphytic bacterial flora might have some relationships with the healthy growth of P.yezoensis.
2008, 30(4): 169-175.
Abstract:
2008, 30(4): 176-180.
Abstract:
Email alert
RSS