2008 Vol. 30, No. 3
Display Method:
2008, 30(3): 1-8.
Abstract:
Based on Argo data and historic temperature/salinity data from the World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01),origins and spreading pathways of the subsurface and interm ediate water masses in the Indonesian Throughflow(ITF) region were discussed by analyzing distributions of salinity on representative isopycnal layers.Results were shown that,subsurface water mostly comes from the North Pacific while the intermediate water originates from both the North and South Pacific Ocean,even possibly from the Indian Ocean.Spreading through Sulawesi Sea,Makassar Strait,reach Flores Sea,the North Pacific Subsur face Water and North Pacific Intermediate Water dominate the western part of the Indonesian Archipelago.Furthermore as the depth increases,the features of the North Pacific sourced water masses become more obvious.In the eastern part of the waters,high salinity South Pacific Subsurface Water is blocked by a strong salinity front between Halmahera and New Guinea.Int er mediate watert here owns salinity higher than North Pacific Intermediate Water and Antarctica Intermediate Water(AAIW),possibly coming from thevertical mixing between subsurface water and the AAIW from the South Pacific,and possibly coming from the northward extending of the AAIW in the Indian Ocean as well.
Based on Argo data and historic temperature/salinity data from the World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01),origins and spreading pathways of the subsurface and interm ediate water masses in the Indonesian Throughflow(ITF) region were discussed by analyzing distributions of salinity on representative isopycnal layers.Results were shown that,subsurface water mostly comes from the North Pacific while the intermediate water originates from both the North and South Pacific Ocean,even possibly from the Indian Ocean.Spreading through Sulawesi Sea,Makassar Strait,reach Flores Sea,the North Pacific Subsur face Water and North Pacific Intermediate Water dominate the western part of the Indonesian Archipelago.Furthermore as the depth increases,the features of the North Pacific sourced water masses become more obvious.In the eastern part of the waters,high salinity South Pacific Subsurface Water is blocked by a strong salinity front between Halmahera and New Guinea.Int er mediate watert here owns salinity higher than North Pacific Intermediate Water and Antarctica Intermediate Water(AAIW),possibly coming from thevertical mixing between subsurface water and the AAIW from the South Pacific,and possibly coming from the northward extending of the AAIW in the Indian Ocean as well.
2008, 30(3): 9-15.
Abstract:
Based on the inter disciplinary data observed in June fr om 2001 to 2004,as well as MODIS/Terra SST in the same periods,the distributions and characteristics of tidal fronts in the southwestern Huanghai Sea are analyzed.The Simpson Hunter frontal predictors log(h/u3) are calculated through a 5'×5' 3D tide model,which yields results consisting with in situ and satellite observations.This paper reveals that:(1) There are significant tidal fronts in the southwestern Huang hai Sea,locate mainly at two areas:off-shore of Subei Shoal and Haizhou Bay;the off shore of eastern parts of Shang dong Peninsula,from Shidao to Cheng shantou.The SST cold water is not continuous in the south shore of the Peninsula,from 121°E to 122°E,which at least tells us no significant fronts there.(2) The disconnecting characteristic to the east coast of Qingdao is due to the weak tidal stirring and deeper bat hymetry,where the strat ification is relatively strong.The fronts distribute in well agreement with contours of log(h/u3) 2.2.The disconnecting characteristics of tidal fronts might have significant impacts on the distribution of chlorophylla,calanus sinicus and anchovy eggs,which concent rate mainly in the places where tidal fronts distribute distinctly.
Based on the inter disciplinary data observed in June fr om 2001 to 2004,as well as MODIS/Terra SST in the same periods,the distributions and characteristics of tidal fronts in the southwestern Huanghai Sea are analyzed.The Simpson Hunter frontal predictors log(h/u3) are calculated through a 5'×5' 3D tide model,which yields results consisting with in situ and satellite observations.This paper reveals that:(1) There are significant tidal fronts in the southwestern Huang hai Sea,locate mainly at two areas:off-shore of Subei Shoal and Haizhou Bay;the off shore of eastern parts of Shang dong Peninsula,from Shidao to Cheng shantou.The SST cold water is not continuous in the south shore of the Peninsula,from 121°E to 122°E,which at least tells us no significant fronts there.(2) The disconnecting characteristic to the east coast of Qingdao is due to the weak tidal stirring and deeper bat hymetry,where the strat ification is relatively strong.The fronts distribute in well agreement with contours of log(h/u3) 2.2.The disconnecting characteristics of tidal fronts might have significant impacts on the distribution of chlorophylla,calanus sinicus and anchovy eggs,which concent rate mainly in the places where tidal fronts distribute distinctly.
2008, 30(3): 16-27.
Abstract:
In this study,we evaluated three satellite remote sensing SST from AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer),TMI(TRMM Microwave Imager) and AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System) using the in situ measurements obtained from the Chinese Antarctic Expeditions for the period 1989-2005,withem phasis on the Southern Ocean.Compared to the ship observations,AVHRR SST has a mean bias of -0.12℃ for day time and -0.04℃ for nighttime,and the cold bias is more pronounced in the Southern Ocean.TMI SST shows large warm biases relative to the observations(0.48℃ for day time and 0.57℃ for nighttime).The biases of TMI SST (△T) are influenced by 37 GHz wind speed,and the influence still exists even as the wind speed is higher than 6 m/s.AM SR-E SST also shows warm biases(0.34℃ for day time and 0.27℃ for night time),which are larger in the Southern Ocean as compared to other regions.The biases of AMSR-E SST are influenced by water vapor,particularly increasing with the increasing water vapor in the Southern Ocean.The comparison between the microwave(AM SR-E/TMI) and near infrared(AVH RR) SST suggests that the microwave SST is warmer in the tropical and Southern Ocean,but colder in the mid-latitude.In addition,for AMSR-E,the magnitude of the SST difference has a decreasing tendency from daytime to nighttime,whereas for TMI,there is not obvious change in the magnitude of the SST difference.
In this study,we evaluated three satellite remote sensing SST from AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer),TMI(TRMM Microwave Imager) and AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System) using the in situ measurements obtained from the Chinese Antarctic Expeditions for the period 1989-2005,withem phasis on the Southern Ocean.Compared to the ship observations,AVHRR SST has a mean bias of -0.12℃ for day time and -0.04℃ for nighttime,and the cold bias is more pronounced in the Southern Ocean.TMI SST shows large warm biases relative to the observations(0.48℃ for day time and 0.57℃ for nighttime).The biases of TMI SST (△T) are influenced by 37 GHz wind speed,and the influence still exists even as the wind speed is higher than 6 m/s.AM SR-E SST also shows warm biases(0.34℃ for day time and 0.27℃ for night time),which are larger in the Southern Ocean as compared to other regions.The biases of AMSR-E SST are influenced by water vapor,particularly increasing with the increasing water vapor in the Southern Ocean.The comparison between the microwave(AM SR-E/TMI) and near infrared(AVH RR) SST suggests that the microwave SST is warmer in the tropical and Southern Ocean,but colder in the mid-latitude.In addition,for AMSR-E,the magnitude of the SST difference has a decreasing tendency from daytime to nighttime,whereas for TMI,there is not obvious change in the magnitude of the SST difference.
2008, 30(3): 28-34.
Abstract:
In context of 1-D high resolution atmosphere boundary layer model,OSUPBL,this article numerically simulates the marine lower at mospheric processes over the South China Sea during the South China Sea monsoon experiment(SCSMEX) in 1998.The reanalysis data by the Meteorological Research Institute,Japan Meteorological A gency(JM A) is used to init ialize the model.The model out puts were compared against the in situ observation and the reanalysis data by the Meteorological Research Institute,JMA.The results show that,OSUP BL out puts of vertical profile of wind speed,temperature,humidity,and the simulation result of at mosphere boundary layer height,and the short-wave radiation,long-wave radiation,sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,net radiation flux,the netheat flux at sea surface are basically consistent with in situ measurements.
In context of 1-D high resolution atmosphere boundary layer model,OSUPBL,this article numerically simulates the marine lower at mospheric processes over the South China Sea during the South China Sea monsoon experiment(SCSMEX) in 1998.The reanalysis data by the Meteorological Research Institute,Japan Meteorological A gency(JM A) is used to init ialize the model.The model out puts were compared against the in situ observation and the reanalysis data by the Meteorological Research Institute,JMA.The results show that,OSUP BL out puts of vertical profile of wind speed,temperature,humidity,and the simulation result of at mosphere boundary layer height,and the short-wave radiation,long-wave radiation,sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,net radiation flux,the netheat flux at sea surface are basically consistent with in situ measurements.
2008, 30(3): 35-47.
Abstract:
A general survey was made of 1979-2005 tropical cyclones(TC) before a sequence is established of the western North Pacific monsoon trough(MT) tropical cyclones(MTTC).Statistics show that in May October,1979-2005,TCs originating from the South China Sea(SCS) and western North Pacific (WNP) totaled 672,of which 491 had the origin in the monso on trough(i.e.,MTTCs),making up 73.1% of the total and 79.2% of the TCs landing on China in this period.It follows that grasp of their activity features means the grasp of the main activity laws of WNP and China-landing TCs.Based on the analysis of day-to-day circulation fields the MTs are categorized as(1) SCS type,(2) SCS-WNP type,(3) rever saltype,(4) triple-flow type and(5) WNP type.Interms of the strength and position of May to October monsoon troughs,subtropical highs and cross-equat orial flows on anannual basis,the 1979-2005 monsoon troughs are separated into such annual types as the southwest-northwest,and eastward of mean as well as normal.For the first three MT anomalous annual types diagnostic study is conducted of TC for mation favor able SST and large-scale circulation fields,vaport ransport,at mospheric apparent heat sources,apparent vapor sinks,and zonal wind vertical shear,indicating that for the different MT annual types differences in Pacific SST fields cause the disparity in the intensity of the Hadley and Walker circulations,t he positions of western Pacific subtropical high and South Asian high as well as the intensity of cross-equatorial flows,thus producing TC genesis favorable thermal,dynamic and environmental conditions,leading to remarkable differences in MTTC genesis area,frequency,track and TC China-landing location.
A general survey was made of 1979-2005 tropical cyclones(TC) before a sequence is established of the western North Pacific monsoon trough(MT) tropical cyclones(MTTC).Statistics show that in May October,1979-2005,TCs originating from the South China Sea(SCS) and western North Pacific (WNP) totaled 672,of which 491 had the origin in the monso on trough(i.e.,MTTCs),making up 73.1% of the total and 79.2% of the TCs landing on China in this period.It follows that grasp of their activity features means the grasp of the main activity laws of WNP and China-landing TCs.Based on the analysis of day-to-day circulation fields the MTs are categorized as(1) SCS type,(2) SCS-WNP type,(3) rever saltype,(4) triple-flow type and(5) WNP type.Interms of the strength and position of May to October monsoon troughs,subtropical highs and cross-equat orial flows on anannual basis,the 1979-2005 monsoon troughs are separated into such annual types as the southwest-northwest,and eastward of mean as well as normal.For the first three MT anomalous annual types diagnostic study is conducted of TC for mation favor able SST and large-scale circulation fields,vaport ransport,at mospheric apparent heat sources,apparent vapor sinks,and zonal wind vertical shear,indicating that for the different MT annual types differences in Pacific SST fields cause the disparity in the intensity of the Hadley and Walker circulations,t he positions of western Pacific subtropical high and South Asian high as well as the intensity of cross-equatorial flows,thus producing TC genesis favorable thermal,dynamic and environmental conditions,leading to remarkable differences in MTTC genesis area,frequency,track and TC China-landing location.
2008, 30(3): 48-55.
Abstract:
To determine the feasibility obtained by acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP) for estimating suspended sediment concent ration(SSC) in the coastal sea,a field experiment was designed and carried out in the Huanghe Estuary.An acoustic model was set up to estimate the concent ration of suspended particulate matter(SPM) from ADCP echo intensity,which accounted not only for the at tenuation caused by seawater and SPM,but also the corrections of non-spherical spreading in the transducer near-field and inst rument status.If the particle size distribution(P SD) remains stable during the observation,the acousticetimates of SSC agree well with bottle samples and the LISST-100 measurement.On the basis of the Rayleigh scat tering theory,an improved calibration equation is used in the model for particle size correction.Detailed discussions on PSD indicated that large size variation would make the result suspect able,and the exist ence of large particles would overest imate the SPM concentration.
To determine the feasibility obtained by acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP) for estimating suspended sediment concent ration(SSC) in the coastal sea,a field experiment was designed and carried out in the Huanghe Estuary.An acoustic model was set up to estimate the concent ration of suspended particulate matter(SPM) from ADCP echo intensity,which accounted not only for the at tenuation caused by seawater and SPM,but also the corrections of non-spherical spreading in the transducer near-field and inst rument status.If the particle size distribution(P SD) remains stable during the observation,the acousticetimates of SSC agree well with bottle samples and the LISST-100 measurement.On the basis of the Rayleigh scat tering theory,an improved calibration equation is used in the model for particle size correction.Detailed discussions on PSD indicated that large size variation would make the result suspect able,and the exist ence of large particles would overest imate the SPM concentration.
2008, 30(3): 56-61.
Abstract:
The measurement and principle of ultrasonic measurement of sediment core are int roduced.The core sample neart sunami area of Indonesia in 2004 has been measured.The velocity of vertical profile in sediment was presented through the processing and analyzing of data.The relationship is discussed and given between the velocity and the frequency.Analyzing the influence of the depth,structure and biology content of sediment on the velocity data indicates that structure disturbing and gas mixing of marine sediment by the seaflo or earthquake have much influence on the velo city of sediment.
The measurement and principle of ultrasonic measurement of sediment core are int roduced.The core sample neart sunami area of Indonesia in 2004 has been measured.The velocity of vertical profile in sediment was presented through the processing and analyzing of data.The relationship is discussed and given between the velocity and the frequency.Analyzing the influence of the depth,structure and biology content of sediment on the velocity data indicates that structure disturbing and gas mixing of marine sediment by the seaflo or earthquake have much influence on the velo city of sediment.
2008, 30(3): 62-71.
Abstract:
Combining within situ sedimentary sampling and survey,a satellite-based hyperspectral Hyperion image was successfully used for the surface sediment classification in a muddy intert idalregion.Analysis indicated that under the low tidal level there were strong correlations between the surface spectrum reflect ance in the short wave infrared band and the contents of sand,silt and clay,respectively.For the 2102 nm band,the correlation coefficient reached -0.8954,0.9070 and 0.6547 correspondingly.So this band was chosen for the linear regression model const ruction and the sand,silt and clay contents were quantit atively reversed from their corresponding reflectance values.After that a linear equilibrium corrective method was applied for the amendment of these initial inversed content values.On the basis of these corrected sand,silt and clay contents,Shepard triangular graph method was used and the sediment classification for each pixel was automatically obtained with ENVIIDL program.The spatial distribution charact eristics of the surface sediment type for the whole intertidal flat were then acquired with the total accuracy of 87.9%.Results indicated that there were three kinds of sediment distributed in the study area,namely,silty-sand,sandy-silt and silt with the percent age of 18.9%,64.6% and 16.5%,respectively.The distribution trend of the three sediments was adaptive perfectly with the vegetation distribution patterns,hydrodynamic conditions and the sources of the sediments of this area.
Combining within situ sedimentary sampling and survey,a satellite-based hyperspectral Hyperion image was successfully used for the surface sediment classification in a muddy intert idalregion.Analysis indicated that under the low tidal level there were strong correlations between the surface spectrum reflect ance in the short wave infrared band and the contents of sand,silt and clay,respectively.For the 2102 nm band,the correlation coefficient reached -0.8954,0.9070 and 0.6547 correspondingly.So this band was chosen for the linear regression model const ruction and the sand,silt and clay contents were quantit atively reversed from their corresponding reflectance values.After that a linear equilibrium corrective method was applied for the amendment of these initial inversed content values.On the basis of these corrected sand,silt and clay contents,Shepard triangular graph method was used and the sediment classification for each pixel was automatically obtained with ENVIIDL program.The spatial distribution charact eristics of the surface sediment type for the whole intertidal flat were then acquired with the total accuracy of 87.9%.Results indicated that there were three kinds of sediment distributed in the study area,namely,silty-sand,sandy-silt and silt with the percent age of 18.9%,64.6% and 16.5%,respectively.The distribution trend of the three sediments was adaptive perfectly with the vegetation distribution patterns,hydrodynamic conditions and the sources of the sediments of this area.
2008, 30(3): 72-76.
Abstract:
ENVISAT ASAR level 2 algorithm developed by the European Space Agency(ESA) provides directional ocean wave spectra retrieved from synthetic aperture radar(SAR) single look complex data.This inversion algorithm is based on approximating the total SAR cross-spectrum as a sum of a quasilinear part due to the swell and a nonlinear part due to the wind sea.How ever,this assumptionomits a mixed term which brings the intrinsic error to the ENVISAT ASAR level 2 algorithm.Ananalysis is made on the intrinsic error by inverting the simulated SAR cross-spectra using the EN VISAT ASAR level 2 algo rithm.The dependence of the intrinsic error on the ocean wave condition is discussed.It is shown that the ENV-I SAT ASAR level 2 algo rithm can provide the accept able results only when the ocean waves have a smaller significant wave height,or a smaller wind wave component,or a wave direction closer to the SAR range direction,or a longer wavelength.
ENVISAT ASAR level 2 algorithm developed by the European Space Agency(ESA) provides directional ocean wave spectra retrieved from synthetic aperture radar(SAR) single look complex data.This inversion algorithm is based on approximating the total SAR cross-spectrum as a sum of a quasilinear part due to the swell and a nonlinear part due to the wind sea.How ever,this assumptionomits a mixed term which brings the intrinsic error to the ENVISAT ASAR level 2 algorithm.Ananalysis is made on the intrinsic error by inverting the simulated SAR cross-spectra using the EN VISAT ASAR level 2 algo rithm.The dependence of the intrinsic error on the ocean wave condition is discussed.It is shown that the ENV-I SAT ASAR level 2 algo rithm can provide the accept able results only when the ocean waves have a smaller significant wave height,or a smaller wind wave component,or a wave direction closer to the SAR range direction,or a longer wavelength.
2008, 30(3): 77-84.
Abstract:
Sediments and aut higenic carbonates from the Dongsha region of the South China Sea show abundant AOM-related biomarkers(C20 Crocetane,C25 Pentamet hylicosane,C30 Squalane) with highly depleted δ13C(δ13C=-74.2‰ to -119.0‰ PDB) signatures.These data identify the authigenic carbonates as micro bially-mediated methane-derived precipitates.Furthermore,the distribution of AOM-biomarkers in sediments indicates that the modern AOM-process occurs around 600cm below seafloor,coincident with the sulfate-methane-interface(SMI).Above the SMI,the content of AOM-related biomarkers is either very low or undet ectable.This implies that abundant methane consuming microbes thrieve just at the SMI and that methane becomes largely exhausted by methanotrophy before it reaches the seafloor.It is suggested that AOM-biomar kers serve as indicat or of SMI.We conclude that vigorous met hane-rich fluid expulsion has occurred at the seaflo or when the carbonates formed,while the fluidactivity within the sediment is rather weak.
Sediments and aut higenic carbonates from the Dongsha region of the South China Sea show abundant AOM-related biomarkers(C20 Crocetane,C25 Pentamet hylicosane,C30 Squalane) with highly depleted δ13C(δ13C=-74.2‰ to -119.0‰ PDB) signatures.These data identify the authigenic carbonates as micro bially-mediated methane-derived precipitates.Furthermore,the distribution of AOM-biomarkers in sediments indicates that the modern AOM-process occurs around 600cm below seafloor,coincident with the sulfate-methane-interface(SMI).Above the SMI,the content of AOM-related biomarkers is either very low or undet ectable.This implies that abundant methane consuming microbes thrieve just at the SMI and that methane becomes largely exhausted by methanotrophy before it reaches the seafloor.It is suggested that AOM-biomar kers serve as indicat or of SMI.We conclude that vigorous met hane-rich fluid expulsion has occurred at the seaflo or when the carbonates formed,while the fluidactivity within the sediment is rather weak.
2008, 30(3): 85-94.
Abstract:
On the basis of geochemical data of volcanic rocks,the variety of physo-chemical parameters,including temperature,pressure,density and viscosity,was studied to underst and features and development of magma in the Okinawa Trough.The following conclusions were obtained:(1) the mag maunder the northern Okinawa Trough held higher pressure and lower tem perature than those of magma under the middle Okinawa Trough;(2) the magma of the northern Okinawa Trough had higher value of density and viscosity than that of the middle Okinawa Trough because the magma enriched volatile;(3) the low density and viscosity of magma under the Okinawa Trough were of advant age topent rate lithosphere and played fractional cry stallization;and(4) under the same environmental conditions and water content,the uplifted velocity of magma in the middle Okinawa Trough was higher than that in the northern Okinawa Though.It could explain why magmatism in the middle Okinawa Trough was more drastic than in the northern Okinawa Trough.
On the basis of geochemical data of volcanic rocks,the variety of physo-chemical parameters,including temperature,pressure,density and viscosity,was studied to underst and features and development of magma in the Okinawa Trough.The following conclusions were obtained:(1) the mag maunder the northern Okinawa Trough held higher pressure and lower tem perature than those of magma under the middle Okinawa Trough;(2) the magma of the northern Okinawa Trough had higher value of density and viscosity than that of the middle Okinawa Trough because the magma enriched volatile;(3) the low density and viscosity of magma under the Okinawa Trough were of advant age topent rate lithosphere and played fractional cry stallization;and(4) under the same environmental conditions and water content,the uplifted velocity of magma in the middle Okinawa Trough was higher than that in the northern Okinawa Though.It could explain why magmatism in the middle Okinawa Trough was more drastic than in the northern Okinawa Trough.
2008, 30(3): 95-101.
Abstract:
Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and has a potential application in aquaculture.The characterization of the myostatin gene and its expression in the red drum fish,Sciaenops ocellatus,were reported.The myostat in gene possessed three exons encoding 376 amino acids.The cDNA was 1750 bp long with a 108 bp 5'-UT R and a 511 bp 3'-UTR.Two micr osat ellite sequences,(TC)4CC(TC)4CT(TC)4 and(AC)7,existed in intron Ⅰand 3'-UTR,respectively.The deduced amino acid sequence was highly conserved,and had more than 90% identical to Umbrinacirrosa,Sparus aurata,Morone saxatilis,Morone amer icana,and Morone chrysops proteins.The myostatin of the red drum had a putative amino terminal signal sequence(residues 1-22),a TGF-β propeptide domain(residues 41~256),a RXXR proteolytic processing site(RARR,residues 264~267,matching the RXXR consensus site),and a TGF-B domain(residues 282~376).There were 13 conserved cysteine residues in the red drum myostatin,nine of which are common to all TGF-β superfamily members.The most conserved region of vertebrate myostatins is the TGF-β domain,which was the mature bioactive domain of the myostat in protein.In the examined tentissues,the myostatingene was expressed only in three,the skeletal muscle,brain and eye.The strongest expression was in the skeletal muscle.
Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and has a potential application in aquaculture.The characterization of the myostatin gene and its expression in the red drum fish,Sciaenops ocellatus,were reported.The myostat in gene possessed three exons encoding 376 amino acids.The cDNA was 1750 bp long with a 108 bp 5'-UT R and a 511 bp 3'-UTR.Two micr osat ellite sequences,(TC)4CC(TC)4CT(TC)4 and(AC)7,existed in intron Ⅰand 3'-UTR,respectively.The deduced amino acid sequence was highly conserved,and had more than 90% identical to Umbrinacirrosa,Sparus aurata,Morone saxatilis,Morone amer icana,and Morone chrysops proteins.The myostatin of the red drum had a putative amino terminal signal sequence(residues 1-22),a TGF-β propeptide domain(residues 41~256),a RXXR proteolytic processing site(RARR,residues 264~267,matching the RXXR consensus site),and a TGF-B domain(residues 282~376).There were 13 conserved cysteine residues in the red drum myostatin,nine of which are common to all TGF-β superfamily members.The most conserved region of vertebrate myostatins is the TGF-β domain,which was the mature bioactive domain of the myostat in protein.In the examined tentissues,the myostatingene was expressed only in three,the skeletal muscle,brain and eye.The strongest expression was in the skeletal muscle.
2008, 30(3): 102-108.
Abstract:
Ultrastructural changes of melano-macro phages during their developmental process in haem opoietic tissues of Sparus macrocep halus were investigated by means of electron micro scope in this study.The results showed that there were two kinds of melano-macrophages,namely,at ypical melano-macrophages and typical melano-macrophages,in the haemo poietic tissues of head-kidney,trunk kidney,spleen and liver.There were some big or giant round/oval dense granules,but not typical melanoso mes in the cytoplasm of atypical melano-macrophages,which could be further classified into fourtypes by their ultrastructural features.Typical melano-macrophages contained typically and deeply chromo philous melano somes in their cytoplasm,besides numerous mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,lysosomes,moderate myelin,multivesicular body and atypical phile-staining granules.Moreover,the latter cells could further develop and formmelano-macro phagecentres.Meanwhile,wide difference was found in the ultrastructure of the phylogenetic precursors of these different type cells.Our results demonst rate that various melano-macro phages,derived from various types of phylog enetic precursors,exist in haem opoietic tissues of Sparus macrocep halus.
Ultrastructural changes of melano-macro phages during their developmental process in haem opoietic tissues of Sparus macrocep halus were investigated by means of electron micro scope in this study.The results showed that there were two kinds of melano-macrophages,namely,at ypical melano-macrophages and typical melano-macrophages,in the haemo poietic tissues of head-kidney,trunk kidney,spleen and liver.There were some big or giant round/oval dense granules,but not typical melanoso mes in the cytoplasm of atypical melano-macrophages,which could be further classified into fourtypes by their ultrastructural features.Typical melano-macrophages contained typically and deeply chromo philous melano somes in their cytoplasm,besides numerous mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,lysosomes,moderate myelin,multivesicular body and atypical phile-staining granules.Moreover,the latter cells could further develop and formmelano-macro phagecentres.Meanwhile,wide difference was found in the ultrastructure of the phylogenetic precursors of these different type cells.Our results demonst rate that various melano-macro phages,derived from various types of phylog enetic precursors,exist in haem opoietic tissues of Sparus macrocep halus.
2008, 30(3): 109-116.
Abstract:
The Razor Clam,Sinonovacula constricta,is distributed along the coastal waters of West pacific ocean which is one of the four most valuable and popular shellfish resources in China.To examine the genetic diver sity in three wild and three cultured S.constricta populations from Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces,mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ gene(COI) was deter mined.A 556bp long partial genesegment was acquired and sequences were moderately A+Trich(A+T=66.2%),which was higher than G+C content.The results showed that 56 haploty pes and 66 variation sites were found in the sequences of the 98 samples.The nucleotide diversity and average number of differences of wild populations were a few higher than that of cultured populations,but the values of haplotype diversity of six populations were 0.9.Moreover,there were special haplotypes in wild Jiang supopulation,which were not shared with others'.The genetic distance and cluster analysis suggested that the phylogenetic relationship of three cultured populations was closed to the Zhejiang and Fujian wild populations in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces.
The Razor Clam,Sinonovacula constricta,is distributed along the coastal waters of West pacific ocean which is one of the four most valuable and popular shellfish resources in China.To examine the genetic diver sity in three wild and three cultured S.constricta populations from Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces,mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ gene(COI) was deter mined.A 556bp long partial genesegment was acquired and sequences were moderately A+Trich(A+T=66.2%),which was higher than G+C content.The results showed that 56 haploty pes and 66 variation sites were found in the sequences of the 98 samples.The nucleotide diversity and average number of differences of wild populations were a few higher than that of cultured populations,but the values of haplotype diversity of six populations were 0.9.Moreover,there were special haplotypes in wild Jiang supopulation,which were not shared with others'.The genetic distance and cluster analysis suggested that the phylogenetic relationship of three cultured populations was closed to the Zhejiang and Fujian wild populations in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces.
2008, 30(3): 117-125.
Abstract:
On the basis of the equations proposed by another person an enhanced Boussinesq model is derived by introducing additional terms with four parameters.The linear dispersion is accurate to Pad(4,4) expansion of linear Stokes's dispersion,the shoaling is applicable to arelative water depth(wavenumber is multiplied by water depth) not being greater than 6 and nonlinearity is accurate to the relative water depth not being greater than 1.05 within 5% error.Aone-dimensional numerical model is established with a composite fourth-order. A dams-Bashforth-Moult on scheme for time marching in non-staggered grids,and the five-diag onal method is used in the calculations.Numerical simulations are done upon wave propagation over a submerged bar.Numerical results are compared with the experimental data,and the present model is well validated.
On the basis of the equations proposed by another person an enhanced Boussinesq model is derived by introducing additional terms with four parameters.The linear dispersion is accurate to Pad(4,4) expansion of linear Stokes's dispersion,the shoaling is applicable to arelative water depth(wavenumber is multiplied by water depth) not being greater than 6 and nonlinearity is accurate to the relative water depth not being greater than 1.05 within 5% error.Aone-dimensional numerical model is established with a composite fourth-order. A dams-Bashforth-Moult on scheme for time marching in non-staggered grids,and the five-diag onal method is used in the calculations.Numerical simulations are done upon wave propagation over a submerged bar.Numerical results are compared with the experimental data,and the present model is well validated.
2008, 30(3): 126-132.
Abstract:
A fully-nonlinear numerical model based on the time-domain higher-order boundary element method(HOBEM) is established to simulate the kinematics of extreme waves.In the model,the fullynonlinear free surface boundary conditions are satisfied and the semimixed Euler-Lagrange method is used to track free surface;the fourth-order Runge-Kutt a method is used to refresh the wave elevation and the velocity potential on the free surface at each time step;the image Green function is used so that the integration on the lateral surfaces and bottom are excluded.The extreme waves are generated by the method of wave focusing.The physical experiment sare carried out in a wave flume.On the horizotal velocity of the gauge,the numerical solutions are agreed well with experimental results.The charact eristics of the nonlinear extreme-wave kinematics and the velocity distribution are studied here.
A fully-nonlinear numerical model based on the time-domain higher-order boundary element method(HOBEM) is established to simulate the kinematics of extreme waves.In the model,the fullynonlinear free surface boundary conditions are satisfied and the semimixed Euler-Lagrange method is used to track free surface;the fourth-order Runge-Kutt a method is used to refresh the wave elevation and the velocity potential on the free surface at each time step;the image Green function is used so that the integration on the lateral surfaces and bottom are excluded.The extreme waves are generated by the method of wave focusing.The physical experiment sare carried out in a wave flume.On the horizotal velocity of the gauge,the numerical solutions are agreed well with experimental results.The charact eristics of the nonlinear extreme-wave kinematics and the velocity distribution are studied here.
2008, 30(3): 133-139.
Abstract:
It is an important part of the studies of the coastal land-ocean interaction for the changes of the beach in response to the wave dynamic action.The relationship between the volumes of continuously measured profiles in Nanwan beach and the variable wave heights of Nanwan nearshore region was discussed by using a sing ular spectrum analysis method,with which singular vector space distribution pattern was obtained.The results were shown as follows:(1) There was close relationship between the changes of beach volumes and wave dynamic action;(2) the sensitivity of response of the middle segment of the beach was obvious to the wave dynamic action;the sensitivity in the straight-line segment was the next in order;the sensitivity in the shadow zone was the weakest;(3) the related area between the wave field of the near shore region and the beach field was obvious,which was a key area primarily located in the middle segment of the beach,nearshore zone and the adjacent area of the line between the capes stretched out into the sea.
It is an important part of the studies of the coastal land-ocean interaction for the changes of the beach in response to the wave dynamic action.The relationship between the volumes of continuously measured profiles in Nanwan beach and the variable wave heights of Nanwan nearshore region was discussed by using a sing ular spectrum analysis method,with which singular vector space distribution pattern was obtained.The results were shown as follows:(1) There was close relationship between the changes of beach volumes and wave dynamic action;(2) the sensitivity of response of the middle segment of the beach was obvious to the wave dynamic action;the sensitivity in the straight-line segment was the next in order;the sensitivity in the shadow zone was the weakest;(3) the related area between the wave field of the near shore region and the beach field was obvious,which was a key area primarily located in the middle segment of the beach,nearshore zone and the adjacent area of the line between the capes stretched out into the sea.
2008, 30(3): 140-147.
Abstract:
For the great amount of organic compounds and the variation of salinity in the Changjiang Estuary,the study on the flocculation process of fine-grained sediments by the combining effect of salinity and humus on the high-turbid system is of critical significance in the underst anding of the mechanism of the formation of maximum turbidity zone.The effects of salinity and humus on the fine-grained sediments are analyzed through the synthetic study of the aspects of flocculation/coagulation power,diameter and electric pot ential.And the microco smic configuration of the flocs is analyzed by using the scan electron microsco peand Fourier transform infrared spectrometry.The results show that:(1) with the increase of salinity,floculation/coagulation power and diameter become greater and the electric potential becomes smaller,and with increase of the concent ration of humus,flocculation becomes smaller,but the diamerer and the electric potential become greater;(2) the micro cosmic config uration of the flocculation shows that humus packs on the fine sediments in the form of salt,and the flocculation model of clay-positiveion-orgamic compound can successfully demonst rate the mechanism of the for mation of the fine-grained sediments in the high-turbid area of Changjiang Estuary.
For the great amount of organic compounds and the variation of salinity in the Changjiang Estuary,the study on the flocculation process of fine-grained sediments by the combining effect of salinity and humus on the high-turbid system is of critical significance in the underst anding of the mechanism of the formation of maximum turbidity zone.The effects of salinity and humus on the fine-grained sediments are analyzed through the synthetic study of the aspects of flocculation/coagulation power,diameter and electric pot ential.And the microco smic configuration of the flocs is analyzed by using the scan electron microsco peand Fourier transform infrared spectrometry.The results show that:(1) with the increase of salinity,floculation/coagulation power and diameter become greater and the electric potential becomes smaller,and with increase of the concent ration of humus,flocculation becomes smaller,but the diamerer and the electric potential become greater;(2) the micro cosmic config uration of the flocculation shows that humus packs on the fine sediments in the form of salt,and the flocculation model of clay-positiveion-orgamic compound can successfully demonst rate the mechanism of the for mation of the fine-grained sediments in the high-turbid area of Changjiang Estuary.
2008, 30(3): 148-152.
Abstract:
2008, 30(3): 153-159.
Abstract:
2008, 30(3): 160-164.
Abstract:
2008, 30(3): 165-169.
Abstract:
2008, 30(3): 170-176.
Abstract:
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