2005 Vol. 27, No. 2
Display Method:
2005, 27(2): 1-7.
Abstract:
In order to evaluat e the wave-induced mixing in the upper ocean and the impact of surface waves on ocean-atmosphere fluxes,a global wave numerical model in spherical coordinates is developed based on the previous LAGF D-WAM regional model.The wave energy spectrum balance equation and its complicated characteristic equations are derived in spherical coordinates.In these control equations,the modulation of background current to wave evolution and the refraction of waves propagating along great circles are included.The characteristic inlaid method is applied to integrating the wave energy spectrum balance equation.Primary calibration indicates that the global wave model can describe the dynamical processes of ocean surface gravity waves.
In order to evaluat e the wave-induced mixing in the upper ocean and the impact of surface waves on ocean-atmosphere fluxes,a global wave numerical model in spherical coordinates is developed based on the previous LAGF D-WAM regional model.The wave energy spectrum balance equation and its complicated characteristic equations are derived in spherical coordinates.In these control equations,the modulation of background current to wave evolution and the refraction of waves propagating along great circles are included.The characteristic inlaid method is applied to integrating the wave energy spectrum balance equation.Primary calibration indicates that the global wave model can describe the dynamical processes of ocean surface gravity waves.
2005, 27(2): 8-17.
Abstract:
On the basis of hydrographic data obtained in December,1998 cruise,the three dimensional structure of circulation in the South China Sea(SCS)is computed by using three dimensional diagnostic model.The following computed results have been obtained.(1)On the circulation systems in the SCS during the winter of 1998,it is found that:1)In the northern SCS,there is a cold and cyclonic eddy northwest of Luzon,and there is an anticy clonic eddy near the Dongsha Islands;2)in the central SCS,a coastal southward jet is present at the western boundary near the coast of Vietnam;there is a stronger cyclonic circulation east of Vietnam,and there is a weaker ant icyclonic circulation east of this cyclonic circulation; 3)in the southern SCS,there is an anticyclonic circulation in the area west of 112°E,and there is a cyclonic circulation northwest of Borneo Island.
On the basis of hydrographic data obtained in December,1998 cruise,the three dimensional structure of circulation in the South China Sea(SCS)is computed by using three dimensional diagnostic model.The following computed results have been obtained.(1)On the circulation systems in the SCS during the winter of 1998,it is found that:1)In the northern SCS,there is a cold and cyclonic eddy northwest of Luzon,and there is an anticy clonic eddy near the Dongsha Islands;2)in the central SCS,a coastal southward jet is present at the western boundary near the coast of Vietnam;there is a stronger cyclonic circulation east of Vietnam,and there is a weaker ant icyclonic circulation east of this cyclonic circulation; 3)in the southern SCS,there is an anticyclonic circulation in the area west of 112°E,and there is a cyclonic circulation northwest of Borneo Island.
2005, 27(2): 18-28.
Abstract:
The coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea is used for the simulating the freezing,melting, and variation of ice cover and the heat balance at the sea-ice,air-ice,and air-sea interfaces of the Bohai Sea during the entire winter in 1998~1999 and 2000~2001.The coupled model is forced by real time numerical weather prediction fields.The results show that the thermdynamic effects of atmosphere and ocean are very important for the evolvement of ice in the Bohai Sea,especially in the period of ice freezing and melting.Ocean heat flux plays key role in the thermo dynamic coupling.The simulation also presents the different thermodynamic features in the ice covered region and the marginal ice zone.Ice thickness,heat budget at the interface,and surface sea temperature,etc.between the two representative points are discussed.
The coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea is used for the simulating the freezing,melting, and variation of ice cover and the heat balance at the sea-ice,air-ice,and air-sea interfaces of the Bohai Sea during the entire winter in 1998~1999 and 2000~2001.The coupled model is forced by real time numerical weather prediction fields.The results show that the thermdynamic effects of atmosphere and ocean are very important for the evolvement of ice in the Bohai Sea,especially in the period of ice freezing and melting.Ocean heat flux plays key role in the thermo dynamic coupling.The simulation also presents the different thermodynamic features in the ice covered region and the marginal ice zone.Ice thickness,heat budget at the interface,and surface sea temperature,etc.between the two representative points are discussed.
2005, 27(2): 29-38.
Abstract:
To study how the air and sea interact with each other during El Niño/La Niña onsets,extended associate pattern analysis(EAPA)is adopted with the simple ocean data assimilation(SODA)data.The results show that as El Niño/La Niña's parents their behaviors are quite different,there does not exist a relatively independent tropical atmosphere but does exista relatively independent tropical Pacific because the air is heated from bottom surface instead of top surface and of much stronger baroclinic instability than the sea and has a very large inter-tropical convergence zone covering the most tropical Pacific.The idea that it is the wes er burst and wind convergence,coming from middle latitudes directly which produce the sea-water east ward movement and meridional convergence in the upper levels and result in the typical El Niño sea surface temperature warm signal is confirmed again.
To study how the air and sea interact with each other during El Niño/La Niña onsets,extended associate pattern analysis(EAPA)is adopted with the simple ocean data assimilation(SODA)data.The results show that as El Niño/La Niña's parents their behaviors are quite different,there does not exist a relatively independent tropical atmosphere but does exista relatively independent tropical Pacific because the air is heated from bottom surface instead of top surface and of much stronger baroclinic instability than the sea and has a very large inter-tropical convergence zone covering the most tropical Pacific.The idea that it is the wes er burst and wind convergence,coming from middle latitudes directly which produce the sea-water east ward movement and meridional convergence in the upper levels and result in the typical El Niño sea surface temperature warm signal is confirmed again.
2005, 27(2): 39-45.
Abstract:
Based on the simple ocean data assimilation(SODA)data set from the University of Mary land, the characteristics of interannual and interdecadal variability of equat rial Pacific subsurface ocean temperature anomalies(SOTA)w ere analyzed,and its impacts on ENSO cycle were discussed.The results show that,the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of equatorial SOTA have similar spatial distribution and evolution processes as ENSO mode.Both of them have major spatial distribution with the obvious SOTA center in the equatorial western Pacific warm pool and obvious opposite SOTA center in the equatorial eastern Pacific,and then the center in the warm pool propagates east ward and upward along the ocean climatic thermo cline,ENSO events happen when the center reaches east coast of equatorial Pacific.The interannual variability of SOT Ain the equatorial Pacific has decisive effects on the ENSO cycle,it has close relations to nino3 index.The in erdecadal variability of SOT A,which mainly affects on the SOTA in middle equatorial Pacific,also has some important influence on the ENSO cycle,it causes ENSO mode interdecadal variation.When the interdecadal variation is in normal condition,ENSO cycle mainly is the transfer between different types of eastern pattern ENSO events;when the interannual and interdecadal variabilities are in phase,ENSO events will strengthen or occur central pattern events;when the two variabilities are out of phase,ENSO events will weaken.
Based on the simple ocean data assimilation(SODA)data set from the University of Mary land, the characteristics of interannual and interdecadal variability of equat rial Pacific subsurface ocean temperature anomalies(SOTA)w ere analyzed,and its impacts on ENSO cycle were discussed.The results show that,the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of equatorial SOTA have similar spatial distribution and evolution processes as ENSO mode.Both of them have major spatial distribution with the obvious SOTA center in the equatorial western Pacific warm pool and obvious opposite SOTA center in the equatorial eastern Pacific,and then the center in the warm pool propagates east ward and upward along the ocean climatic thermo cline,ENSO events happen when the center reaches east coast of equatorial Pacific.The interannual variability of SOT Ain the equatorial Pacific has decisive effects on the ENSO cycle,it has close relations to nino3 index.The in erdecadal variability of SOT A,which mainly affects on the SOTA in middle equatorial Pacific,also has some important influence on the ENSO cycle,it causes ENSO mode interdecadal variation.When the interdecadal variation is in normal condition,ENSO cycle mainly is the transfer between different types of eastern pattern ENSO events;when the interannual and interdecadal variabilities are in phase,ENSO events will strengthen or occur central pattern events;when the two variabilities are out of phase,ENSO events will weaken.
2005, 27(2): 46-53.
Abstract:
The information of Case Ⅱ water measurement experiment had been made in the areas of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea in the spring of 2003.The joint team includes the National Satellite Ocean Application Service and others institutes.In this experiment atmospheric optical characteristics were measured with the hand-held sun-photometers,and obtained a lot of dat a about atmosphere in clear and cloud-free condition.Here these data were used to invert the properties of aerosols over the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea in the spring days,which include aerosol optical thickness and aerosol size distribution.How to use the Lang ley method to compute the aerosol optical thickness over the sea was described, then the aerosol optical thickness to invert aerosol size distribution was used.The results show that aerosol optical thickness is about 0.2~0.4 over the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea in the clear and cloud-free days and the trend of aero sol size distribution is very close.In the haze conditions the aerosol optical thickness increases,maximum near to 0.8.At the same time the trend of size distribution changed obviously.
The information of Case Ⅱ water measurement experiment had been made in the areas of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea in the spring of 2003.The joint team includes the National Satellite Ocean Application Service and others institutes.In this experiment atmospheric optical characteristics were measured with the hand-held sun-photometers,and obtained a lot of dat a about atmosphere in clear and cloud-free condition.Here these data were used to invert the properties of aerosols over the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea in the spring days,which include aerosol optical thickness and aerosol size distribution.How to use the Lang ley method to compute the aerosol optical thickness over the sea was described, then the aerosol optical thickness to invert aerosol size distribution was used.The results show that aerosol optical thickness is about 0.2~0.4 over the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea in the clear and cloud-free days and the trend of aero sol size distribution is very close.In the haze conditions the aerosol optical thickness increases,maximum near to 0.8.At the same time the trend of size distribution changed obviously.
2005, 27(2): 54-62.
Abstract:
Metal co mplexing ligands concent rations of the Huanghe Estuary,Qingdao coastal,Daya Bay and South Sea China waters were determined by the anodic stripping voltammetry(ASV)technique.The distribution regularity and the relationship with other parameters were discussed.The results ae as follows:Metal ligands concentrations of the South China sea waters are a little higher than those of other waters,and they are apparently higher than those of the ocean.Metal complexing ligands concentration shows the enrichment phenomenon in the sea surface microlayer.The metal complexing ligands concent ration profiles of the South China Sea show that the value of sea surface is the highest,then decreases with the depth accrueing,and a higher value appears at the bottom.Ligands concentrations of copper are higher than those of cadmium and lead.The property of ligands in each waters exhibits complicated.In short,the distribution regularity of metal complexing ligands concentration in China coastal waters is consistent with that of other regions in the world.Meanwhile,the positive relationship between copper ligands concent ration and BOD,COD,DOC and the viscosity are found obviously.
Metal co mplexing ligands concent rations of the Huanghe Estuary,Qingdao coastal,Daya Bay and South Sea China waters were determined by the anodic stripping voltammetry(ASV)technique.The distribution regularity and the relationship with other parameters were discussed.The results ae as follows:Metal ligands concentrations of the South China sea waters are a little higher than those of other waters,and they are apparently higher than those of the ocean.Metal complexing ligands concentration shows the enrichment phenomenon in the sea surface microlayer.The metal complexing ligands concent ration profiles of the South China Sea show that the value of sea surface is the highest,then decreases with the depth accrueing,and a higher value appears at the bottom.Ligands concentrations of copper are higher than those of cadmium and lead.The property of ligands in each waters exhibits complicated.In short,the distribution regularity of metal complexing ligands concentration in China coastal waters is consistent with that of other regions in the world.Meanwhile,the positive relationship between copper ligands concent ration and BOD,COD,DOC and the viscosity are found obviously.
2005, 27(2): 63-69.
Abstract:
By comparing remote sensing sea surface temperature and in situ chemical and biological dat a collected since 1985,some evidences of ecosystem variation responding to interannual environmental variability were found in the Taiwan Strait.Owing to incomplete extensive and serial biological observations,the eco-system responses were mainly illustrated by two specific cases.Coastal upwelling weakened in the summer of 1997,when the Taiwan Strait was during a cold phase.Cold Zhe-Min coastal water weakened and northward intrusion of warm water was streng thened in the winter of 1997,while it was the peak of a strong warm episode of the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea.During these two periods,nutrient distribution,phytoplankt on and zooplankt on abundance and community structure altered and showed anomaly.El Nino seemed weakly linking to the Taiwan Strait.It was hypothesized that forcing within the East Asia monsoon-China marginal sea system might the dominant mechanism.To achieve better understanding of how the Taiwan Strait ecosystem responds to climate variations,supporting the long-term physicalevidences and serial biotic variation signals observation are especially needed.
By comparing remote sensing sea surface temperature and in situ chemical and biological dat a collected since 1985,some evidences of ecosystem variation responding to interannual environmental variability were found in the Taiwan Strait.Owing to incomplete extensive and serial biological observations,the eco-system responses were mainly illustrated by two specific cases.Coastal upwelling weakened in the summer of 1997,when the Taiwan Strait was during a cold phase.Cold Zhe-Min coastal water weakened and northward intrusion of warm water was streng thened in the winter of 1997,while it was the peak of a strong warm episode of the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea.During these two periods,nutrient distribution,phytoplankt on and zooplankt on abundance and community structure altered and showed anomaly.El Nino seemed weakly linking to the Taiwan Strait.It was hypothesized that forcing within the East Asia monsoon-China marginal sea system might the dominant mechanism.To achieve better understanding of how the Taiwan Strait ecosystem responds to climate variations,supporting the long-term physicalevidences and serial biotic variation signals observation are especially needed.
2005, 27(2): 70-78.
Abstract:
Recent marine sediment samples from 144 stations in the Xiamen Bay,the Minjiang Estuary and the Sansha Bay in China were collected for living dino flagellate resting cysts analysis.On the basis of mor-phological features of cysts,25 species dinoflagellate living cysts are classified and their charact eristics are described,including two toxic species:Alex andrium minutun,A.tamarense and four harmful species:Alex andrium affine,Gonyaulax spinifera,Lingulodinium polyedrum,Scrippsiella trochoid ea.The species,such as Alex andrium affine,A.minutum,Diplopelta cf.parva,Polykrikos cf.schwartzii,Protoceratium reticulatum,Protoperidinium minutum,P.cf.minutum,P.cf.americanum,Alex andrium sp.,Protoperidinium sp.1,P.sp.2,are first recorded in the sea area of Fujian Province,China,which may be brought by the discharge of ballast water from international shipping or by introducing shellfish into these sea areas in recent years.
Recent marine sediment samples from 144 stations in the Xiamen Bay,the Minjiang Estuary and the Sansha Bay in China were collected for living dino flagellate resting cysts analysis.On the basis of mor-phological features of cysts,25 species dinoflagellate living cysts are classified and their charact eristics are described,including two toxic species:Alex andrium minutun,A.tamarense and four harmful species:Alex andrium affine,Gonyaulax spinifera,Lingulodinium polyedrum,Scrippsiella trochoid ea.The species,such as Alex andrium affine,A.minutum,Diplopelta cf.parva,Polykrikos cf.schwartzii,Protoceratium reticulatum,Protoperidinium minutum,P.cf.minutum,P.cf.americanum,Alex andrium sp.,Protoperidinium sp.1,P.sp.2,are first recorded in the sea area of Fujian Province,China,which may be brought by the discharge of ballast water from international shipping or by introducing shellfish into these sea areas in recent years.
2005, 27(2): 79-90.
Abstract:
One hundred and ninety-five surface sediment samples and 24 piston core samples were collected from the eastern South China Sea in 1998.Based on these samples,the study of sedimentation and sediment source shows that:(1)The eastern South China Sea has the typical sedimentary charecteristics of the marginal sea;the sediments are composed of the terrigenous clasts,biogenous debris,volcaniclasts and turbidity deposits,and sedimentations are multiple origins;(2)the interm ediate-basic constituent of sediments in the north area of Huangyan Island is 23.2% and the terrigeno us fraction is 76.8%,the theoretial estimates of the two com ponents are quite consistent with the distributions of the submarine sediments.;(3)the mineral analysis shows that there are four mineral assemblages of terrigenous minerals, mixed minerals,authigenic ferromanganese minerals and intermediate-basic volcanogenic minerals,and the mineral constituents and content differences reflect the changes of the material sources and the sedimentary environments;(4)the constituent analysis of being greater than 0.063 mm sediments shows biogenous debris is 66.97%,of which the calcareo us fraction and siliceous one are 23.43% and 43.54% respectively.
One hundred and ninety-five surface sediment samples and 24 piston core samples were collected from the eastern South China Sea in 1998.Based on these samples,the study of sedimentation and sediment source shows that:(1)The eastern South China Sea has the typical sedimentary charecteristics of the marginal sea;the sediments are composed of the terrigenous clasts,biogenous debris,volcaniclasts and turbidity deposits,and sedimentations are multiple origins;(2)the interm ediate-basic constituent of sediments in the north area of Huangyan Island is 23.2% and the terrigeno us fraction is 76.8%,the theoretial estimates of the two com ponents are quite consistent with the distributions of the submarine sediments.;(3)the mineral analysis shows that there are four mineral assemblages of terrigenous minerals, mixed minerals,authigenic ferromanganese minerals and intermediate-basic volcanogenic minerals,and the mineral constituents and content differences reflect the changes of the material sources and the sedimentary environments;(4)the constituent analysis of being greater than 0.063 mm sediments shows biogenous debris is 66.97%,of which the calcareo us fraction and siliceous one are 23.43% and 43.54% respectively.
2005, 27(2): 91-97.
Abstract:
On the basis of classification system of the landscape types of the Chaoyanggang Lagoon,the landscape patterns changes in different periods are analyzed quantitatively through 3S technologies.The results show that the area of the artificial landscapes is increased by 532 hm2 from 1954 to 2002.The land scape diversity index and the landscape evenness index increase and the landscape dominance index decrea ses.At the same time,the patch density of the lagoon increases from 0.017 9 to 0.034 6 ind./hm2,the corridor density increases from 0.695 4 to 22.056 4 m/hm2,which shows that the fragmentation level is increased since 1954.The landscape patterns changes of the Chaoyanggang Lagoon are closed related to human activities on the landscape,so adjusting the in ensity of human development reasonably is very important to protect lagoonal wetland resources effectively.
On the basis of classification system of the landscape types of the Chaoyanggang Lagoon,the landscape patterns changes in different periods are analyzed quantitatively through 3S technologies.The results show that the area of the artificial landscapes is increased by 532 hm2 from 1954 to 2002.The land scape diversity index and the landscape evenness index increase and the landscape dominance index decrea ses.At the same time,the patch density of the lagoon increases from 0.017 9 to 0.034 6 ind./hm2,the corridor density increases from 0.695 4 to 22.056 4 m/hm2,which shows that the fragmentation level is increased since 1954.The landscape patterns changes of the Chaoyanggang Lagoon are closed related to human activities on the landscape,so adjusting the in ensity of human development reasonably is very important to protect lagoonal wetland resources effectively.
2005, 27(2): 98-105.
Abstract:
Theco-Kriging method and its application to mineral resource evaluation of manganese nucleus in the CC region of the Pacific Ocean are introduced in detail.Cu,Co and Ni are three metal elements which depend on each other and are intruduced in detail have different economical values.Depth of seabed is another importance characteristics related to exploitation cost.Using co-Kriging model evaluates manganese nucleus mineral resource amount,estimates space distribution pattern of those characteristics and their combination,and delimits potential and amount of manganese nucleus mineral resource,predicts and evaluates mineral resou ce with Co,Cu and Ni abundance.This method has the same availability with manganese crust.
Theco-Kriging method and its application to mineral resource evaluation of manganese nucleus in the CC region of the Pacific Ocean are introduced in detail.Cu,Co and Ni are three metal elements which depend on each other and are intruduced in detail have different economical values.Depth of seabed is another importance characteristics related to exploitation cost.Using co-Kriging model evaluates manganese nucleus mineral resource amount,estimates space distribution pattern of those characteristics and their combination,and delimits potential and amount of manganese nucleus mineral resource,predicts and evaluates mineral resou ce with Co,Cu and Ni abundance.This method has the same availability with manganese crust.
2005, 27(2): 106-114.
Abstract:
Eight profiles of sandy beaches distributed in different geographical coast sections and different coast geomorphologies were repeatedly surveyed on the spot in winter and summer and analysed in laboratory to discuss the morphodynamics of the sandy beaches along the coast of South China.On the basis of the research,combined with the analysis on the coastal geological structure,geomorphology and the changes of modern coastal dynamical environments with geog raphical location,the sandy coast of South China is differentiated into three basic types of coastal geomorphology:cape-bay coast,barrier lagoon coast and straightened coast.The morphodynamics of the beaches were studied through the analysis on the beach in cline,coastal dynamic changes,the seasonal scouring silting changes tendency,the sediment grain size of the beach face and the dynamic response of beach slope.The results show that the morphodynamics was enslaved to many environmental factors,in which geological structure background and sea level changes played an important base for the development of the geomorphology of sandy beaches in a large scale distribution.After the Holocene transgression,the sea level was relatively stable,the moulding action of modern coastal dynamic condition became decisive,and the index of tide wave was an important factor.
Eight profiles of sandy beaches distributed in different geographical coast sections and different coast geomorphologies were repeatedly surveyed on the spot in winter and summer and analysed in laboratory to discuss the morphodynamics of the sandy beaches along the coast of South China.On the basis of the research,combined with the analysis on the coastal geological structure,geomorphology and the changes of modern coastal dynamical environments with geog raphical location,the sandy coast of South China is differentiated into three basic types of coastal geomorphology:cape-bay coast,barrier lagoon coast and straightened coast.The morphodynamics of the beaches were studied through the analysis on the beach in cline,coastal dynamic changes,the seasonal scouring silting changes tendency,the sediment grain size of the beach face and the dynamic response of beach slope.The results show that the morphodynamics was enslaved to many environmental factors,in which geological structure background and sea level changes played an important base for the development of the geomorphology of sandy beaches in a large scale distribution.After the Holocene transgression,the sea level was relatively stable,the moulding action of modern coastal dynamic condition became decisive,and the index of tide wave was an important factor.
2005, 27(2): 115-121.
Abstract:
Research on heat and mass flux caused by modern seafloor hydrothermal activity is very important,because it is not only the base of ocean environment research,but also involved in historical evolution of seawater properties.Currently,data using to estimate heat fluxare from observation data at hydrothermal smokers,low-temperature diffusive flow and the mid-ocean ridge mainly.But there are some faults, for example,there is a lack of concurrent conductive itemin estimating heat flux by smokers,error between the half-space cooling model and the observation data is too large.So,three kinds of methods are applied to reestimating heat flux of hydrothermal activity resepectively,corresponding estimation is 97.359 GW by the hydrothermal smoker and the diffusive flow,84.895 GW by hy drothermal plume,and 4.11 TW by exponential attenuation method put forward by this paper.Research on mass flux estimation is relatively rare,the main reason for this is insufficient field observation data.Mass fluxes of differ entelements are calculated using data from TAG hydrotherm area in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for the first time. Difference of estimations by different methods reflects the researching extent of hydrothermal activity,and system atically in-situ observation will help to estimate the contribution of hydrothermal activity to ocean circulation and global climate precisely.
Research on heat and mass flux caused by modern seafloor hydrothermal activity is very important,because it is not only the base of ocean environment research,but also involved in historical evolution of seawater properties.Currently,data using to estimate heat fluxare from observation data at hydrothermal smokers,low-temperature diffusive flow and the mid-ocean ridge mainly.But there are some faults, for example,there is a lack of concurrent conductive itemin estimating heat flux by smokers,error between the half-space cooling model and the observation data is too large.So,three kinds of methods are applied to reestimating heat flux of hydrothermal activity resepectively,corresponding estimation is 97.359 GW by the hydrothermal smoker and the diffusive flow,84.895 GW by hy drothermal plume,and 4.11 TW by exponential attenuation method put forward by this paper.Research on mass flux estimation is relatively rare,the main reason for this is insufficient field observation data.Mass fluxes of differ entelements are calculated using data from TAG hydrotherm area in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for the first time. Difference of estimations by different methods reflects the researching extent of hydrothermal activity,and system atically in-situ observation will help to estimate the contribution of hydrothermal activity to ocean circulation and global climate precisely.
2005, 27(2): 122-126.
Abstract:
Experiments were conducted to ex amine the effects of salinity fluctuation on intermolt period and growth of Fenneropenaeus chinensis with initial body weight of(0.5532±0.0001)g.The salinity of the control treatment(S0)was 30 throughout the experiment,while the Treatment s S2,S4,S7 and S10 were subjected to different salinity fluctuations,and the ranges were 2,4,7 and 10,respectively.After the 30 d feeding trial,the longest and the shortest intermolt period of the shrimp occurred under the Treatments S10 and S2,respectively(difference 37.14%).The special growth rates of the shrimp under five treatments were as follows:S7>S4>S2>S10>S0,and the special growth rate of the shrimp under Treat ment S0 was lower than that under Treatments S4 and S7 by 22.36% and 28.11%,respectively(P<0.05).The minimal feed intake of the experimental animal occurred in Treatment S0(84.04% and 88.54% of that under Treatments S4 and S7,respectively)(P<0.05).There were no significant differences among food conversion efficiency of the shrimp under the five treatments(P>0.05).
Experiments were conducted to ex amine the effects of salinity fluctuation on intermolt period and growth of Fenneropenaeus chinensis with initial body weight of(0.5532±0.0001)g.The salinity of the control treatment(S0)was 30 throughout the experiment,while the Treatment s S2,S4,S7 and S10 were subjected to different salinity fluctuations,and the ranges were 2,4,7 and 10,respectively.After the 30 d feeding trial,the longest and the shortest intermolt period of the shrimp occurred under the Treatments S10 and S2,respectively(difference 37.14%).The special growth rates of the shrimp under five treatments were as follows:S7>S4>S2>S10>S0,and the special growth rate of the shrimp under Treat ment S0 was lower than that under Treatments S4 and S7 by 22.36% and 28.11%,respectively(P<0.05).The minimal feed intake of the experimental animal occurred in Treatment S0(84.04% and 88.54% of that under Treatments S4 and S7,respectively)(P<0.05).There were no significant differences among food conversion efficiency of the shrimp under the five treatments(P>0.05).
2005, 27(2): 127-134.
Abstract:
Chlorophylla around the Zhelin Bay-a large-scale maricult ure(with 19 sampling stations),eastern Guangdong,where the harmful algal blooms most frequently occurred,was investigated from July 2001 to July 2002.The results showed that concentrations of chl.a in the sampling stations range from 0.01 to 3.26 mg/m3,with an annual average of 0.56 mg/m3.The concentration of chl.a in the investigated area was higher in the Huanggang River and the out side of the bay than that in the inside,consequently resulted in that chl.a was greater in the outer and eastern bay than those in the inner and western bay. Based on the data from the related investigations,the Zhelin Bay is a bay with high nutrients and low chlo-rophylla.Such pattern might be mainly due to the low water exchange,low illumination and feeding of seashells caused by large-scale mariculture.There was a significant seasonal variation in chl.a during the investigation.The highest was found in August 2001,and the lowest in January and July 2002.The concentration of chl.a in July 2002 was equal to only 10% of that in July 2002.Such large difference occurred between consequent years might be related to 2001~2002 El Niño event,which resulted in low precipitation around the eastern Guangdong and the consequent largely decrease of PO4-P and increase of total suspension materials in July 2002 in the Zhelin Bay compared with those in July 2001.
Chlorophylla around the Zhelin Bay-a large-scale maricult ure(with 19 sampling stations),eastern Guangdong,where the harmful algal blooms most frequently occurred,was investigated from July 2001 to July 2002.The results showed that concentrations of chl.a in the sampling stations range from 0.01 to 3.26 mg/m3,with an annual average of 0.56 mg/m3.The concentration of chl.a in the investigated area was higher in the Huanggang River and the out side of the bay than that in the inside,consequently resulted in that chl.a was greater in the outer and eastern bay than those in the inner and western bay. Based on the data from the related investigations,the Zhelin Bay is a bay with high nutrients and low chlo-rophylla.Such pattern might be mainly due to the low water exchange,low illumination and feeding of seashells caused by large-scale mariculture.There was a significant seasonal variation in chl.a during the investigation.The highest was found in August 2001,and the lowest in January and July 2002.The concentration of chl.a in July 2002 was equal to only 10% of that in July 2002.Such large difference occurred between consequent years might be related to 2001~2002 El Niño event,which resulted in low precipitation around the eastern Guangdong and the consequent largely decrease of PO4-P and increase of total suspension materials in July 2002 in the Zhelin Bay compared with those in July 2001.
2005, 27(2): 135-140.
Abstract:
On the basis of the research of juvenile(2,3,4 months)growth and survival of three population of two different geographic areas in Chlamys farreri from Russia and China and their F1 hybrids derived from Chinese cultural population(CC)♀ × Russian Population(R)♂,Chinese wild population(CW)♀× Russian Russian population(R)♂,Russian population(R)♀ × Chinese wild population(CW)♂,the study of the medium-term(6,8,10,12 months)growth and development of Chlamys farreri were carried out.The four determined results indicate that there exists different extenthet erosis(3%~52%)for growth in three types of F1 hybrids and the of fspring derived from CC♀ × R♂ has a stronger heterosis among the crosses at the mediumterm,the uptrend among traits are wet weight greater than shell width greater than shell length greater than shell height,Chinese cultural population can be recognized as excellent parent,and the influence of season on the daily increment and growth rate of each trait of Chlamys farreri is very much and it is only able to survive and can barely grow in winter(6~8 m onths),but grow fast in temperate season(10~12 months).
On the basis of the research of juvenile(2,3,4 months)growth and survival of three population of two different geographic areas in Chlamys farreri from Russia and China and their F1 hybrids derived from Chinese cultural population(CC)♀ × Russian Population(R)♂,Chinese wild population(CW)♀× Russian Russian population(R)♂,Russian population(R)♀ × Chinese wild population(CW)♂,the study of the medium-term(6,8,10,12 months)growth and development of Chlamys farreri were carried out.The four determined results indicate that there exists different extenthet erosis(3%~52%)for growth in three types of F1 hybrids and the of fspring derived from CC♀ × R♂ has a stronger heterosis among the crosses at the mediumterm,the uptrend among traits are wet weight greater than shell width greater than shell length greater than shell height,Chinese cultural population can be recognized as excellent parent,and the influence of season on the daily increment and growth rate of each trait of Chlamys farreri is very much and it is only able to survive and can barely grow in winter(6~8 m onths),but grow fast in temperate season(10~12 months).
2005, 27(2): 141-147.
Abstract:
Influence of waterlogging time on the growth of Kandelia candel(L.)Druce seedlings grown for 70 d in artificialtidal tanks simulated semidiurnal tide under greenhouse was studied.Sand and soil acted as the substrate and artificial seawater with the salinity of 15 were used in cultivation.Shorter water-logging time(inundated for about 2~4 h)promoted the growth of K.candel seedlings,while longer time (inundated more than 8 h)or no water logging(0 h)inhibited their growth.The number and length of aerating roots increased with the increase of waterlogging time.In current condition,the optimal waterlogging time for the growth of K.candel seedlings was about 2~4 h in every tide cycle.Comparing with other treatments,seedlings in 2 h sanded treatment sobtained the highest biomass,made the lowest mass loss of hypocoty l and broadened the photosynthetic area by increasing area per leaf after 70d cultivation.And the soil treatments had the similar tendency.However,waterlogging for 8 h in every tide cycle is critical for normal development of seedlings.K.candel seedlins were highly tolerant to water logging and a proper waterlogging was beneficial to the growth of K.candel seedlings.
Influence of waterlogging time on the growth of Kandelia candel(L.)Druce seedlings grown for 70 d in artificialtidal tanks simulated semidiurnal tide under greenhouse was studied.Sand and soil acted as the substrate and artificial seawater with the salinity of 15 were used in cultivation.Shorter water-logging time(inundated for about 2~4 h)promoted the growth of K.candel seedlings,while longer time (inundated more than 8 h)or no water logging(0 h)inhibited their growth.The number and length of aerating roots increased with the increase of waterlogging time.In current condition,the optimal waterlogging time for the growth of K.candel seedlings was about 2~4 h in every tide cycle.Comparing with other treatments,seedlings in 2 h sanded treatment sobtained the highest biomass,made the lowest mass loss of hypocoty l and broadened the photosynthetic area by increasing area per leaf after 70d cultivation.And the soil treatments had the similar tendency.However,waterlogging for 8 h in every tide cycle is critical for normal development of seedlings.K.candel seedlins were highly tolerant to water logging and a proper waterlogging was beneficial to the growth of K.candel seedlings.
2005, 27(2): 148-153.
Abstract:
On the basis of the sequences of allophycocyanins from several species in genbank,a pair of degenerate primers were designed and synthesized.Aspecific fragment about 1 055 bp in size was obtained after PCR amplification using the cpDNA of Porphyra haitanensis as template.Then the purified fragment of DNA was cloned into vector pMD18-T,and sequenced after the identification of the recombinants using PCR and endonuclease digest.The results indicate that A and B subunit genes of allophy cocyanin are obtained from Porphyra haitanensis.The fragment size is 1 055 bp,including A and B subunits coding regions 486 bp each and the spacer between them is 83 bp.The genes were submitted to genbank and their genbank accession number was AY372218.
On the basis of the sequences of allophycocyanins from several species in genbank,a pair of degenerate primers were designed and synthesized.Aspecific fragment about 1 055 bp in size was obtained after PCR amplification using the cpDNA of Porphyra haitanensis as template.Then the purified fragment of DNA was cloned into vector pMD18-T,and sequenced after the identification of the recombinants using PCR and endonuclease digest.The results indicate that A and B subunit genes of allophy cocyanin are obtained from Porphyra haitanensis.The fragment size is 1 055 bp,including A and B subunits coding regions 486 bp each and the spacer between them is 83 bp.The genes were submitted to genbank and their genbank accession number was AY372218.
2005, 27(2): 154-159.
Abstract:
Clonal gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida were encapsulated in 3% calcium alginate beads. The main factors influencing the viability and the developm entability of clonal gametophy tes,such as sucrose concentration,preculture time,dehydration rate,water content of beads and thawing rate were studied.The results show that the high viability can be obtained when alginate beads are precultured for 9 h in the medium containing 0.3 mol/dm3 sucrose.The optimum average dehydration rate of beads is reduction of 5% water content per hour and the optimum water content of beads is 25%.Fast rate of thawing can significantly improve the viability of clonal gametophytes.Under optimum conditions,the cry opreservation viability of clonal gametophytes can reach 66% at the most.After cry opreservation,the clonal game to phytes can produce the normal sporophytes in the conditions suitable for development.
Clonal gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida were encapsulated in 3% calcium alginate beads. The main factors influencing the viability and the developm entability of clonal gametophy tes,such as sucrose concentration,preculture time,dehydration rate,water content of beads and thawing rate were studied.The results show that the high viability can be obtained when alginate beads are precultured for 9 h in the medium containing 0.3 mol/dm3 sucrose.The optimum average dehydration rate of beads is reduction of 5% water content per hour and the optimum water content of beads is 25%.Fast rate of thawing can significantly improve the viability of clonal gametophytes.Under optimum conditions,the cry opreservation viability of clonal gametophytes can reach 66% at the most.After cry opreservation,the clonal game to phytes can produce the normal sporophytes in the conditions suitable for development.
2005, 27(2): 160-164.
Abstract:
The AFLP technology was used to analyse the genetic diversity of four scallops,Patinopecten yessoensis,Argopecten irradians,Chlamys nobilis and C. farreri.The genetic similarity index of the four species is 0.841 5,0.786 3,0.719 0 and 0.673 1,while Shannon index is 43.52,58.87,80.16 and 92.83, respectively.The results show that the two native species,C. farreri and C. nobilis,have higher level of the genetic diversity than the two introduced species,A. irradians and P. yessoensis.The results also show that C. nobilis and C. farreri shared the most commonloci.The genetic distance indicates that C. nobilis and C. farreri are closely related.Moreover,out of 510 AFLP markers,21 specific bands are found to distinguish the four species scallop and these markers may be applied for germplasm charact erization and molecular assistant classification in scallops.
The AFLP technology was used to analyse the genetic diversity of four scallops,Patinopecten yessoensis,Argopecten irradians,Chlamys nobilis and C. farreri.The genetic similarity index of the four species is 0.841 5,0.786 3,0.719 0 and 0.673 1,while Shannon index is 43.52,58.87,80.16 and 92.83, respectively.The results show that the two native species,C. farreri and C. nobilis,have higher level of the genetic diversity than the two introduced species,A. irradians and P. yessoensis.The results also show that C. nobilis and C. farreri shared the most commonloci.The genetic distance indicates that C. nobilis and C. farreri are closely related.Moreover,out of 510 AFLP markers,21 specific bands are found to distinguish the four species scallop and these markers may be applied for germplasm charact erization and molecular assistant classification in scallops.
2005, 27(2): 165-171.
Abstract:
The Nansha Coral Reefs(also called Spratly Archipelago)water area,which is located in the South China Sea,is the main habitat and spawn area for the species of Lutjanus in China.The larvae of many closely related species,such as those of the genus Lutjanus,are different to be distinguished mor-phologically.APCR-based fingerprinting technology called amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)was used in the characterization and identification of 11 species of the genus Lutjanus sampled from the Nansha Coral Reefs.The optimal AFLP pattern was obtained with primer combination of E+AGC/M+CAA selective nucleotides.Totally,132 AFLP loci were found from these species and the number of AFLP bands for each species varied from 43 to 69.More than 90% of AFLP bands were species-specific and only 7 markers were fixed to all species examined.All larvae were successfully identified to 11 Lutjanus species by comparing AFLP finger prints of larvae with that of adults.Moreover,the phylogenetic analysis(Neighboring)of species relationship based on the AFLP data was compared with the current morphological taxonomic data.It suggests that AFLP analysis is a reliable method for the larval identification and taxonomy of the genus Lutjanus.
The Nansha Coral Reefs(also called Spratly Archipelago)water area,which is located in the South China Sea,is the main habitat and spawn area for the species of Lutjanus in China.The larvae of many closely related species,such as those of the genus Lutjanus,are different to be distinguished mor-phologically.APCR-based fingerprinting technology called amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)was used in the characterization and identification of 11 species of the genus Lutjanus sampled from the Nansha Coral Reefs.The optimal AFLP pattern was obtained with primer combination of E+AGC/M+CAA selective nucleotides.Totally,132 AFLP loci were found from these species and the number of AFLP bands for each species varied from 43 to 69.More than 90% of AFLP bands were species-specific and only 7 markers were fixed to all species examined.All larvae were successfully identified to 11 Lutjanus species by comparing AFLP finger prints of larvae with that of adults.Moreover,the phylogenetic analysis(Neighboring)of species relationship based on the AFLP data was compared with the current morphological taxonomic data.It suggests that AFLP analysis is a reliable method for the larval identification and taxonomy of the genus Lutjanus.
2005, 27(2): 172-176.
Abstract:
2005, 27(2): 177-180.
Abstract:
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