2003 Vol. 25, No. 2
Display Method:
2003, 25(2): 1-17.
Abstract:
Based on semi-implicit finite difference methods for three-dimensional shallow water flow by Casulli, et al.(1992), a system of complete ocean dynamic basic equations, which include the reduced turbulence closure model, is established.The simulation of flooding and drying of the tidal flats and the solution method of turbulence closure model are improved.The numerical results are in good agreement with the measured data.This is the first complete baroclinic dynamic model in Xiamen waters and all the procedures are developed independently in FORTRAN.
Based on semi-implicit finite difference methods for three-dimensional shallow water flow by Casulli, et al.(1992), a system of complete ocean dynamic basic equations, which include the reduced turbulence closure model, is established.The simulation of flooding and drying of the tidal flats and the solution method of turbulence closure model are improved.The numerical results are in good agreement with the measured data.This is the first complete baroclinic dynamic model in Xiamen waters and all the procedures are developed independently in FORTRAN.
2003, 25(2): 18-24.
Abstract:
The Adlcr's theory on the excursion characteristic quantity of two-dimension random wave.is applied to investigate a two-dimension linear ocean wave field.A expression is derived, in which the mean excursion characteristic quantity is expressed explicitly in terms of spectral moment.This expression is then used to present a formula for calculating the mean number of waves in one cluster surpassing a high reference level.This formula is somewhat different from that given by Glazman.Further, a formula for calculating the mean area per cluster of high waves is also presented.Finally, some numerical results are given by use of current directional spemrum model of ocean waves to calculate the spectral moments in the relevant formula.
The Adlcr's theory on the excursion characteristic quantity of two-dimension random wave.is applied to investigate a two-dimension linear ocean wave field.A expression is derived, in which the mean excursion characteristic quantity is expressed explicitly in terms of spectral moment.This expression is then used to present a formula for calculating the mean number of waves in one cluster surpassing a high reference level.This formula is somewhat different from that given by Glazman.Further, a formula for calculating the mean area per cluster of high waves is also presented.Finally, some numerical results are given by use of current directional spemrum model of ocean waves to calculate the spectral moments in the relevant formula.
2003, 25(2): 25-32.
Abstract:
According to the measured data of sea waves at Beilun sea area of:Vingbo for three years in succession, the distributions of wave heights and wave periods, and the joint distributions of wave heights and periods, with different wind velocities.Compared with the theoretical results, it is shown that the distributions of wave heights are in keeping with Rayleigh's except a few differences, and the distributions of wave periods are identical with the theoretieal results of Sun Fu.Apart from the figures and values of periods with no dimension corresponding the great waves, the joint distributions of wave heights and periods are quite consistent with Sun Fu's results
According to the measured data of sea waves at Beilun sea area of:Vingbo for three years in succession, the distributions of wave heights and wave periods, and the joint distributions of wave heights and periods, with different wind velocities.Compared with the theoretical results, it is shown that the distributions of wave heights are in keeping with Rayleigh's except a few differences, and the distributions of wave periods are identical with the theoretieal results of Sun Fu.Apart from the figures and values of periods with no dimension corresponding the great waves, the joint distributions of wave heights and periods are quite consistent with Sun Fu's results
2003, 25(2): 33-41.
Abstract:
The different scheme of blending method to meet the requirement of the smallest forecast covariance is developed according to the different dimension of observed data.The formula of computing the forecast covariance is obtained too.Employing the scheme, the observed data of different types, are assimilated in real and then verified with the SST data in April in the Bohai Sea.The result of twin experiments indicates that the new scheme can give attention to both the observations and the model simulations, and that the data after assimilation are close to the observations.The result obtained by blending method is compared with that by Kalman filter, and which shows that the blending method is simpler than the Kalman filter in practical use and is more efficient than Kalman filter.
The different scheme of blending method to meet the requirement of the smallest forecast covariance is developed according to the different dimension of observed data.The formula of computing the forecast covariance is obtained too.Employing the scheme, the observed data of different types, are assimilated in real and then verified with the SST data in April in the Bohai Sea.The result of twin experiments indicates that the new scheme can give attention to both the observations and the model simulations, and that the data after assimilation are close to the observations.The result obtained by blending method is compared with that by Kalman filter, and which shows that the blending method is simpler than the Kalman filter in practical use and is more efficient than Kalman filter.
2003, 25(2): 42-47.
Abstract:
Porewater samples from China Pioneer Area have been analyzed for manganese, copper and nickel.The results show that the Mn is markedly affected by sediment environment, and its content varied between 0.16 and 8.61μg/dm3.However, Copper and Ni are related to the primary production in surface seawater.The contents of Cu and Ni in porewater are 0.16-20.8μg/dm3 and 0.80-3.12μg/dm3 respectively.All of these elements show a pronounced maximum concentration gradients just at the sediment/water interface.Based on calculation using the Ficlk's first law modified for sediment, the Mn flux is mainly from overlying water to sediment, and is the main source of Mn in sediment.But the Cu and Ni fluxes are from sediment to overlying water.Comparing with the Cu and Ni fluxes from surface water to bottom water, the contents of Cu and Ni in bottom water are mainly controlled by sediments.
Porewater samples from China Pioneer Area have been analyzed for manganese, copper and nickel.The results show that the Mn is markedly affected by sediment environment, and its content varied between 0.16 and 8.61μg/dm3.However, Copper and Ni are related to the primary production in surface seawater.The contents of Cu and Ni in porewater are 0.16-20.8μg/dm3 and 0.80-3.12μg/dm3 respectively.All of these elements show a pronounced maximum concentration gradients just at the sediment/water interface.Based on calculation using the Ficlk's first law modified for sediment, the Mn flux is mainly from overlying water to sediment, and is the main source of Mn in sediment.But the Cu and Ni fluxes are from sediment to overlying water.Comparing with the Cu and Ni fluxes from surface water to bottom water, the contents of Cu and Ni in bottom water are mainly controlled by sediments.
2003, 25(2): 48-56.
Abstract:
Based on the quantitative analyses of abundances of planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, calcarcous nannofossil and ratios of calcareous and siliceous microorganisms as well as carbonate content in the surface sedimeat of the northeastern South China Sea, it has been found that the carbonate content, the abundance of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil, and the ratio of calcareous microorganisms decrease rapidly while the ratio of the benthic foraminifera to the total foraminiferal fauna, ratio of siliceous microorganisms, and the percentage of the agglutinated tests cults indicate that the microfossil abundance and ratio, and the carbonate content are closely related to the carbonate lysocline depth and CCD in the study area.In addition, the carbonate lysocline depth and the CCD are different between the southern and northern areas.The carbonate lysocline depth is deeper in the southern area(2 600 m) than in the northern one(2 200 m).The CCD is 3 600 m deep in the southern area, and 3 400 m deep in the northern one
Based on the quantitative analyses of abundances of planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, calcarcous nannofossil and ratios of calcareous and siliceous microorganisms as well as carbonate content in the surface sedimeat of the northeastern South China Sea, it has been found that the carbonate content, the abundance of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil, and the ratio of calcareous microorganisms decrease rapidly while the ratio of the benthic foraminifera to the total foraminiferal fauna, ratio of siliceous microorganisms, and the percentage of the agglutinated tests cults indicate that the microfossil abundance and ratio, and the carbonate content are closely related to the carbonate lysocline depth and CCD in the study area.In addition, the carbonate lysocline depth and the CCD are different between the southern and northern areas.The carbonate lysocline depth is deeper in the southern area(2 600 m) than in the northern one(2 200 m).The CCD is 3 600 m deep in the southern area, and 3 400 m deep in the northern one
2003, 25(2): 57-66.
Abstract:
There are lots of seamounts in the central basins of the South China Sea.It is, till a new and unportant project in the research on paleo-geomagnetism in the basin to inversion magnetic anomalies of seamount from the measured data on seamount magnetic anomaly, which is helpful to explain the direction of motion and the mules of transformation of the basin of the South China Sea.The magnetic anomalies of 16 seamount, are inversed and a high precision is dot.The results show that these seamounts are heterogeneously magnetized and the seamounts were come into being by heaping rocks during the volcanic activities.Magnetization of these seamounts is different, it implies the feature of the different subarea in the basin of sea.The sea basins are divided into the eastern basin and the southwestern basin.There is very exact and different law of motion.The eastern basin is migrating from south to north by way of anticlockwise revolution and the other is migrating from north to south by way of clockwiar-revolution at first and anticlockwise revolution thereafter.
There are lots of seamounts in the central basins of the South China Sea.It is, till a new and unportant project in the research on paleo-geomagnetism in the basin to inversion magnetic anomalies of seamount from the measured data on seamount magnetic anomaly, which is helpful to explain the direction of motion and the mules of transformation of the basin of the South China Sea.The magnetic anomalies of 16 seamount, are inversed and a high precision is dot.The results show that these seamounts are heterogeneously magnetized and the seamounts were come into being by heaping rocks during the volcanic activities.Magnetization of these seamounts is different, it implies the feature of the different subarea in the basin of sea.The sea basins are divided into the eastern basin and the southwestern basin.There is very exact and different law of motion.The eastern basin is migrating from south to north by way of anticlockwise revolution and the other is migrating from north to south by way of clockwiar-revolution at first and anticlockwise revolution thereafter.
2003, 25(2): 67-74.
Abstract:
From fixed-bed sediment modal test, investigation has been done for the sedimentation in the harbor base for two options of overall planning and three options of the first phase work of the Yangshan Harbor area.An annual average depowtional intensity and a maintenance dredge quantity are also given.
From fixed-bed sediment modal test, investigation has been done for the sedimentation in the harbor base for two options of overall planning and three options of the first phase work of the Yangshan Harbor area.An annual average depowtional intensity and a maintenance dredge quantity are also given.
2003, 25(2): 75-83.
Abstract:
In this paper, theaccumulation, and deputation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisons(PSP) in Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri was studied.Through short-terrrt feeding experiment, it was found out that toxic algae could reduce the clearance rate of scallops, but they could adapt to such condition and maintain a constant clearance rate and experienced no mortality or sublethal effect during intoxification.The scallops used in the experiment, Chlamys farreri,has a high ability to accumulate PSP.It reached 5 000 μg STXeq 100 g-1 in viscera after 48h exposed to toxic Alezandrium minutum，and the rate of detoxification is slow.Toxin content found in viscera is much higher than in other tissues, accounting 97% of the total.The ratio of different PSP toxiwhas changed during the whole experimental period, for example, the ratio of GTXl and GTX4 to total toxins decreased while that of GTX2 and GTX3 increased.The decrease of GTX2 is slower than that of GTX3 in viscera over the deputation period.Further more, the toxin profile in shellfish is different to that in algae.Toxin profile in shellfish feces matches well with that in early stage of Alezandrium mznutum in batch culture.
In this paper, theaccumulation, and deputation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisons(PSP) in Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri was studied.Through short-terrrt feeding experiment, it was found out that toxic algae could reduce the clearance rate of scallops, but they could adapt to such condition and maintain a constant clearance rate and experienced no mortality or sublethal effect during intoxification.The scallops used in the experiment, Chlamys farreri,has a high ability to accumulate PSP.It reached 5 000 μg STXeq 100 g-1 in viscera after 48h exposed to toxic Alezandrium minutum，and the rate of detoxification is slow.Toxin content found in viscera is much higher than in other tissues, accounting 97% of the total.The ratio of different PSP toxiwhas changed during the whole experimental period, for example, the ratio of GTXl and GTX4 to total toxins decreased while that of GTX2 and GTX3 increased.The decrease of GTX2 is slower than that of GTX3 in viscera over the deputation period.Further more, the toxin profile in shellfish is different to that in algae.Toxin profile in shellfish feces matches well with that in early stage of Alezandrium mznutum in batch culture.
2003, 25(2): 84-94.
Abstract:
The death occurred in juvenile population was a severe problem in the course of Pinotuclu marima artificial culture.With the methods of field investigation, histological study and statistic analyses, the epidemiological study were carried out on the disease and death m juvenile populations of Pinctaclu murimu in the Xinying Pearl Oyster Manculture Farm of Lingao County(for the A, B and C batches of cultured juveniles hanged in the sea) and the Xincun Pearl Oyster Mariculture Farm of Lingshui County(for the D lrach of cultured juvenile hanged in the pond),Hainan Province from Vovember 1993 to April 1995.
The death occurred in juvenile population was a severe problem in the course of Pinotuclu marima artificial culture.With the methods of field investigation, histological study and statistic analyses, the epidemiological study were carried out on the disease and death m juvenile populations of Pinctaclu murimu in the Xinying Pearl Oyster Manculture Farm of Lingao County(for the A, B and C batches of cultured juveniles hanged in the sea) and the Xincun Pearl Oyster Mariculture Farm of Lingshui County(for the D lrach of cultured juvenile hanged in the pond),Hainan Province from Vovember 1993 to April 1995.
2003, 25(2): 95-105.
Abstract:
This paper covers the history of mollusc immunology and makes a review of mollusc celluar humoral immunology.The classification and function of mollusc hemocytes and humoral factors are discussed and humoral Molluscs do not possess immunoglobulins.The major roles of hemocytes in mollusc internal defence have been recognised.Haemocytes can readily phagocyte a wide varitety of biotic as well as abiotic particles in vivo and in vitro.Moreover, humoral factors may also play an important role in host defence.The paper also discusses the differences in immunology between molluscs and vertebrates and crustaceans and the study prospect.
This paper covers the history of mollusc immunology and makes a review of mollusc celluar humoral immunology.The classification and function of mollusc hemocytes and humoral factors are discussed and humoral Molluscs do not possess immunoglobulins.The major roles of hemocytes in mollusc internal defence have been recognised.Haemocytes can readily phagocyte a wide varitety of biotic as well as abiotic particles in vivo and in vitro.Moreover, humoral factors may also play an important role in host defence.The paper also discusses the differences in immunology between molluscs and vertebrates and crustaceans and the study prospect.
2003, 25(2): 106-113.
Abstract:
The number of species, Margalef's species richness index "d"，Simpson Dominance index "λ", Shannon-Wiener diversity index H'，Pielou's evenness index "J", Hill's diversity numbers(N1,N2 and N+∞),taxonomicdiversity index0, taxonomic distinctness △* and △+ were compared using free-living marine nematodes sampled on 2 occasions from an extensive grid of 20 stations in the Bohai Sea.The rule of change in Margalef's species richnessindex d, Simpson Dominance index "λ",Shannon-Wiener diversity index H',Pielou's evenness index "J", andtaxonomic diversity index △ in the Bohai Sea were studied.The less distance to the Huanghe estuarine, the lower diversity indices and evenness indices and the higher dominant index.The further to the Huanghe estuarine, the higher diversity index and evenness index, the lower dominant index.The change in univariate index related to environmental factors.Huanghe was a very important factor in deciding the community structure of nematode.
The number of species, Margalef's species richness index "d"，Simpson Dominance index "λ", Shannon-Wiener diversity index H'，Pielou's evenness index "J", Hill's diversity numbers(N1,N2 and N+∞),taxonomicdiversity index0, taxonomic distinctness △* and △+ were compared using free-living marine nematodes sampled on 2 occasions from an extensive grid of 20 stations in the Bohai Sea.The rule of change in Margalef's species richnessindex d, Simpson Dominance index "λ",Shannon-Wiener diversity index H',Pielou's evenness index "J", andtaxonomic diversity index △ in the Bohai Sea were studied.The less distance to the Huanghe estuarine, the lower diversity indices and evenness indices and the higher dominant index.The further to the Huanghe estuarine, the higher diversity index and evenness index, the lower dominant index.The change in univariate index related to environmental factors.Huanghe was a very important factor in deciding the community structure of nematode.
2003, 25(2): 114-119.
Abstract:
The probability distributions of ice thickness, ice velocity and flexural strength are determined using the measured and simulated data for the JZ20-2 sea area in the Liaodong Gulf.Using dynamic ice-load function of ice-broken cone, the fatigue ice-load of one offshore platform structure with ice-broken cone is simulated with Monte-Carlo method.The statistical results show that the amplitude and period of ice-load both have lognormal distribution.The joint probability distribution of them is analyzed, which is great valuable to construct the fatigue ice-load for offshore platform with ice-broken cone.The present results can be applied to the probability design and cumulative damage analysis for offshore structure with ice-broken cone in the JZ20-2 sea area in the Liaodong Gulf.
The probability distributions of ice thickness, ice velocity and flexural strength are determined using the measured and simulated data for the JZ20-2 sea area in the Liaodong Gulf.Using dynamic ice-load function of ice-broken cone, the fatigue ice-load of one offshore platform structure with ice-broken cone is simulated with Monte-Carlo method.The statistical results show that the amplitude and period of ice-load both have lognormal distribution.The joint probability distribution of them is analyzed, which is great valuable to construct the fatigue ice-load for offshore platform with ice-broken cone.The present results can be applied to the probability design and cumulative damage analysis for offshore structure with ice-broken cone in the JZ20-2 sea area in the Liaodong Gulf.
2003, 25(2): 120-127.
Abstract:
A three-dimensional transport model of suspended solids in the Estuary of Zhujiang River is developed by coupling with the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model.The model is validated using the hourly measured data of sediment contents during 25-26, July 1999.The results show that model contents match well with the measured ones and the modeled distribution of top layer agrees with the remote sensing image of suspended solids in summer season.The modeled results show clear layers of the distribution of suspended solids in depth with larger sediment contents in the lower layers though in the interface of salt water and freshwater the lowest contents appear in middle layer.In a total view, the suspended solids inflowing from the 8 rivers transport southwestwards with the carry of strong coastal flow in the Estuary of Zhujiang River.Contours of sediment contents in the Estuary of Zhujiang River spread further to the out sea in the ebb tide than the flood tide, which reflects that suspended solids in the Estuary of Zhujiang River are terrigenous.
A three-dimensional transport model of suspended solids in the Estuary of Zhujiang River is developed by coupling with the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model.The model is validated using the hourly measured data of sediment contents during 25-26, July 1999.The results show that model contents match well with the measured ones and the modeled distribution of top layer agrees with the remote sensing image of suspended solids in summer season.The modeled results show clear layers of the distribution of suspended solids in depth with larger sediment contents in the lower layers though in the interface of salt water and freshwater the lowest contents appear in middle layer.In a total view, the suspended solids inflowing from the 8 rivers transport southwestwards with the carry of strong coastal flow in the Estuary of Zhujiang River.Contours of sediment contents in the Estuary of Zhujiang River spread further to the out sea in the ebb tide than the flood tide, which reflects that suspended solids in the Estuary of Zhujiang River are terrigenous.
2003, 25(2): 128-135.
Abstract:
2003, 25(2): 136-140.
Abstract:
2003, 25(2): 141-148.
Abstract:
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