2002 Vol. 24, No. 5
Display Method:
2002, 24(5): 1-7.
Abstract:
The variational adjoint method is used for assimilating the observed data into the sea surface temperature (SST) numerical models.The frame of SST model adopted here is based on "the short-term forecasting model of offshore SST in China seas".The experiment of SST hindcasting (5 d) is conducted when the initial field of SST is estimated by assimilating the SST ship report data into the model.The result with the absolute mean error decreased from 2.71 to 0.87 in the whole sea area shows that the variational adjoint calculations have successfully improved the accuracy of SST hindcasting.This experiment will guide a novel way towards the initialization for operational forecasting of SST.
The variational adjoint method is used for assimilating the observed data into the sea surface temperature (SST) numerical models.The frame of SST model adopted here is based on "the short-term forecasting model of offshore SST in China seas".The experiment of SST hindcasting (5 d) is conducted when the initial field of SST is estimated by assimilating the SST ship report data into the model.The result with the absolute mean error decreased from 2.71 to 0.87 in the whole sea area shows that the variational adjoint calculations have successfully improved the accuracy of SST hindcasting.This experiment will guide a novel way towards the initialization for operational forecasting of SST.
2002, 24(5): 8-18.
Abstract:
The statistics and analyses of extratropical storm surge (ESS) have bee done for the first time by using the observed tides of Lianyungang for 46 a.The extratropical storm surges of return periods are calculated.The synoptic patterns of ESS are divided.The synoptic systems of the PMESS (probable maximum extratropical storm surge) are constructed originally.The PMESS are calculated by using the numerical model of storm surge which is verified by the cases of remarkable extratropical storm surges.The PMESS has been used to decide the design tidal level of the nuclear power station.
The statistics and analyses of extratropical storm surge (ESS) have bee done for the first time by using the observed tides of Lianyungang for 46 a.The extratropical storm surges of return periods are calculated.The synoptic patterns of ESS are divided.The synoptic systems of the PMESS (probable maximum extratropical storm surge) are constructed originally.The PMESS are calculated by using the numerical model of storm surge which is verified by the cases of remarkable extratropical storm surges.The PMESS has been used to decide the design tidal level of the nuclear power station.
2002, 24(5): 19-25.
Abstract:
There is a close correlation between sea level slope and height datum, in which geodesylists and oceanographers are interested.The accuracy of geodetic leveling is discussed.The existent difference between geodetic leveling and tide station is investigated, and this difference comes from the sea level slope, and the sea level slope mechanism caused by ocean current, air pressure and breaking wave is analyzed, the geoid disturbance computed by three-dimensional distribution of sea water density is presented and this disturbance materially reflects the sea level slope.According to the computation the disturhance quantity possesses about 73% of the sea level slope, which indicates that the density anomaly of sea water is primary cause of the sea level slope.
There is a close correlation between sea level slope and height datum, in which geodesylists and oceanographers are interested.The accuracy of geodetic leveling is discussed.The existent difference between geodetic leveling and tide station is investigated, and this difference comes from the sea level slope, and the sea level slope mechanism caused by ocean current, air pressure and breaking wave is analyzed, the geoid disturbance computed by three-dimensional distribution of sea water density is presented and this disturbance materially reflects the sea level slope.According to the computation the disturhance quantity possesses about 73% of the sea level slope, which indicates that the density anomaly of sea water is primary cause of the sea level slope.
2002, 24(5): 26-35.
Abstract:
Kalman filter data assimilation technique is incorporated into a standard two-dimensional linear storm surge model.Imperfect model equation and imperfect meteorological forcing are accounted for by adding noise terms to the momentum equations.The deterministic model output is corrected by using the available tidal gauge station data.The stationary Kalman filter algorithm for the model domain is calculated by an iterative procedure using specified information on the inaccuracies in the momentum equations and specified error information for the observations.An application to a real storm surge that occurred in the summer of 1956 in the East China Sea is performed by means of this data assimilation technique.The result shows that Kalman filter is useful to storm surge forecast and hindcast.
Kalman filter data assimilation technique is incorporated into a standard two-dimensional linear storm surge model.Imperfect model equation and imperfect meteorological forcing are accounted for by adding noise terms to the momentum equations.The deterministic model output is corrected by using the available tidal gauge station data.The stationary Kalman filter algorithm for the model domain is calculated by an iterative procedure using specified information on the inaccuracies in the momentum equations and specified error information for the observations.An application to a real storm surge that occurred in the summer of 1956 in the East China Sea is performed by means of this data assimilation technique.The result shows that Kalman filter is useful to storm surge forecast and hindcast.
2002, 24(5): 36-45.
Abstract:
The high exploitation of coastal zone and offshore greatly promotes the development of economy and society, but it causes a series of problems of resources and ecosystem.The research and development of integrated application techniques on remote sensing provide not only a microcosmic, trend and synchronous technical means to monitoring, but also an integrated technical scheme to harmonically solving the ecological environment problem.The system is designed to focus on the application techniques of multi-sources remote sensing data.By developing remote sensing information extraction module, integrated user platform, and application module being directed at the real ocean procedure for China's coastal zone and offshore, the information system consisting of the management of prodigious amount of data, display, analysis, simulation and output will be constructed and implemented.The final objective is to transform the research of ocean remote sensing into application.
The high exploitation of coastal zone and offshore greatly promotes the development of economy and society, but it causes a series of problems of resources and ecosystem.The research and development of integrated application techniques on remote sensing provide not only a microcosmic, trend and synchronous technical means to monitoring, but also an integrated technical scheme to harmonically solving the ecological environment problem.The system is designed to focus on the application techniques of multi-sources remote sensing data.By developing remote sensing information extraction module, integrated user platform, and application module being directed at the real ocean procedure for China's coastal zone and offshore, the information system consisting of the management of prodigious amount of data, display, analysis, simulation and output will be constructed and implemented.The final objective is to transform the research of ocean remote sensing into application.
2002, 24(5): 46-56.
Abstract:
The relationship between the forming of fishing ground and the oceanic spatio-temporal field is nonlinear.In order to analyse the relationship between them which has the spatio-temporal structures, a spatio-temporal pattern extracting model is provided to find the reason for the forming of fishing ground.In the model, the spatiotemporal structure of the oceanic factors is expressed as neighbour.The elements in the neighbour are filled in the table of decision-making system.After a recursion processing the spatio-temporal rule will be extracted with the spatio-temporal structure.This model is used to find the temperature pattern which is the temperature reason for the forming of the fishing grounds in Dasha area.The practice shows that the model is active and it should be the research front for the marine fishery.
The relationship between the forming of fishing ground and the oceanic spatio-temporal field is nonlinear.In order to analyse the relationship between them which has the spatio-temporal structures, a spatio-temporal pattern extracting model is provided to find the reason for the forming of fishing ground.In the model, the spatiotemporal structure of the oceanic factors is expressed as neighbour.The elements in the neighbour are filled in the table of decision-making system.After a recursion processing the spatio-temporal rule will be extracted with the spatio-temporal structure.This model is used to find the temperature pattern which is the temperature reason for the forming of the fishing grounds in Dasha area.The practice shows that the model is active and it should be the research front for the marine fishery.
2002, 24(5): 57-63.
Abstract:
The long-term production practices have indicated that the formation of ocean fishery ground correlates with ocean hydrological factors closely.The spatial cluster mode of multi-factors is constructed based on RS and statistical data under the uniform GIS spatial coordinate, and then the specific spatial distribution rules of correlated central fishery ground and hydrological factors are recognized using this mode.Thus it can be seen that the RS data and the GIS technique play an important role in the prediction of ocean fishery production.
The long-term production practices have indicated that the formation of ocean fishery ground correlates with ocean hydrological factors closely.The spatial cluster mode of multi-factors is constructed based on RS and statistical data under the uniform GIS spatial coordinate, and then the specific spatial distribution rules of correlated central fishery ground and hydrological factors are recognized using this mode.Thus it can be seen that the RS data and the GIS technique play an important role in the prediction of ocean fishery production.
2002, 24(5): 64-70.
Abstract:
Sequential extraction process in natural grain size is used to study the existent forms of nitrogen of five core sediments in the southern Bohai Sea, and form characteristics of nitrogen and its diagenesis process are researched.Results indicate that transferable nitrogen accounts for 34.25% of total nitrogen(TN) and exists mainly in the form of OSF-N and IEF-N, which have different distributions and their early diagenesis varies distinctly.Organic nitrogen(ON) has the decomposition rate constant of 15.51×10-3a-3, and rate constant of C, N, P, Si has the sequence N > P > C > Si.The main reason for much lower C/N ratio than OC/ON is that abundant nitrogen is pr eserved during the early diagenesis.OC/ON ratio decreases with depth, which is due to two main reasons:abundant inactive components contained in ON and ON adsorption to clay minerals.In general, transferable nitrogen accounts for more proportion of TN in surface than in deep layer of core sediment.The stable forms can activate and become transfer able under some special circumstance, which induces the proportion of transferable nitrogen in TN in deep layer to he almost the same with in surface.
Sequential extraction process in natural grain size is used to study the existent forms of nitrogen of five core sediments in the southern Bohai Sea, and form characteristics of nitrogen and its diagenesis process are researched.Results indicate that transferable nitrogen accounts for 34.25% of total nitrogen(TN) and exists mainly in the form of OSF-N and IEF-N, which have different distributions and their early diagenesis varies distinctly.Organic nitrogen(ON) has the decomposition rate constant of 15.51×10-3a-3, and rate constant of C, N, P, Si has the sequence N > P > C > Si.The main reason for much lower C/N ratio than OC/ON is that abundant nitrogen is pr eserved during the early diagenesis.OC/ON ratio decreases with depth, which is due to two main reasons:abundant inactive components contained in ON and ON adsorption to clay minerals.In general, transferable nitrogen accounts for more proportion of TN in surface than in deep layer of core sediment.The stable forms can activate and become transfer able under some special circumstance, which induces the proportion of transferable nitrogen in TN in deep layer to he almost the same with in surface.
2002, 24(5): 71-80.
Abstract:
The data of concentrations of suspended matter, temper ature and salinity in the northern East China Sea (ECS) were collected in June 1986, December 1996, February 1997 and July 1998 respectively.The distribution, its influential factors and transport of suspended matter in the northern ECS in winter and summer are studied.The results indicate that the distribution of suspended matter in the study area shows a seasonal variation, that is, the concentrations of suspended matter in this area in winter are much higher than those in summer.The influential factors for the distribution and transport of suspended matter in the study area are the ECS current circulation, storm and tidal current, and the controlling factor is the ECS current circulation.The suspended sediments from the Changjiang discharging into the sea can not almost be crossed to the east of 124°00'E both in winter and summer due to the obstr uction of Taiwan Warm Current (TWC).The diffusive area of the Huanghai Coastal Current (HCC) carrying a massive suspended matter resuspended in the old Huanghe subaqueous delta in the northern Jiangsu Province southeastwards in the winter is evidently larger than that in summer.The most shelf suspended matter in Section 32°N is limited in the west of 126°30'E due to the obstruction of the Huanghai Warm Current (HWC) both in winter and summer.The most shelf suspended matter in Section P-N also can not almost be transported to the shelf margin in winter and summer because of the obstruction of the TWC and climbing water of the Kuroshio Current.It is suggested that the possible area for the transport of suspended matter from the shelf to the Okinawa Trough in the northern ECS is in the shelf margin corresponding to the southeastern edge of the HCC with high concentration of suspended matter, and this main season is the w inter not the summer.
The data of concentrations of suspended matter, temper ature and salinity in the northern East China Sea (ECS) were collected in June 1986, December 1996, February 1997 and July 1998 respectively.The distribution, its influential factors and transport of suspended matter in the northern ECS in winter and summer are studied.The results indicate that the distribution of suspended matter in the study area shows a seasonal variation, that is, the concentrations of suspended matter in this area in winter are much higher than those in summer.The influential factors for the distribution and transport of suspended matter in the study area are the ECS current circulation, storm and tidal current, and the controlling factor is the ECS current circulation.The suspended sediments from the Changjiang discharging into the sea can not almost be crossed to the east of 124°00'E both in winter and summer due to the obstr uction of Taiwan Warm Current (TWC).The diffusive area of the Huanghai Coastal Current (HCC) carrying a massive suspended matter resuspended in the old Huanghe subaqueous delta in the northern Jiangsu Province southeastwards in the winter is evidently larger than that in summer.The most shelf suspended matter in Section 32°N is limited in the west of 126°30'E due to the obstruction of the Huanghai Warm Current (HWC) both in winter and summer.The most shelf suspended matter in Section P-N also can not almost be transported to the shelf margin in winter and summer because of the obstruction of the TWC and climbing water of the Kuroshio Current.It is suggested that the possible area for the transport of suspended matter from the shelf to the Okinawa Trough in the northern ECS is in the shelf margin corresponding to the southeastern edge of the HCC with high concentration of suspended matter, and this main season is the w inter not the summer.
2002, 24(5): 81-90.
Abstract:
A hydrodynamic, chemical and biological joint ecosystem investigation in the Laizhou Bay and the Weihe River Estuary was carried out during the drying up of the Honghe River in June 1998.The biological oceanographic parameters, including chlorophylla concentration, phaeopigments concentration and primary productivity, are measured and analyzed.The mean value of chlorophyll a concentration is 1.331 mg/m3, chlorophyll a concentration ranges from 0.089 to 5.444 mg/m3.The mean value of phaeopigments concentration is 0.905 mg/m3, phaeopigments concentration ranges from 0.176 to 3.402 mg/m3.The patterns of chlorophylla and phaeopigments concentration horizontal distribution are similar, high concentration area is located at the Xiaoqing River Estuary, the Weihe River Estuary and adjacent area.The mean value of primary productivity are 62.49 mg/(d·m2), primary productivity ranges from 13.58 to 301.54 mg/(d·m2).High primary productivity is found at the Xiaoqing River Estuary and nearby 37.30°N, 119.47°E.The Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis results of phytoplankton biomass, zooplankton and chemical oceanographic parameters, show a closed correlation between chlorophylla, phaeopigments, microzooplankton, phosphate and silicate concentration in station grid survey, meanwhile a stronger correlation between chlorophylla concentration and tide fluctuation is found in the Weihe River.The phytoplankton growth is limited not by nitrogen nutrient but phosphate and silicate.The phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity are increased compared with history data.
A hydrodynamic, chemical and biological joint ecosystem investigation in the Laizhou Bay and the Weihe River Estuary was carried out during the drying up of the Honghe River in June 1998.The biological oceanographic parameters, including chlorophylla concentration, phaeopigments concentration and primary productivity, are measured and analyzed.The mean value of chlorophyll a concentration is 1.331 mg/m3, chlorophyll a concentration ranges from 0.089 to 5.444 mg/m3.The mean value of phaeopigments concentration is 0.905 mg/m3, phaeopigments concentration ranges from 0.176 to 3.402 mg/m3.The patterns of chlorophylla and phaeopigments concentration horizontal distribution are similar, high concentration area is located at the Xiaoqing River Estuary, the Weihe River Estuary and adjacent area.The mean value of primary productivity are 62.49 mg/(d·m2), primary productivity ranges from 13.58 to 301.54 mg/(d·m2).High primary productivity is found at the Xiaoqing River Estuary and nearby 37.30°N, 119.47°E.The Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis results of phytoplankton biomass, zooplankton and chemical oceanographic parameters, show a closed correlation between chlorophylla, phaeopigments, microzooplankton, phosphate and silicate concentration in station grid survey, meanwhile a stronger correlation between chlorophylla concentration and tide fluctuation is found in the Weihe River.The phytoplankton growth is limited not by nitrogen nutrient but phosphate and silicate.The phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity are increased compared with history data.
2002, 24(5): 91-97.
Abstract:
The occurrence of HAB is not a single biological and ecological problem.It is one under the control of marine dynamic environment.The numerical simulation for four cases manifests the important function of dynamic condition in the occurrence and the spread of HAB.Those cases are (1) the HAB real o ccurred in the Hongkong sea area in March to April of 1998.(2) Decreasing tidal amplitude for two-third only but without change for other parameters.(3) Changing the diffusion termonly but without change for other parameters.(4) With the marine construction, changing the environment topography only but without change for other parameters.Those simulation results manifest that the dynamic condition plays the function not only in the movement of materials but also in the occurrence of HAB.It could control the occurrence of HAB sometimes.
The occurrence of HAB is not a single biological and ecological problem.It is one under the control of marine dynamic environment.The numerical simulation for four cases manifests the important function of dynamic condition in the occurrence and the spread of HAB.Those cases are (1) the HAB real o ccurred in the Hongkong sea area in March to April of 1998.(2) Decreasing tidal amplitude for two-third only but without change for other parameters.(3) Changing the diffusion termonly but without change for other parameters.(4) With the marine construction, changing the environment topography only but without change for other parameters.Those simulation results manifest that the dynamic condition plays the function not only in the movement of materials but also in the occurrence of HAB.It could control the occurrence of HAB sometimes.
2002, 24(5): 98-106.
Abstract:
RAPD markers were used to assess the relationships among 6 species of Sonneratia in the National Mangrove Nature Reserve of Dongzhai Harbor in Hainan by using the 15 effective 10-oligonucleotide arbitrary primers, a total of 512 DNA bands were amplified, among which 297 (58.01%) were polymorphic.Based on UPGMA cluster analysis of 512 DNA bands amplified by the thirty primers, a DNA molecular dendrogram was established, which divided 6 species of Sonneratia into three main groups.Group A included 4 species:Sonneratia apetala, S.hainanensis, S.abla, S.ovata, and Group B:S.paracasedaris and Group C:S.caseolar is only contained one species respectively.Group A could be divided into two subgr oups, Al:Sonneratia apetala, S.hainanensis, S.ovata and A2:S.abla; two populations of Sonneratia apetala, which were from Hainan and Fujian (introduced from Hainan) respectively, were compared by RAPDs.The phenotypic frequencies detected with the 15 primers were calculated and used to estimate diversity (H) within sub-populations.Fujian sub-population exhibited 0.669 and Hainan exhibited 0.671 variability.Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity was then used to partition the diversity were within and between sub-populatio ns components.An assessment of the proportion of diversity present within sub-populations, Hpop/Hsp=0.933, compared with that between sub-populations, (Hsp-Hpop)/Hsp=0.067, indicates that, on average, most of the diversity (93.3%) is detected within sub-populations; while only 6.7% between populations.The plant introduction of S.hainanensis and S.ovata, which have the nearer genetic distance with Sonneratia apetala, is also disscussed.
RAPD markers were used to assess the relationships among 6 species of Sonneratia in the National Mangrove Nature Reserve of Dongzhai Harbor in Hainan by using the 15 effective 10-oligonucleotide arbitrary primers, a total of 512 DNA bands were amplified, among which 297 (58.01%) were polymorphic.Based on UPGMA cluster analysis of 512 DNA bands amplified by the thirty primers, a DNA molecular dendrogram was established, which divided 6 species of Sonneratia into three main groups.Group A included 4 species:Sonneratia apetala, S.hainanensis, S.abla, S.ovata, and Group B:S.paracasedaris and Group C:S.caseolar is only contained one species respectively.Group A could be divided into two subgr oups, Al:Sonneratia apetala, S.hainanensis, S.ovata and A2:S.abla; two populations of Sonneratia apetala, which were from Hainan and Fujian (introduced from Hainan) respectively, were compared by RAPDs.The phenotypic frequencies detected with the 15 primers were calculated and used to estimate diversity (H) within sub-populations.Fujian sub-population exhibited 0.669 and Hainan exhibited 0.671 variability.Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity was then used to partition the diversity were within and between sub-populatio ns components.An assessment of the proportion of diversity present within sub-populations, Hpop/Hsp=0.933, compared with that between sub-populations, (Hsp-Hpop)/Hsp=0.067, indicates that, on average, most of the diversity (93.3%) is detected within sub-populations; while only 6.7% between populations.The plant introduction of S.hainanensis and S.ovata, which have the nearer genetic distance with Sonneratia apetala, is also disscussed.
2002, 24(5): 107-114.
Abstract:
The ovary contains four morphological components:(1) the ovarian wall, (2) the reproductive epithelium, (3) the cellular layer containing oocytes, oogonia(especially for early-developing ovary) and follicle cells and (4) the extensions of the ovarian wall.The ovarian wall and its extensions consist of blood vessels, sinuses, muscle cells and others.The extensions of the ovarian wall project into among the follicles and insert on the thick basal membrane of each follicle.From inside to outside, the follicles are composed of four parts:(1) the oocyte, (2) the perivitelline space, (3) the follicle cells and (4) the basal membrane.The surface of the oocyte during vitellogenesis is folded into numerous long microvilli that project into the perivitelline space between the oocyte surface and the base of the follicle cell layer.In addition, the plasma membrane of the vitello genic oocyte contains many pinocytotic pits.The perivitelline space is engorged with more electron-denser material as the development of the follicle.The inclusion of perivitelline space in the mature follicle is named specially as the chorion.The chorion is composed of two region:a thinner exochorion and a thicker endochorion containing electron-dense granular material.The follicle cell layer is composed of a single layer of polygonal follicle cells which exhibit higher synthetic activity.The synthetic product of the follicle cell layer is one source for the inclusion of the perivitelline space.The structure of the ovary and ovarian follicle in T.orientalis show that the exogenously biosynthetic yolk play important roles in the vitellogenesis.
The ovary contains four morphological components:(1) the ovarian wall, (2) the reproductive epithelium, (3) the cellular layer containing oocytes, oogonia(especially for early-developing ovary) and follicle cells and (4) the extensions of the ovarian wall.The ovarian wall and its extensions consist of blood vessels, sinuses, muscle cells and others.The extensions of the ovarian wall project into among the follicles and insert on the thick basal membrane of each follicle.From inside to outside, the follicles are composed of four parts:(1) the oocyte, (2) the perivitelline space, (3) the follicle cells and (4) the basal membrane.The surface of the oocyte during vitellogenesis is folded into numerous long microvilli that project into the perivitelline space between the oocyte surface and the base of the follicle cell layer.In addition, the plasma membrane of the vitello genic oocyte contains many pinocytotic pits.The perivitelline space is engorged with more electron-denser material as the development of the follicle.The inclusion of perivitelline space in the mature follicle is named specially as the chorion.The chorion is composed of two region:a thinner exochorion and a thicker endochorion containing electron-dense granular material.The follicle cell layer is composed of a single layer of polygonal follicle cells which exhibit higher synthetic activity.The synthetic product of the follicle cell layer is one source for the inclusion of the perivitelline space.The structure of the ovary and ovarian follicle in T.orientalis show that the exogenously biosynthetic yolk play important roles in the vitellogenesis.
2002, 24(5): 115-124.
Abstract:
2002, 24(5): 125-133.
Abstract:
2002, 24(5): 134-140.
Abstract:
2002, 24(5): 141-146.
Abstract:
Email alert
RSS