2000 Vol. 22, No. 4
Display Method:
2000, 22(4): 1-7.
Abstract:
In order to provide more accurate initial field for numerical predict of the sea temperature the adjoins method is used to assimilate the sea temperature observations into one-dimensional sea temperature model in this paper.How to establish the adjoint model is discussed by using the Gâteaux differential of function and the concepts of the adjoint operators in Hibert space.At the same time it is verified that selecting proper finite difference scheme can ensure discrete form remaining the same adjoint relationship to continuous form of the model.The numerical resuits describing the varying sea temperature field are illustr ated.
In order to provide more accurate initial field for numerical predict of the sea temperature the adjoins method is used to assimilate the sea temperature observations into one-dimensional sea temperature model in this paper.How to establish the adjoint model is discussed by using the Gâteaux differential of function and the concepts of the adjoint operators in Hibert space.At the same time it is verified that selecting proper finite difference scheme can ensure discrete form remaining the same adjoint relationship to continuous form of the model.The numerical resuits describing the varying sea temperature field are illustr ated.
2000, 22(4): 8-16.
Abstract:
The marine meteorological data in the South China Sea(SCS) which were derived from COADS are analyzed.The results indicate that interannual variability of sea surface temperature(SST) in the SCS holds a quasiperiodical feature.There is a so-called phase-locking relationship for SST between the annual cycle and interannual variability.The fields of composite SST anomalies in abnormal cold and abnormal warm years are similar not only spatially but also temporally.On the interannual time scale, SST, sea level wind and surface heat budget share a common variation, as well as the index of the warm water pool in the SCS.
The marine meteorological data in the South China Sea(SCS) which were derived from COADS are analyzed.The results indicate that interannual variability of sea surface temperature(SST) in the SCS holds a quasiperiodical feature.There is a so-called phase-locking relationship for SST between the annual cycle and interannual variability.The fields of composite SST anomalies in abnormal cold and abnormal warm years are similar not only spatially but also temporally.On the interannual time scale, SST, sea level wind and surface heat budget share a common variation, as well as the index of the warm water pool in the SCS.
2000, 22(4): 17-23.
Abstract:
The spectrum analysis is applied to analyse the fluctuations of the discharge and salinity, the characteristics of correlation between salinity and discharge in the Changjiang Estuary.The results show that the quasi-periods of discharge include 4.0-8.0,2.0-3.0,1.5 a, 30-60 and 20 d; the quasi-periods of salinity are 5.0-10.0, 2.0-3.0,1.5,1.0, 0.5 a, 40.0-50.0,7.0-8.0 and 3.5 d.The spectrum structures of salinity in different typical hydrologic years are almost similar to those of discharge.The dominant quasi-periods of discharge and salinity are 1 a.The high-frequency vibration of salinity is stronger than that of discharge.The analysis also shows that the close correlation is existed between salinity and discharge, their correlation periods are 5.0-10.0, 2.0-3.0, 1.5,1.0 and 0.5 a.The low-frequency fluctuation of salinity is primarily affected by discharge and lags the fluctuation of discharge.
The spectrum analysis is applied to analyse the fluctuations of the discharge and salinity, the characteristics of correlation between salinity and discharge in the Changjiang Estuary.The results show that the quasi-periods of discharge include 4.0-8.0,2.0-3.0,1.5 a, 30-60 and 20 d; the quasi-periods of salinity are 5.0-10.0, 2.0-3.0,1.5,1.0, 0.5 a, 40.0-50.0,7.0-8.0 and 3.5 d.The spectrum structures of salinity in different typical hydrologic years are almost similar to those of discharge.The dominant quasi-periods of discharge and salinity are 1 a.The high-frequency vibration of salinity is stronger than that of discharge.The analysis also shows that the close correlation is existed between salinity and discharge, their correlation periods are 5.0-10.0, 2.0-3.0, 1.5,1.0 and 0.5 a.The low-frequency fluctuation of salinity is primarily affected by discharge and lags the fluctuation of discharge.
2000, 22(4): 24-30.
Abstract:
Decomposing the Tropical cyclone asymmetric disturbance into the superposition of the symmetric environmental circulation, the travelling wave analytical solution is given by using the barotropical non-divergent model with diabatic heating forcing and non-friction in a plane polar coordinate.It is found that the radial inhomogeneity structure is influenced by the Coriolis parameter(f), tropical cyclone intensity(Ω),circular frequency(ω) and angular wave number(m) of tropical cyclone disturbance, and the diabatic heating(Q1) has significant impacts on the radial inhomogeneity structure of tropical cyclone wind(radial and tangential velocity).
Decomposing the Tropical cyclone asymmetric disturbance into the superposition of the symmetric environmental circulation, the travelling wave analytical solution is given by using the barotropical non-divergent model with diabatic heating forcing and non-friction in a plane polar coordinate.It is found that the radial inhomogeneity structure is influenced by the Coriolis parameter(f), tropical cyclone intensity(Ω),circular frequency(ω) and angular wave number(m) of tropical cyclone disturbance, and the diabatic heating(Q1) has significant impacts on the radial inhomogeneity structure of tropical cyclone wind(radial and tangential velocity).
2000, 22(4): 31-40.
Abstract:
The shipboard meteorological satellite receiving一processing system(SMSRPS) is specially developed for the navigation meteorological safeguard of the Antarctic exploration ship over the sea ice area of the Southtrn Ocean.This system can suit to the climate environment of very high temperature一high moisture and very low temperature-supersaturation; it has a self-protection ability to against the hurricane-force wind over Force 12 and the strong vibration during icebreaking, as well as strong magnetic disturbance.It has two sets of receiving-imagery processing systems for polar orbit low-resolution and quasi-stationary high-resolution satellites.The key creation points of this system are as follows:(1)The active gyro-control stabilization platform and a mixed mounting system of three rotating α-β and X-Y axes sre used.It solved the tracing difficulties both in the low elevation angle and very high elevation angle of polar-orbit satellite, even in the status of ship moving with continuously changing its position, direction and ship roll and pitch.(2) Imagery processing subsystem.The newest BORLAND-DELPHI language programming and PASCAL language software are used under Windows 95 environment.It has a dynamic positioning nested-grid system and electric mapping grid data system.It can show the latitude-longitude of any point on the map, and marks any object such as ship, station or island, and draws the route.It can monitor cloud and temperature, forest fire, anomalous change of ocean and land.It can output satellite cloud maps of 24 bit with very high clarity.This system is very advanced in technique for the whole structure with the features of small volume, light weight and very low cost.It suits to very bad climate and ocean environment.Its imagery processing system has complete functions with high resolution and beiing very easy to operate.It is not only suit to land use, but also specially to all kinds of ship over the sea.It can be extended to domestic and international use.
The shipboard meteorological satellite receiving一processing system(SMSRPS) is specially developed for the navigation meteorological safeguard of the Antarctic exploration ship over the sea ice area of the Southtrn Ocean.This system can suit to the climate environment of very high temperature一high moisture and very low temperature-supersaturation; it has a self-protection ability to against the hurricane-force wind over Force 12 and the strong vibration during icebreaking, as well as strong magnetic disturbance.It has two sets of receiving-imagery processing systems for polar orbit low-resolution and quasi-stationary high-resolution satellites.The key creation points of this system are as follows:(1)The active gyro-control stabilization platform and a mixed mounting system of three rotating α-β and X-Y axes sre used.It solved the tracing difficulties both in the low elevation angle and very high elevation angle of polar-orbit satellite, even in the status of ship moving with continuously changing its position, direction and ship roll and pitch.(2) Imagery processing subsystem.The newest BORLAND-DELPHI language programming and PASCAL language software are used under Windows 95 environment.It has a dynamic positioning nested-grid system and electric mapping grid data system.It can show the latitude-longitude of any point on the map, and marks any object such as ship, station or island, and draws the route.It can monitor cloud and temperature, forest fire, anomalous change of ocean and land.It can output satellite cloud maps of 24 bit with very high clarity.This system is very advanced in technique for the whole structure with the features of small volume, light weight and very low cost.It suits to very bad climate and ocean environment.Its imagery processing system has complete functions with high resolution and beiing very easy to operate.It is not only suit to land use, but also specially to all kinds of ship over the sea.It can be extended to domestic and international use.
2000, 22(4): 41-50.
Abstract:
The higher-order Boussinesq equations for the case of strong current are developed by a perturbation method under the assumption that the current velocity is of the same magnitude as the wave group velocity, and its time and space scales of variation are much greater than the wave period and length respectively.The frequency dispension of the equations is accurate to [4/4] Pade's expansion and the equations are applicable to fully nonlinear case of wave and current interactions for very shallow water.The discussion is also made for the validations of the Boussinesq equations with different frequency dispersion.
The higher-order Boussinesq equations for the case of strong current are developed by a perturbation method under the assumption that the current velocity is of the same magnitude as the wave group velocity, and its time and space scales of variation are much greater than the wave period and length respectively.The frequency dispension of the equations is accurate to [4/4] Pade's expansion and the equations are applicable to fully nonlinear case of wave and current interactions for very shallow water.The discussion is also made for the validations of the Boussinesq equations with different frequency dispersion.
2000, 22(4): 51-59.
Abstract:
The results from the Minnan-Taiwan Bank fishing ground upwelling ecosystem study during the period from December 1987 through November 1988 and from the upwelling study of the central and northern Taiwan Strait in July 1987 to July 1988 show that the changes of contents of dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP),dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP), particulate phosphorus(PP) and total phosphorus(TP) were of an importance to the upwelling ecosystem study.Therefore, it is proposed that the aging status of a given upwelled water mass can be expressed as relative percentages of organic and paticulate species phosphorus and dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and the aging index of upwelling(AIU) is indicated by ratio of(DOP+PP) to(DIP+DOP+PP)(μmol/dm3).The oceanographic survey data show this expression of AIU was fit for the two upwelling regions mentioned.The seasonal changes of AIU in the regions correlated closely with predominating alternatively in different periods of time for the coastal upwelling.There are young upwelled waters in the areas where their value of AIU is relatively small, and it is fit for the location of the upwellinR centre mentioned.
The results from the Minnan-Taiwan Bank fishing ground upwelling ecosystem study during the period from December 1987 through November 1988 and from the upwelling study of the central and northern Taiwan Strait in July 1987 to July 1988 show that the changes of contents of dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP),dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP), particulate phosphorus(PP) and total phosphorus(TP) were of an importance to the upwelling ecosystem study.Therefore, it is proposed that the aging status of a given upwelled water mass can be expressed as relative percentages of organic and paticulate species phosphorus and dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and the aging index of upwelling(AIU) is indicated by ratio of(DOP+PP) to(DIP+DOP+PP)(μmol/dm3).The oceanographic survey data show this expression of AIU was fit for the two upwelling regions mentioned.The seasonal changes of AIU in the regions correlated closely with predominating alternatively in different periods of time for the coastal upwelling.There are young upwelled waters in the areas where their value of AIU is relatively small, and it is fit for the location of the upwellinR centre mentioned.
2000, 22(4): 60-66.
Abstract:
During November 20-22, 1998, samples were collected at two stations in the Changjiang Estuary.The nutrients limiting algal growth potential(AGP) are estimated by ratios of dissolved inorganic N to P and by nutrient enrichment bioassays using Skeletonema costatum as the test algae.P was severely limited at two stations by the method of ratios of N to P, but by bioassays P was the most important nutrient regulate phytoplankton growth at Sta.1(31°N, 123°E) and N at Sta.2(31°40'N, 122°40'E).The Changjiang Estuary may be divided into three parts:light-limited area, light-and phosphorus-limited area and nitrogen-limited area
During November 20-22, 1998, samples were collected at two stations in the Changjiang Estuary.The nutrients limiting algal growth potential(AGP) are estimated by ratios of dissolved inorganic N to P and by nutrient enrichment bioassays using Skeletonema costatum as the test algae.P was severely limited at two stations by the method of ratios of N to P, but by bioassays P was the most important nutrient regulate phytoplankton growth at Sta.1(31°N, 123°E) and N at Sta.2(31°40'N, 122°40'E).The Changjiang Estuary may be divided into three parts:light-limited area, light-and phosphorus-limited area and nitrogen-limited area
2000, 22(4): 67-73.
Abstract:
During the period of June and November 1988 samples were collected by the improved Manta neuston net at 18 stations in the southern Taiwan Strait.102 species of phytoneuston are identified.Total individuals of phytoneuston in June are more abundant than those in November.In the horizontal distribution of phytoneuston, its dense area is located in the south part of Taiwan Bank in June, and in west part in November.The diel variations of phytoneuston are very obvious.The maximum abundance of phytoneuston occurred in the afternoon(16:00),but the minimum, at midnight.The relationship between the distribution of phytoneuston and environmental factors and relation ship between the distribution of zooneuston and environmental factors are discussed.
During the period of June and November 1988 samples were collected by the improved Manta neuston net at 18 stations in the southern Taiwan Strait.102 species of phytoneuston are identified.Total individuals of phytoneuston in June are more abundant than those in November.In the horizontal distribution of phytoneuston, its dense area is located in the south part of Taiwan Bank in June, and in west part in November.The diel variations of phytoneuston are very obvious.The maximum abundance of phytoneuston occurred in the afternoon(16:00),but the minimum, at midnight.The relationship between the distribution of phytoneuston and environmental factors and relation ship between the distribution of zooneuston and environmental factors are discussed.
2000, 22(4): 74-82.
Abstract:
Eighteen samples of h州rothermal sediments from the Jade hydrothermal field in the central Okinawa Trough have been analyzed.Sulfur isotopic values for 10 sulfide samples vary from 5.2×10-3 to 7.2×10-3, δ34S values for 7 sulfate samples vary from 16.3×10-3 to 22.3×10-3, and δ34S value for 1 native sulphur sample is 8.2×10-3.The major sources of sulfur for hydrothermal sediment are intermediate to acid volcanic rocks and seawater sulfate, and it is possible that the partial sulfur of hydrothermal sediment is from the pelagic sediment by the interaction between hydrothermal fluid and sediment.The、of causing the distinct differences in sulfur isotope values for sulfide samples from hydrothermal sediment(compared with other hydrothermal fields), are the differences in the sources of sulfur, the magmatic activity and the tectonic evolution in different hydrothermal fieds.The sulfur evolution is a long and complex process in the seafloor hydrothermal system, involving the ascending of heating seawater, the interaction between fluid and volcanic rocks, the mixing of seawater sulfate and sulfur from intermediate to acid volcanic rocks, and the fluid/pelagic-sediment interaction.And the interaction between seawater and intermediate to acid volcanic rocks is a important mechanism for the sulfur evolution in the Jade hydrothetmal field.
Eighteen samples of h州rothermal sediments from the Jade hydrothermal field in the central Okinawa Trough have been analyzed.Sulfur isotopic values for 10 sulfide samples vary from 5.2×10-3 to 7.2×10-3, δ34S values for 7 sulfate samples vary from 16.3×10-3 to 22.3×10-3, and δ34S value for 1 native sulphur sample is 8.2×10-3.The major sources of sulfur for hydrothermal sediment are intermediate to acid volcanic rocks and seawater sulfate, and it is possible that the partial sulfur of hydrothermal sediment is from the pelagic sediment by the interaction between hydrothermal fluid and sediment.The、of causing the distinct differences in sulfur isotope values for sulfide samples from hydrothermal sediment(compared with other hydrothermal fields), are the differences in the sources of sulfur, the magmatic activity and the tectonic evolution in different hydrothermal fieds.The sulfur evolution is a long and complex process in the seafloor hydrothermal system, involving the ascending of heating seawater, the interaction between fluid and volcanic rocks, the mixing of seawater sulfate and sulfur from intermediate to acid volcanic rocks, and the fluid/pelagic-sediment interaction.And the interaction between seawater and intermediate to acid volcanic rocks is a important mechanism for the sulfur evolution in the Jade hydrothetmal field.
2000, 22(4): 83-89.
Abstract:
Based on the survey of China's bays and the statistic analysis of the 96 fundamental factors of bays recorded in the China's Bays,water-area rate, openness, shape coefficient and dynamic parameter are selected as quantifying indexes so as to classify China's bays quantitatively.Meanwhile, the genetic classification is discussed beneficially.
Based on the survey of China's bays and the statistic analysis of the 96 fundamental factors of bays recorded in the China's Bays,water-area rate, openness, shape coefficient and dynamic parameter are selected as quantifying indexes so as to classify China's bays quantitatively.Meanwhile, the genetic classification is discussed beneficially.
2000, 22(4): 90-95.
Abstract:
The genetic diversity and differentiation of three Chinese Bruguiera gymnorrhixa populations are examined.Expected heterozygosity at species and population levels is 0.293 and 0.268, observed heterozygosity is 0.274 5 and 0.270 5, respectively.The genetic diversity between population is 0.083 0, which shows that among total heterozygositios, 8.3% come from inter-population.Gene flow is smooth, which is 3.34.
The genetic diversity and differentiation of three Chinese Bruguiera gymnorrhixa populations are examined.Expected heterozygosity at species and population levels is 0.293 and 0.268, observed heterozygosity is 0.274 5 and 0.270 5, respectively.The genetic diversity between population is 0.083 0, which shows that among total heterozygositios, 8.3% come from inter-population.Gene flow is smooth, which is 3.34.
2000, 22(4): 96-100.
Abstract:
Specimen of Penaeus chznenszs were collected from hatchery ponds at Jimo, Qingdao before, during and after explosive epidemic disease respectively in July to September 1997.In order to establish rapid diagnosis techniques for shrimp explosive epidemic virus, diseased samples are detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The primers which are synthesized according to the genome sequence of partially cloned shrimp baculovirus can specifically amplify the target baculoviral DNA, the viral DNA can be detected as low in quantity as 1 pg.The virus can be detected from the stomach, gill, hapatopancrease, min-gut, pereopod, muscle and heart of the penaeid shrimps with typical symptom of explosive epidemic disease.The positive signals vary strength from the strongest in stomach,the min-gut, muscle, heart and pereopod in the middle, to the weadest in gill and hapatopancrease.This result demon-strates the different numbers and affection extent of virus in different tissues or organs.Virus can also be detected by nested PCR during latent and convalescent periods from shrimps showing no obvious sympton of acute disease, whereas the results on healthy wild P.Chinensis are negative.With its sensitivity, accuracy and specificity, PCR is significant for the early diagnosis of viral disease and the high healthy stock brding of penaeid shrimp.
Specimen of Penaeus chznenszs were collected from hatchery ponds at Jimo, Qingdao before, during and after explosive epidemic disease respectively in July to September 1997.In order to establish rapid diagnosis techniques for shrimp explosive epidemic virus, diseased samples are detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The primers which are synthesized according to the genome sequence of partially cloned shrimp baculovirus can specifically amplify the target baculoviral DNA, the viral DNA can be detected as low in quantity as 1 pg.The virus can be detected from the stomach, gill, hapatopancrease, min-gut, pereopod, muscle and heart of the penaeid shrimps with typical symptom of explosive epidemic disease.The positive signals vary strength from the strongest in stomach,the min-gut, muscle, heart and pereopod in the middle, to the weadest in gill and hapatopancrease.This result demon-strates the different numbers and affection extent of virus in different tissues or organs.Virus can also be detected by nested PCR during latent and convalescent periods from shrimps showing no obvious sympton of acute disease, whereas the results on healthy wild P.Chinensis are negative.With its sensitivity, accuracy and specificity, PCR is significant for the early diagnosis of viral disease and the high healthy stock brding of penaeid shrimp.
2000, 22(4): 101-106.
Abstract:
Considering the limitation of mild-slope equation, requiring a computational effort and the mild-slope assumption, in practical engineering, a new nonlinear parabolic equation including the second-order long-waves ignored in the previous like equation is obtained by way of the parabolic approximation on Liu and Dingemans's third order evolution equation for Stokes waves propagating over uneven bottom applicable to mild and abrupt topography.The model theory can provide more accurate predictions by comparison of the numerical model results with the classic experimental data of Berkhoff et al.
Considering the limitation of mild-slope equation, requiring a computational effort and the mild-slope assumption, in practical engineering, a new nonlinear parabolic equation including the second-order long-waves ignored in the previous like equation is obtained by way of the parabolic approximation on Liu and Dingemans's third order evolution equation for Stokes waves propagating over uneven bottom applicable to mild and abrupt topography.The model theory can provide more accurate predictions by comparison of the numerical model results with the classic experimental data of Berkhoff et al.
2000, 22(4): 107-117.
Abstract:
A time-domain send-order method is employed to study nonliear wave radiation around two-dimensional body.The free-surface boundary condition and the body boundary condition are satisfied to second-order at each time step, reflection waves are absorbed with artificial damping zone.The FEM with time marching is used to solve this problem.Oscillating of a horizonal semi-submerged circular cylinder is selected to confirm the validity of the calculation method.The time histories of wave elevations and hydrodynamics on the cylinder are calculated.Some results are compared with those obtained by previous theory and experiment, and a satisfactory agreement is obtained.
A time-domain send-order method is employed to study nonliear wave radiation around two-dimensional body.The free-surface boundary condition and the body boundary condition are satisfied to second-order at each time step, reflection waves are absorbed with artificial damping zone.The FEM with time marching is used to solve this problem.Oscillating of a horizonal semi-submerged circular cylinder is selected to confirm the validity of the calculation method.The time histories of wave elevations and hydrodynamics on the cylinder are calculated.Some results are compared with those obtained by previous theory and experiment, and a satisfactory agreement is obtained.
2000, 22(4): 118-124.
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2000, 22(4): 125-129.
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2000, 22(4): 130-136.
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2000, 22(4): 137-146.
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