1999 Vol. 21, No. 2
Display Method:
1999, 21(2): 1-8.
Abstract:
The mechanisms of M4 tide component are analyzed by means of a tide modelling in the Xiangshan Bay.The result shows that the generating and developing processes of M4 tide component are controlled mainly by the effects of the nonlinear bottom friction during the tide wave propagation.The M4 tide co-oscillation is important to amplify the M4 tide in the Xiangshan Bay.The effect of advection amplifies the M4 tide only in the small individual area near some islands located in the Fudu Channel.The tidal flat has a little effect on the M4 tide.
The mechanisms of M4 tide component are analyzed by means of a tide modelling in the Xiangshan Bay.The result shows that the generating and developing processes of M4 tide component are controlled mainly by the effects of the nonlinear bottom friction during the tide wave propagation.The M4 tide co-oscillation is important to amplify the M4 tide in the Xiangshan Bay.The effect of advection amplifies the M4 tide only in the small individual area near some islands located in the Fudu Channel.The tidal flat has a little effect on the M4 tide.
1999, 21(2): 9-17.
Abstract:
A grey model with periodic term for sea-level analysis is presented in this paper.The present model remains some advantages of (UM (1,1)model,which well reflects the trend of sea-level changes and gives out the change rate as well as acceleration of sea level conveniently.In addition, the present model can reproduce the periodic phenomenons of sea level, hence, it overcomes the shortcomings of GM (1,1)model that is unsuitable for forecasting monthly mean sea level with apparent periodicity,and the prediction accuracy is improved.The present model is used to analyse Guangxi coast sea level, the results show that, the rise rates of relative sea level at Beihai, Weizhou and I3ailongwei are respectively 1.67, 2.51 and 0.89 mm/a, the relative sea level at Shitoubu has a faVing trend, the fall rate is 0.5~1.0 mm/a, the rise rate of eustatic sea level along Guangxt coast is 2.0 mmia.In comparison with the model of linear trend term plus periodic term, the simulation accuracies of both models are equivalent.
A grey model with periodic term for sea-level analysis is presented in this paper.The present model remains some advantages of (UM (1,1)model,which well reflects the trend of sea-level changes and gives out the change rate as well as acceleration of sea level conveniently.In addition, the present model can reproduce the periodic phenomenons of sea level, hence, it overcomes the shortcomings of GM (1,1)model that is unsuitable for forecasting monthly mean sea level with apparent periodicity,and the prediction accuracy is improved.The present model is used to analyse Guangxi coast sea level, the results show that, the rise rates of relative sea level at Beihai, Weizhou and I3ailongwei are respectively 1.67, 2.51 and 0.89 mm/a, the relative sea level at Shitoubu has a faVing trend, the fall rate is 0.5~1.0 mm/a, the rise rate of eustatic sea level along Guangxt coast is 2.0 mmia.In comparison with the model of linear trend term plus periodic term, the simulation accuracies of both models are equivalent.
1999, 21(2): 18-26.
Abstract:
Current measurement and traces of drift bottles and drift cards show existence of a mesoscale anticyclonic eddy in the Qingdao-Shidao offshore in a round year.A two dimensional numerical model is firstly employed to modelling this eddy phenomenon.In the model we consider the main factor which influences the circulation greatly as wind stress,real topography,volume transportation.baroclinic effect etc.It is show that an anticylonic eddy which exists in the area near the Qingdao-Shidao coast.The computational results agree well with the analysed results from observation.The distribution of salinity and temperature also shows the existence of the anticyclonic eddy.By analyse the Vortex Equation and the result of a series of numerical model tests.the reason why and how this eddy is formed is explained.
Current measurement and traces of drift bottles and drift cards show existence of a mesoscale anticyclonic eddy in the Qingdao-Shidao offshore in a round year.A two dimensional numerical model is firstly employed to modelling this eddy phenomenon.In the model we consider the main factor which influences the circulation greatly as wind stress,real topography,volume transportation.baroclinic effect etc.It is show that an anticylonic eddy which exists in the area near the Qingdao-Shidao coast.The computational results agree well with the analysed results from observation.The distribution of salinity and temperature also shows the existence of the anticyclonic eddy.By analyse the Vortex Equation and the result of a series of numerical model tests.the reason why and how this eddy is formed is explained.
1999, 21(2): 27-33.
Abstract:
A baroclinic three-dimensional shelf sea model-HAMSOM model is employed to simulate the South China Sea (SCS) circulation in December and August.The result is that: for the upper layer circulation, in December, there exists a cyclonic circulation between Xisha Islands and Zhongsha Islands sea zones, a southward western boundary current along the east shore of middle Vietnam and a local anticyclonic eddy in out-lying sea of Jinlan Bay, in the southern SCS, it is mainly shown that there is a large cyclonic meander (cyclonic eddy) in Wanantan and an anticyclonic eddy in the north of Beikangansha.In August, there is a large-scale cyclonic eddy among Dongsha Islands,Zhongsha Islands and western sea areas of Luzon Island,in the western SCS.it is mainly shown that there is a cyclonic eddy in the south of Xisha Islands against an anticyclonic circulation between Jinlan Bay and Liyuetan, in the meanwhile a cyclonic eddy in the east of Wanantan.Due to the actions of baroclinic effect and bottom topsgraphic effect, the current fields of middle layer to southern SCS in winter and summer are almost opposite to those of the surface layer.
A baroclinic three-dimensional shelf sea model-HAMSOM model is employed to simulate the South China Sea (SCS) circulation in December and August.The result is that: for the upper layer circulation, in December, there exists a cyclonic circulation between Xisha Islands and Zhongsha Islands sea zones, a southward western boundary current along the east shore of middle Vietnam and a local anticyclonic eddy in out-lying sea of Jinlan Bay, in the southern SCS, it is mainly shown that there is a large cyclonic meander (cyclonic eddy) in Wanantan and an anticyclonic eddy in the north of Beikangansha.In August, there is a large-scale cyclonic eddy among Dongsha Islands,Zhongsha Islands and western sea areas of Luzon Island,in the western SCS.it is mainly shown that there is a cyclonic eddy in the south of Xisha Islands against an anticyclonic circulation between Jinlan Bay and Liyuetan, in the meanwhile a cyclonic eddy in the east of Wanantan.Due to the actions of baroclinic effect and bottom topsgraphic effect, the current fields of middle layer to southern SCS in winter and summer are almost opposite to those of the surface layer.
1999, 21(2): 34-39.
Abstract:
In this paper we build a forecast method of simplex projection operator using fold and extensio: character of chaotic attracting sets in phase space.The forecast method is concerned with local nonlinear and Lyapunov characteristic exponent of predieted points, avoids the problem of traditional analogue predictive functions and equations, decreases some analogue parameters.The method is used to forecast the time series data of Lorenz and Logistic model,and the forecast results show that the method is simple and available, reduces compute tirrm and has stronger forecast power within time scales and precision.
In this paper we build a forecast method of simplex projection operator using fold and extensio: character of chaotic attracting sets in phase space.The forecast method is concerned with local nonlinear and Lyapunov characteristic exponent of predieted points, avoids the problem of traditional analogue predictive functions and equations, decreases some analogue parameters.The method is used to forecast the time series data of Lorenz and Logistic model,and the forecast results show that the method is simple and available, reduces compute tirrm and has stronger forecast power within time scales and precision.
1999, 21(2): 40-48.
Abstract:
By employing the CCM1 (R15L7) model which was formed from NCAR'S CCM1 (R15L12) model by making some changes for being more suitable to the long-range numerical weather prediction, three numerical experiments-the climatic monthly mean ice boundary in the Weddell Sea (60°W~30°E),the maximum extent and the minimum extent of that-have been carried out to investigate the influence of ice boundary in Antarctica on the seasonal transition in the early summer in East Asia.The recults show that when sea ice boundary is at its maximum extent, the characteristics of circulation in East Asia are more like that in winter, the divergence of north and south westerly jet stream in East Asia is clear, and the activities of rnld air in North Asia are still active and their intensity is still strong.More ice in the Weddell Sea has no benefit to the seasonal transition in East Asia.When sea ire is at its minimum extent, on the contrary, the activities of cold air in North Asia are weakened, the warm-damp flow in South Asia becomes strong and moves more northward and the trend of confluence of two westerly jet stream-the northern one and the southern one-is more clear in East Asia, and the characteristics of circulation are favourable to advance the seasonal transition in East Asia.On the basis of model results, we conclude that ice margin anomalies in the Weddell Sea are capable of influencing the circulation and climate in East Asia.The anomalies of ice boundary will hinder or advance the seasonal transition in East Asia during the early summer.
By employing the CCM1 (R15L7) model which was formed from NCAR'S CCM1 (R15L12) model by making some changes for being more suitable to the long-range numerical weather prediction, three numerical experiments-the climatic monthly mean ice boundary in the Weddell Sea (60°W~30°E),the maximum extent and the minimum extent of that-have been carried out to investigate the influence of ice boundary in Antarctica on the seasonal transition in the early summer in East Asia.The recults show that when sea ice boundary is at its maximum extent, the characteristics of circulation in East Asia are more like that in winter, the divergence of north and south westerly jet stream in East Asia is clear, and the activities of rnld air in North Asia are still active and their intensity is still strong.More ice in the Weddell Sea has no benefit to the seasonal transition in East Asia.When sea ire is at its minimum extent, on the contrary, the activities of cold air in North Asia are weakened, the warm-damp flow in South Asia becomes strong and moves more northward and the trend of confluence of two westerly jet stream-the northern one and the southern one-is more clear in East Asia, and the characteristics of circulation are favourable to advance the seasonal transition in East Asia.On the basis of model results, we conclude that ice margin anomalies in the Weddell Sea are capable of influencing the circulation and climate in East Asia.The anomalies of ice boundary will hinder or advance the seasonal transition in East Asia during the early summer.
1999, 21(2): 49-55.
Abstract:
Laboratory research has been done into the effect of bentonite modified to remove red tide organisms and DRP.COD of the sea water under various conditions.The results show that the effect of bentonite containing efficacious Al 15% removes the most.The efficiency of bentonite modified by Na2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 at pH.5 was the very best.The efficiency of bentonite modified increases with arise of adding Al/SO4 ratio.Removal efficiency of bentonite modified with additive coagulant acitic chitin and Ca(OH)2 increases.
Laboratory research has been done into the effect of bentonite modified to remove red tide organisms and DRP.COD of the sea water under various conditions.The results show that the effect of bentonite containing efficacious Al 15% removes the most.The efficiency of bentonite modified by Na2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 at pH.5 was the very best.The efficiency of bentonite modified increases with arise of adding Al/SO4 ratio.Removal efficiency of bentonite modified with additive coagulant acitic chitin and Ca(OH)2 increases.
1999, 21(2): 56-64.
Abstract:
The ferromanganese minerals are important composition of the oceanic polymetallic nodules.To understand its variety, morphology, distributive characteristic and crystal degree in all types of nodules, not only help to the study on the origination of the manganese minerals and manganese nodules, but also has real significance to ore dressing and smelting as well as synthesis utilization of resources.Through complex analysis and apraisal by many methods such as TEM, we considered that the major fer-romanganese minerals of polymetallic nodules are todorokite, vernadite, birnessite, manganosite.jacobsite and needle ironstone etc.All of these minerals are of bad crystallinity.but todorokites' crystallinity is better than others'.In the rough nodules.todorokite's content is rich and little change from out-layer to core.The vernadite distributes in almost all of manganese nodules.but its crystal degree is bad.Ferri-minerals contents of the manganese nodules in east area are less than that in west area.and inside a single nodule it is higher in out-layer than that in core.Manganese minerals are distributed at columns and laminae of stromatolites in nodules, they are mostly looking like bunches, fibries and dendrites, just have the same shape with hypha morphology of ultra-microbes.The rough type manganese nodules are the targets for ore dressing.
The ferromanganese minerals are important composition of the oceanic polymetallic nodules.To understand its variety, morphology, distributive characteristic and crystal degree in all types of nodules, not only help to the study on the origination of the manganese minerals and manganese nodules, but also has real significance to ore dressing and smelting as well as synthesis utilization of resources.Through complex analysis and apraisal by many methods such as TEM, we considered that the major fer-romanganese minerals of polymetallic nodules are todorokite, vernadite, birnessite, manganosite.jacobsite and needle ironstone etc.All of these minerals are of bad crystallinity.but todorokites' crystallinity is better than others'.In the rough nodules.todorokite's content is rich and little change from out-layer to core.The vernadite distributes in almost all of manganese nodules.but its crystal degree is bad.Ferri-minerals contents of the manganese nodules in east area are less than that in west area.and inside a single nodule it is higher in out-layer than that in core.Manganese minerals are distributed at columns and laminae of stromatolites in nodules, they are mostly looking like bunches, fibries and dendrites, just have the same shape with hypha morphology of ultra-microbes.The rough type manganese nodules are the targets for ore dressing.
1999, 21(2): 65-74.
Abstract:
A comprehensive study, on analyses data of the stratigraphic sequence, magnetic fabric and detrital nuneral of typical cores and geological ladar prosecting, indicates that the tidal sand bodies in the northern Jiangsu and the southern Huanghai Sea have been deposited since the regressive period of Holocene epoch, the convergent-divergent tidal current and silt supplied by longshore current from the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River are chief producing conditions.The convergent-divergent tidal field, which has been existing ever since, at least, initial deposition phase of the subrecent tidal sand body in the northern Jiangsu.is intrinsic for the southern Huanghai Sea.Great river did not supplied silt in the congressive period but the regressive period of Holocene epoch.It is impossible to have a delta in Qianggang.The evolution of the tidal sand bodies was mainly controlled by supply-silt amount per year of the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River, and has undergone three stages:embryonic growing stage, developing stage and adjusting stage.
A comprehensive study, on analyses data of the stratigraphic sequence, magnetic fabric and detrital nuneral of typical cores and geological ladar prosecting, indicates that the tidal sand bodies in the northern Jiangsu and the southern Huanghai Sea have been deposited since the regressive period of Holocene epoch, the convergent-divergent tidal current and silt supplied by longshore current from the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River are chief producing conditions.The convergent-divergent tidal field, which has been existing ever since, at least, initial deposition phase of the subrecent tidal sand body in the northern Jiangsu.is intrinsic for the southern Huanghai Sea.Great river did not supplied silt in the congressive period but the regressive period of Holocene epoch.It is impossible to have a delta in Qianggang.The evolution of the tidal sand bodies was mainly controlled by supply-silt amount per year of the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River, and has undergone three stages:embryonic growing stage, developing stage and adjusting stage.
1999, 21(2): 75-85.
Abstract:
Cell size differs greatly between species of phytoplankton.The routine estimation of standing stock as cell numbers is therefore an imprecise and sometimes even inadequate measure of phytoplankton abundance, only the biomass can represent the energy distribution in ecosystem more precisely.The relationship between cell carbon and cell volume has been sought in order to estimate phytoplankton carbon in seawater from preserved phytoplankton samples.Bases on the original data of the Jiaozhou Bay Ecosystem Dynamics, cell volume calculations for 87 phytoplankton species were analyzed for the China sea and we calculated the cell size, five weigh, carbon content and nitrogen content of phytoplankton.
Cell size differs greatly between species of phytoplankton.The routine estimation of standing stock as cell numbers is therefore an imprecise and sometimes even inadequate measure of phytoplankton abundance, only the biomass can represent the energy distribution in ecosystem more precisely.The relationship between cell carbon and cell volume has been sought in order to estimate phytoplankton carbon in seawater from preserved phytoplankton samples.Bases on the original data of the Jiaozhou Bay Ecosystem Dynamics, cell volume calculations for 87 phytoplankton species were analyzed for the China sea and we calculated the cell size, five weigh, carbon content and nitrogen content of phytoplankton.
1999, 21(2): 86-92.
Abstract:
The species diversity of biofouling communities is rather abundant on 6 piers from the east to west of Victoria Harbour (183 spp.),and one foreign species was also found.The community structure is much different on each tidal zone.Littorina and Cellana are dominant on high tidal zone, middle tidal zone is Tetraclita-Succrutrva zone and nn low tidal zone are mainly found Pernu,Styela,Spongia and Bulanus.Rapid currents and big waves are the main factors affecting the development of the communities.
The species diversity of biofouling communities is rather abundant on 6 piers from the east to west of Victoria Harbour (183 spp.),and one foreign species was also found.The community structure is much different on each tidal zone.Littorina and Cellana are dominant on high tidal zone, middle tidal zone is Tetraclita-Succrutrva zone and nn low tidal zone are mainly found Pernu,Styela,Spongia and Bulanus.Rapid currents and big waves are the main factors affecting the development of the communities.
1999, 21(2): 93-98.
Abstract:
The histo-cytopathology of Rickettsialike organism (RLO)disease in marl-cultured pearl oyster, Pinctadu marima and P.Fucnzu with heavy mortalities were studied.Pathogenic Rickettsia-like organism has a marked pathogenicity for P.marimu and P.fucata and leads to similar pathological changes in two pearl oysters.At the histo-cytopathological levels, RLO disease prerented acute alterative inflammation and chronic hyperplastic inflammation.In the course of acute alteration, cytopathological effects in ROL-infected cells may result in cell disintegration, celllytic necrosis and cell degenerative necrosis, therefore the structures of tissues and organs.including mantle,gills,digestive tube,hepatopancreas,gonadial tube and small blood vessels throughout the body, of host were seriously destroyed.The destroyed degree of tissues and organs were associated with the numbers of RLO inclusions in infected host and the cytopathological effects of RLO infection were associated with the intracellular growth.by large numbers of RLO.Cell hyperplasy had two types including the hyperplasy of epithelia or endothelial cells and fibrohlast hyperplasy with fibrosis during chronic hyperplastic inflammation.According to the course of pathological changes RLO disease may be divided into two stages namely acute necrosis and chronic hyperplastic reparation.
The histo-cytopathology of Rickettsialike organism (RLO)disease in marl-cultured pearl oyster, Pinctadu marima and P.Fucnzu with heavy mortalities were studied.Pathogenic Rickettsia-like organism has a marked pathogenicity for P.marimu and P.fucata and leads to similar pathological changes in two pearl oysters.At the histo-cytopathological levels, RLO disease prerented acute alterative inflammation and chronic hyperplastic inflammation.In the course of acute alteration, cytopathological effects in ROL-infected cells may result in cell disintegration, celllytic necrosis and cell degenerative necrosis, therefore the structures of tissues and organs.including mantle,gills,digestive tube,hepatopancreas,gonadial tube and small blood vessels throughout the body, of host were seriously destroyed.The destroyed degree of tissues and organs were associated with the numbers of RLO inclusions in infected host and the cytopathological effects of RLO infection were associated with the intracellular growth.by large numbers of RLO.Cell hyperplasy had two types including the hyperplasy of epithelia or endothelial cells and fibrohlast hyperplasy with fibrosis during chronic hyperplastic inflammation.According to the course of pathological changes RLO disease may be divided into two stages namely acute necrosis and chronic hyperplastic reparation.
1999, 21(2): 99-107.
Abstract:
A method for the calculation of total horizontal wave forces by irregular broken waves on vertical wall ie developed.which is based on physical model test, dimensionless analysis and assessment of real construction.The method for the determinatlion of pressure distribution of horizontal forces on vertical wall as well as uplift forces on the bottom of the wall is also recommended.The results calculated by this method well accord with samples of real construction.
A method for the calculation of total horizontal wave forces by irregular broken waves on vertical wall ie developed.which is based on physical model test, dimensionless analysis and assessment of real construction.The method for the determinatlion of pressure distribution of horizontal forces on vertical wall as well as uplift forces on the bottom of the wall is also recommended.The results calculated by this method well accord with samples of real construction.
1999, 21(2): 108-114.
Abstract:
A calculation pattern, which combines horizontal upwind finite element method with vertical implicit difference, is taken as our calculation procedure to set up 3-dimensional mathematical model of tidal motion and sediment transport in tidal current.By comparing with the relative theoretical formula, the results are satisfactory.The model mentioned above has been applied to the water area of the Lianzhou Bay, Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi.On the basis of analysis and comparison with the field data, it is shown clearly that the model calculation results are reasonable.
A calculation pattern, which combines horizontal upwind finite element method with vertical implicit difference, is taken as our calculation procedure to set up 3-dimensional mathematical model of tidal motion and sediment transport in tidal current.By comparing with the relative theoretical formula, the results are satisfactory.The model mentioned above has been applied to the water area of the Lianzhou Bay, Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi.On the basis of analysis and comparison with the field data, it is shown clearly that the model calculation results are reasonable.
1999, 21(2): 115-123.
Abstract:
Based on a higher-order boundary element method, a numerical model is established for complex solution of second-order diffraction and radiation potentials at the sum and different frequencies in bichromatic incident waves.The second-order quadrantic transform functions are obtained by the integration of second-order fluid pressure on the body surface.Comparison on bodies with simple geometry shows that the present results are in good agreement with published ones.Computation on a TLP model shows that the second-order quadrantic transform functions have distinct distribution at lower and higher frequency ranges.
Based on a higher-order boundary element method, a numerical model is established for complex solution of second-order diffraction and radiation potentials at the sum and different frequencies in bichromatic incident waves.The second-order quadrantic transform functions are obtained by the integration of second-order fluid pressure on the body surface.Comparison on bodies with simple geometry shows that the present results are in good agreement with published ones.Computation on a TLP model shows that the second-order quadrantic transform functions have distinct distribution at lower and higher frequency ranges.
1999, 21(2): 124-133.
Abstract:
1999, 21(2): 134-141.
Abstract:
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