1980 Vol. 2, No. 4
Display Method:
1980, 2(4): 1-12.
Abstract:
This paper investigates the accuracy of the measurements of temperature, chlorinity and depth in shallow seas less than 100 meters deep, which are necessary to meet the need of the required accuracies ±1×10-5 of the calculated values of the anomaly of specific volume of sea water and of specific volume itselfy.The ranges of measurements of temperature, chlorinity and depth are -2℃-30℃, 5‰-20‰ and 0m-100m respectively. In general, the accuracy of temperature measurement necessary to meet the required accuracy ±1×10-5 of the calculated value of anomly of specific volume, is leaver in the low temperature and low chlorinity case than in the high temperatre and high chlorinity case;however, the necessary accuracy of the measurments of chlorinity is higher in the low temperature and low chlorinity case than in the high temperature and high chlorinity case. Generally speaking the accuraces necessary to meet the required accuracy ±1×10-5 of the calculated value of specific volume of both the temperature and chlorinity increases as the accuracy of measurements of depth decreases either in lower temperature and lower chlorinity case or in higher temperature and higher chlorinity case.
This paper investigates the accuracy of the measurements of temperature, chlorinity and depth in shallow seas less than 100 meters deep, which are necessary to meet the need of the required accuracies ±1×10-5 of the calculated values of the anomaly of specific volume of sea water and of specific volume itselfy.The ranges of measurements of temperature, chlorinity and depth are -2℃-30℃, 5‰-20‰ and 0m-100m respectively. In general, the accuracy of temperature measurement necessary to meet the required accuracy ±1×10-5 of the calculated value of anomly of specific volume, is leaver in the low temperature and low chlorinity case than in the high temperatre and high chlorinity case;however, the necessary accuracy of the measurments of chlorinity is higher in the low temperature and low chlorinity case than in the high temperature and high chlorinity case. Generally speaking the accuraces necessary to meet the required accuracy ±1×10-5 of the calculated value of specific volume of both the temperature and chlorinity increases as the accuracy of measurements of depth decreases either in lower temperature and lower chlorinity case or in higher temperature and higher chlorinity case.
1980, 2(4): 13-22.
Abstract:
The paper deals with an estimation of the frequency spectrum of sea surface displacement from wave pressure records collected at any depth. Previous work on this is briefly reviewed. Based on the records of sea surface displacement and corresponding wave pressure records at a series of depths, measured in Beibu Gulf, surface displacement spectrum is calculated from the records of sea surface displacement, and from the corresponding pressure spectrum recreatively a comparison shows satisfactory agreement in low frequency domain, but a rather large discrepanty domain in the high frequency,thus suggesting that a critical frequency may exist. In view of the fact that at frequencies higher than the critical frequency one cannot succeed in computing the surface displacement spectrum from the corresponding pressure spectrum using the linear wave theory, the critical frequency is named "failure frequency" in this paper.
The paper deals with an estimation of the frequency spectrum of sea surface displacement from wave pressure records collected at any depth. Previous work on this is briefly reviewed. Based on the records of sea surface displacement and corresponding wave pressure records at a series of depths, measured in Beibu Gulf, surface displacement spectrum is calculated from the records of sea surface displacement, and from the corresponding pressure spectrum recreatively a comparison shows satisfactory agreement in low frequency domain, but a rather large discrepanty domain in the high frequency,thus suggesting that a critical frequency may exist. In view of the fact that at frequencies higher than the critical frequency one cannot succeed in computing the surface displacement spectrum from the corresponding pressure spectrum using the linear wave theory, the critical frequency is named "failure frequency" in this paper.
1980, 2(4): 23-36.
Abstract:
This article is a continuation and a direct generalization of the authors research report [3] published just recently. By means of the same air-sea planetary boundary layer model as that used in [3],the physical diagnostic analyses of the wind and the current profiles, the surface wind stress,the bottom friction, the dissipation of energy and the Ekman pumping in the atmosphere as well as in the ocean under the actions of atmospheric large scale baroclinic disturbances are made systematically for an ocean of finite depth.The effects of the sea depth and the bottom topography on winds and ocean currents are emphasized in this study.The present author makes a succinct comparison between the results obtained in oceans of both infinite and finite depth. This article discusses briefly the atmospheric forcing functions which control the formation and the development of storm surge in shallow water.The magnitude of the storm surge and its characteristic time are numerically estimated.Moreover, some empirical hypotheses concerning wind stress along sea surface and bottom friction may be justified by the theory presented in this paper under some simple circumstances. The results may also be extended rationally to fit more complicated cases where the Coriolis effect due to earth rotation is noticeable. Besides revealing some mechanism of air-sea interaction, many conclusions reached by the theory show an agreement with the observations.
This article is a continuation and a direct generalization of the authors research report [3] published just recently. By means of the same air-sea planetary boundary layer model as that used in [3],the physical diagnostic analyses of the wind and the current profiles, the surface wind stress,the bottom friction, the dissipation of energy and the Ekman pumping in the atmosphere as well as in the ocean under the actions of atmospheric large scale baroclinic disturbances are made systematically for an ocean of finite depth.The effects of the sea depth and the bottom topography on winds and ocean currents are emphasized in this study.The present author makes a succinct comparison between the results obtained in oceans of both infinite and finite depth. This article discusses briefly the atmospheric forcing functions which control the formation and the development of storm surge in shallow water.The magnitude of the storm surge and its characteristic time are numerically estimated.Moreover, some empirical hypotheses concerning wind stress along sea surface and bottom friction may be justified by the theory presented in this paper under some simple circumstances. The results may also be extended rationally to fit more complicated cases where the Coriolis effect due to earth rotation is noticeable. Besides revealing some mechanism of air-sea interaction, many conclusions reached by the theory show an agreement with the observations.
1980, 2(4): 37-47.
Abstract:
It was found that the sea-surface temperature and the characteristics of atmospheric circulations in preceding months are closely related to the temperatures and ice regime in winter months. This relationship was most strongly reflected over the strong ocean-current regions and over the regions with quasi-permanent atmospheric center actions.It has been also shown that the influence of the ocean on the atmosphere is more pronounced over these regions.This relationship may offer a key for long-term forecasting of the sea ice regime in winter. In addition, because,there is an obvious instability the stabilities of the correlation coefficients were analysed. Considering that the formation of weather process may changes with the variations of time scale, predictions for longer and shorter time scales processes are considered separately So the conclusion,some results and tests of forecasting in recent years are given.
It was found that the sea-surface temperature and the characteristics of atmospheric circulations in preceding months are closely related to the temperatures and ice regime in winter months. This relationship was most strongly reflected over the strong ocean-current regions and over the regions with quasi-permanent atmospheric center actions.It has been also shown that the influence of the ocean on the atmosphere is more pronounced over these regions.This relationship may offer a key for long-term forecasting of the sea ice regime in winter. In addition, because,there is an obvious instability the stabilities of the correlation coefficients were analysed. Considering that the formation of weather process may changes with the variations of time scale, predictions for longer and shorter time scales processes are considered separately So the conclusion,some results and tests of forecasting in recent years are given.
1980, 2(4): 48-55.
Abstract:
This paper presents a set of typical waveforms and spectrums of the California sea lion underwater sound pulse signal. On the basis of a considerable amount of experimental data, statistical characteristics of the sea lion's sound pulses and pulse trains are calculated and the sea lion's sound pressure level is estimated.We conclude with a brief discussion of the sea lion's echolocation capability.
This paper presents a set of typical waveforms and spectrums of the California sea lion underwater sound pulse signal. On the basis of a considerable amount of experimental data, statistical characteristics of the sea lion's sound pulses and pulse trains are calculated and the sea lion's sound pressure level is estimated.We conclude with a brief discussion of the sea lion's echolocation capability.
1980, 2(4): 56-70.
Abstract:
The Landsat imageries of a coastal zone reveal spectrums of light reflected from various objects in that zone. The intensity of back-scattered light from sea water is directly proportional to the concentration of suspended matter in sea water.Over clear water,the intensity of reflecthd light from the bottom is a negative correlation to the depth of the water.Over relatively turbid waters of the nearshore zone, the bottom relief can be revaled indirectly through the variation in the turbidity of the water.The Landsat imageries of the stbaqueous parts of the deltas of Luan He, Huang He and Chang Jiang clearly show a succession of four deltas of Luan He, each younger than the one beside it;the branching of tributaries in the lower reaches of Huang He; the southward shifting of the sand bars in the estuary of the Chang Jiang. After a synthetcal study of the Landsat imagery of Shantung Peninsula, we have found that the tectonic nature differs between the north and south coast of the peninsula. The north coast is a leveled coast of emergence, while the south coast as a result of submergence, belongs to the ria type.
The Landsat imageries of a coastal zone reveal spectrums of light reflected from various objects in that zone. The intensity of back-scattered light from sea water is directly proportional to the concentration of suspended matter in sea water.Over clear water,the intensity of reflecthd light from the bottom is a negative correlation to the depth of the water.Over relatively turbid waters of the nearshore zone, the bottom relief can be revaled indirectly through the variation in the turbidity of the water.The Landsat imageries of the stbaqueous parts of the deltas of Luan He, Huang He and Chang Jiang clearly show a succession of four deltas of Luan He, each younger than the one beside it;the branching of tributaries in the lower reaches of Huang He; the southward shifting of the sand bars in the estuary of the Chang Jiang. After a synthetcal study of the Landsat imagery of Shantung Peninsula, we have found that the tectonic nature differs between the north and south coast of the peninsula. The north coast is a leveled coast of emergence, while the south coast as a result of submergence, belongs to the ria type.
1980, 2(4): 71-85.
Abstract:
Different methods for instrumental determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater are discussed. Based on the principle of constant potential-chronoamperometry-this article presents a new method to determine the dissolved oxygen in seawater with considerable success. A new model electrochemical sensor has been designed for this purpose. The new sensor retains most of the Clark cell's components,but has the following modifications.
Different methods for instrumental determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater are discussed. Based on the principle of constant potential-chronoamperometry-this article presents a new method to determine the dissolved oxygen in seawater with considerable success. A new model electrochemical sensor has been designed for this purpose. The new sensor retains most of the Clark cell's components,but has the following modifications.
1980, 2(4): 86-92.
Abstract:
The specific gravity of 13 sea water samples from the estuary of Changjiang River at 25℃ has been determined by the pycnometer method.The results are consistent with the values computed from Knudsen's chlorinity tables within the experimental error of the method and are lower on an average of about 0.02 in sigma-25 than the values computed from the salinity by Cox,et al. equation(1970).The standard deviation of our measurements was estimated to be ±0.01 in sigma -25. The differences between the present results and the values computed from the chlorinity by Cox, et al. equation (1970) may imply that, for water of the same chlorinlty,the sea water at the estuary of Changjiang River tends to have a lower concen tration of dissolved substances than that of the ocean water. Our work shows that the Knudsen's tables may apply to the sea water at the estuary of Changjiang River,and also provides experimental evidence that the new oceanographic tables can be applied in studies on the Sea water of China Sea areas.
The specific gravity of 13 sea water samples from the estuary of Changjiang River at 25℃ has been determined by the pycnometer method.The results are consistent with the values computed from Knudsen's chlorinity tables within the experimental error of the method and are lower on an average of about 0.02 in sigma-25 than the values computed from the salinity by Cox,et al. equation(1970).The standard deviation of our measurements was estimated to be ±0.01 in sigma -25. The differences between the present results and the values computed from the chlorinity by Cox, et al. equation (1970) may imply that, for water of the same chlorinlty,the sea water at the estuary of Changjiang River tends to have a lower concen tration of dissolved substances than that of the ocean water. Our work shows that the Knudsen's tables may apply to the sea water at the estuary of Changjiang River,and also provides experimental evidence that the new oceanographic tables can be applied in studies on the Sea water of China Sea areas.
1980, 2(4): 93-101.
Abstract:
The Bohai Gulf Coastal Basin covers an area of 200,000 sq. km. an important oil and gas province of China It is a polycyclic superimposed basin. Its history of development can be subdi-vided into four stages: 1) Late proterozoic parageosycline Stage(Sinian). 2) Early Palaeozoic cratonic stage (Lower Cambrian-Middle Ordovician). 3) Late Palaeozoic intracratonic coal-bearing sequences stage(Middle Carboniferous-Permian). 4) Mesozoic and Cenozoic taphrogenic rifting and subsidence stages. During the Paleogene rifting stage, three NNE trough systems and three nearly E-W trough systems were initiated as the results of regional extensional stresses. Central rift valleys,low angle gravity faults and a series of wedgeshaped troughs were developed symmetrically surrounding the "Bohai Mantle Plume".The rifting troughs were extended and widened gradually.During the Neogene, a large saucer-shaped sedimentary basin was developed as a thick blanket covering the whole areas either of the Paleogene troughs or the Palaeozoic-Sinian highs. Oil and gas fields are mainly distributed in the Paleogene trough systems controlled by the Rifting Zones.Tertiary structural traps such as Shengli oilfield, Gudao Oilfield and Dagang oilfield are large oil pools.Sinian-Palaeozoic buried-hill traps beneath the Tertiaty unconformity such as Renqiu Oilfield is also a giant Oilfield of the Bohai Gulf Coastal Basin.
The Bohai Gulf Coastal Basin covers an area of 200,000 sq. km. an important oil and gas province of China It is a polycyclic superimposed basin. Its history of development can be subdi-vided into four stages: 1) Late proterozoic parageosycline Stage(Sinian). 2) Early Palaeozoic cratonic stage (Lower Cambrian-Middle Ordovician). 3) Late Palaeozoic intracratonic coal-bearing sequences stage(Middle Carboniferous-Permian). 4) Mesozoic and Cenozoic taphrogenic rifting and subsidence stages. During the Paleogene rifting stage, three NNE trough systems and three nearly E-W trough systems were initiated as the results of regional extensional stresses. Central rift valleys,low angle gravity faults and a series of wedgeshaped troughs were developed symmetrically surrounding the "Bohai Mantle Plume".The rifting troughs were extended and widened gradually.During the Neogene, a large saucer-shaped sedimentary basin was developed as a thick blanket covering the whole areas either of the Paleogene troughs or the Palaeozoic-Sinian highs. Oil and gas fields are mainly distributed in the Paleogene trough systems controlled by the Rifting Zones.Tertiary structural traps such as Shengli oilfield, Gudao Oilfield and Dagang oilfield are large oil pools.Sinian-Palaeozoic buried-hill traps beneath the Tertiaty unconformity such as Renqiu Oilfield is also a giant Oilfield of the Bohai Gulf Coastal Basin.
1980, 2(4): 102-114.
Abstract:
The Luanhe River Delta is a delta plain built up by the action of rivers and sea waves together.Owing to the migrations of the distributary region sincethe Holocene Period five secondary delta depositional masses were formed during the Early Holocene, the Middle Holocene, the early historical, the late historical and recent periods,respectively. To the south of the Luanhe River estuary,there is a series of sand bars and sand islands. They to be considered as the mark of the South-eastern sedimemt drift of Luanhe River The authors have studied the morphological features,the grain size distribution,the heavy mineralo composition and the quartz sand surface micro-textune of these bars and islands.They conclude that that these bars and islands were a barrier built by the transversal movement of sea waves,formed at the Luanhe River delta front during different periods of the past. To the north of the outlet,there are coastal dunes,about 30-40 km long and 1.5-2 km wide. Their distribution is mainly controlled by the strong north-east wind.Not only is the direction and sand size distribution of the dunes identical with the coastal bar's, but also the fractions of the marine creature relic are mixed in the dunes.It proves that the dunes are reformed by the aeolian action from the coastal bars.
The Luanhe River Delta is a delta plain built up by the action of rivers and sea waves together.Owing to the migrations of the distributary region sincethe Holocene Period five secondary delta depositional masses were formed during the Early Holocene, the Middle Holocene, the early historical, the late historical and recent periods,respectively. To the south of the Luanhe River estuary,there is a series of sand bars and sand islands. They to be considered as the mark of the South-eastern sedimemt drift of Luanhe River The authors have studied the morphological features,the grain size distribution,the heavy mineralo composition and the quartz sand surface micro-textune of these bars and islands.They conclude that that these bars and islands were a barrier built by the transversal movement of sea waves,formed at the Luanhe River delta front during different periods of the past. To the north of the outlet,there are coastal dunes,about 30-40 km long and 1.5-2 km wide. Their distribution is mainly controlled by the strong north-east wind.Not only is the direction and sand size distribution of the dunes identical with the coastal bar's, but also the fractions of the marine creature relic are mixed in the dunes.It proves that the dunes are reformed by the aeolian action from the coastal bars.
1980, 2(4): 115-121.
Abstract:
The present paper deals with the seasonal variation and distributional characteristics of biomass of zooplankton from the East China Ses,based upon samples collected during the periods of 1971 to 1974 from lat.27°-34°,N, western part of long.127°E, at 1577 stations. The results of the surveys showed that the biomass of the entire area surveyed was higher (99.8 mg/m3),whereas the highest biomass was in the western part of long. 124° E(113 mg/m3).Among all the fishing grounds of the East China Sea, the biomass of the Zhoushan fishing ground was the highest (158 mg/m3).
The present paper deals with the seasonal variation and distributional characteristics of biomass of zooplankton from the East China Ses,based upon samples collected during the periods of 1971 to 1974 from lat.27°-34°,N, western part of long.127°E, at 1577 stations. The results of the surveys showed that the biomass of the entire area surveyed was higher (99.8 mg/m3),whereas the highest biomass was in the western part of long. 124° E(113 mg/m3).Among all the fishing grounds of the East China Sea, the biomass of the Zhoushan fishing ground was the highest (158 mg/m3).
1980, 2(4): 122-131.
Abstract:
Shanghai Petroleum-Chemical Industry Combine lies in the middle of the northern coast in Hangzhou Bay. In order to compare the ecological changes in the Bay before and after the operation of the Combine,a survey has been conducted since May,1975 for the benthic faunal community in the soft bottom intertidal zone along the northern coast in the Bay. In all, five sampling sections were chosen, namely sections A, B, C, D and E respectively. This paper, for the first time, reports the annual data of benthic fauna taken for the periods from May 1975 to July 1976. The results indicated that the number of species in this survey area were comparatively poor.For five sections,only 82 species of macrofauna have been identified,in which, 23 species were found to be dominant species. Species composition was dominanted by Crustaceans.Both the habitat density and biomass were also comparatively low, the mean were 442 Indiv./m2 and 22.1 gram./m2 respectively. Except for section A, number of species, density and biomass in all other sections turned out to decline progressively from high tide regions to low tide regions. The calculation of "percentage community affinity" for five sections indicated that sections B, C, D and E were very similar. The similarity of community at sections B, C, D and E were equally different from that of section A. The seasonal variation of organisms in this area could be attributed to the seasonal fluctuations of temperature and the seasonal transport of sediments due to seasonal winds. The community structure in this area was normal. The results from the analysis of the contents of adverse matters in water and substrate showed no sins of pollutions in this area.
Shanghai Petroleum-Chemical Industry Combine lies in the middle of the northern coast in Hangzhou Bay. In order to compare the ecological changes in the Bay before and after the operation of the Combine,a survey has been conducted since May,1975 for the benthic faunal community in the soft bottom intertidal zone along the northern coast in the Bay. In all, five sampling sections were chosen, namely sections A, B, C, D and E respectively. This paper, for the first time, reports the annual data of benthic fauna taken for the periods from May 1975 to July 1976. The results indicated that the number of species in this survey area were comparatively poor.For five sections,only 82 species of macrofauna have been identified,in which, 23 species were found to be dominant species. Species composition was dominanted by Crustaceans.Both the habitat density and biomass were also comparatively low, the mean were 442 Indiv./m2 and 22.1 gram./m2 respectively. Except for section A, number of species, density and biomass in all other sections turned out to decline progressively from high tide regions to low tide regions. The calculation of "percentage community affinity" for five sections indicated that sections B, C, D and E were very similar. The similarity of community at sections B, C, D and E were equally different from that of section A. The seasonal variation of organisms in this area could be attributed to the seasonal fluctuations of temperature and the seasonal transport of sediments due to seasonal winds. The community structure in this area was normal. The results from the analysis of the contents of adverse matters in water and substrate showed no sins of pollutions in this area.
1980, 2(4): 132-146.
Abstract:
A systematic discussion of the method for calculation of the irregular wave forces on a pile is presented and the formula for practical calculation are given in this paper.Comparison of various methods and four types of wave spectrums are made with examples.Finally,Some suggestions are made for their practical applications.
A systematic discussion of the method for calculation of the irregular wave forces on a pile is presented and the formula for practical calculation are given in this paper.Comparison of various methods and four types of wave spectrums are made with examples.Finally,Some suggestions are made for their practical applications.
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