1980 Vol. 2, No. 3
Display Method:
1980, 2(3): 1-11.
Abstract:
A well-mixed ultra-shallow water storm surge model with eddy viscosity which is a physically acceptable arbitrary function of depth is developed.The empirical linear law of bottom friction is derived,which provides a functional relationship between the eddy viscosity and the turbulence damping coefficient.An approach for establishing asymptotic vertical profiles of the eddy viscosity is proposed.Currents are estimated and compared with ones in the case of constant eddy viscosity.A theoretical estimation of time lag between the surge and the wind stress in a stage of quasistationary development of the surge shows agreement in order of magnitude with observed data.
A well-mixed ultra-shallow water storm surge model with eddy viscosity which is a physically acceptable arbitrary function of depth is developed.The empirical linear law of bottom friction is derived,which provides a functional relationship between the eddy viscosity and the turbulence damping coefficient.An approach for establishing asymptotic vertical profiles of the eddy viscosity is proposed.Currents are estimated and compared with ones in the case of constant eddy viscosity.A theoretical estimation of time lag between the surge and the wind stress in a stage of quasistationary development of the surge shows agreement in order of magnitude with observed data.
1980, 2(3): 12-23.
Abstract:
The storm surges are studied from the fundamental hydrodynamic equation of motion including the vertical eddy viscosity,and a generalized solution for the storm surges under the comined effects of the pressure field and the wind stress field is obtained.A fundamental mechanism of the surface elevation and of the generation of storm currents by typhoons travelling in shallow seas has also been give.Observed data agree with calculations.
The storm surges are studied from the fundamental hydrodynamic equation of motion including the vertical eddy viscosity,and a generalized solution for the storm surges under the comined effects of the pressure field and the wind stress field is obtained.A fundamental mechanism of the surface elevation and of the generation of storm currents by typhoons travelling in shallow seas has also been give.Observed data agree with calculations.
1980, 2(3): 24-37.
Abstract:
In this paper,special attention is paid to the analyses of the winds over sea surface and the currents in an ocean of infinite depth.With the aid of a simple air-sea planetary boundary layer model,the physically diagnostic analyses of the wind and the current profiles,the surface wind stress,the dissipation of energy and the Ekman pumping in the atmosphere as well as in the ocean under the actions of atmospheric large scale baroclinic disturbances are made in detail for an ocean of infinite depth.Strong emphasis is laid upon the effect of the atmospheric baroclinicity.Some theoretical results thus obtained is in agreement with the observations.
In this paper,special attention is paid to the analyses of the winds over sea surface and the currents in an ocean of infinite depth.With the aid of a simple air-sea planetary boundary layer model,the physically diagnostic analyses of the wind and the current profiles,the surface wind stress,the dissipation of energy and the Ekman pumping in the atmosphere as well as in the ocean under the actions of atmospheric large scale baroclinic disturbances are made in detail for an ocean of infinite depth.Strong emphasis is laid upon the effect of the atmospheric baroclinicity.Some theoretical results thus obtained is in agreement with the observations.
1980, 2(3): 39-50.
Abstract:
The data used in this study are monthly mean sea temperatures covering the Pacific between 50°N and 10°s during the period 1949-1975.In this paper,empirical orthogonal,correlation and energy spectrum analysis methods were used.We have analysed the seasonal variations,the geographical distributions and interannual variarions of the sea surface temperature and some relationships among the currents in the North Pacific Ocean.The charcteristics of the sea temperature anomalies in the North Pacific are shown as follows:the large horizontal extent;the large vertical depth,the strong anomalous magnitude and the significant longterm oscillation.Finally,the possible effects of the sea temperature anomalies on the general circulation,and the relationship between the sea surface temperature and the North Pacific Subtropical High have also been discussed.
The data used in this study are monthly mean sea temperatures covering the Pacific between 50°N and 10°s during the period 1949-1975.In this paper,empirical orthogonal,correlation and energy spectrum analysis methods were used.We have analysed the seasonal variations,the geographical distributions and interannual variarions of the sea surface temperature and some relationships among the currents in the North Pacific Ocean.The charcteristics of the sea temperature anomalies in the North Pacific are shown as follows:the large horizontal extent;the large vertical depth,the strong anomalous magnitude and the significant longterm oscillation.Finally,the possible effects of the sea temperature anomalies on the general circulation,and the relationship between the sea surface temperature and the North Pacific Subtropical High have also been discussed.
1980, 2(3): 51-58.
Abstract:
The relationship between vertical distribution of laser beam (6328A) attenuation and thermocline layer in the North Part of the Southern Yellow Sea and the offshore near Qingdao is discussed。Based on the in-situ measurements obtained in spring,summer and autumn during three years,the seasonal variations of the vertical distribution of the attenuation coefficient are described.Some improvements in the method of in-situ measurement are proposed.
The relationship between vertical distribution of laser beam (6328A) attenuation and thermocline layer in the North Part of the Southern Yellow Sea and the offshore near Qingdao is discussed。Based on the in-situ measurements obtained in spring,summer and autumn during three years,the seasonal variations of the vertical distribution of the attenuation coefficient are described.Some improvements in the method of in-situ measurement are proposed.
1980, 2(3): 59-67.
Abstract:
The "voids" in the CA-CTA blend membranes prepared ttnder different casting conditions have been experimentally observed with a general optical microscope,magnifying 80x.At the same time,the properties for reverse osmosis of the prepared blend membranes have also been studied.It was shown from the experimental results that:(1)when we slowed down the spreading rate of solution in casting,or decreased the casting temperature and increased the time of solvent evaporation,the elimination of voids was favored;(2)the composition of casting solution showed a significant effect on the number of voids:when we decreased the relatve amount of dioxane,added in acetic acid instead of malefic acid,or increased the amount of methanol and acetic acid in the casting solution,the number of voids was decreased;(3)when the temperature of the gelling bath was decreased or acetic acid was added in the gelling bath,the number of voids was decreased;(4)after the membranes have been subjected to heat treatment,no apparent change in the number of voids was observed;(5)When we selected suitable additives in the casting solution and adequate gelling conditions to eliminate the voids almost completely,the desalination properties of the membrane could be improved.
The "voids" in the CA-CTA blend membranes prepared ttnder different casting conditions have been experimentally observed with a general optical microscope,magnifying 80x.At the same time,the properties for reverse osmosis of the prepared blend membranes have also been studied.It was shown from the experimental results that:(1)when we slowed down the spreading rate of solution in casting,or decreased the casting temperature and increased the time of solvent evaporation,the elimination of voids was favored;(2)the composition of casting solution showed a significant effect on the number of voids:when we decreased the relatve amount of dioxane,added in acetic acid instead of malefic acid,or increased the amount of methanol and acetic acid in the casting solution,the number of voids was decreased;(3)when the temperature of the gelling bath was decreased or acetic acid was added in the gelling bath,the number of voids was decreased;(4)after the membranes have been subjected to heat treatment,no apparent change in the number of voids was observed;(5)When we selected suitable additives in the casting solution and adequate gelling conditions to eliminate the voids almost completely,the desalination properties of the membrane could be improved.
1980, 2(3): 68-78.
Abstract:
This paper describes the application of the technique of inverse polarography (anodic stripping voltammetry) with antiadsorption physical coating mercury electrode,which is convenient and highly sensitive for the determination of seawater,fishes,benthos,and other marine organisms,giving precise and rapid resulis.The technique has an advantage over other methods in that it requires only a small amount of sample and analytical solution.Neither filtration nor the addition of supporting electrolyte is needed.Ashed samples diluted by seawater can be directly used for the determination of Zn,Cd,Pb,and Cu.
This paper describes the application of the technique of inverse polarography (anodic stripping voltammetry) with antiadsorption physical coating mercury electrode,which is convenient and highly sensitive for the determination of seawater,fishes,benthos,and other marine organisms,giving precise and rapid resulis.The technique has an advantage over other methods in that it requires only a small amount of sample and analytical solution.Neither filtration nor the addition of supporting electrolyte is needed.Ashed samples diluted by seawater can be directly used for the determination of Zn,Cd,Pb,and Cu.
1980, 2(3): 79-89.
Abstract:
The basic problem of the tectonic movement is to trace its cause and the way it moves.In this paper,we consider that the earth consists of two independent components,the base body (the earths main part excluding the liquid on the surface) and the water body (the water of the ocean).The earth has a mass centre,while the base body and the water body each has its own mass centre,defined as "the secondary mass centres" in this paper.According to the principle of conservation of the original state of movement of the mass centre of a particle system and the conservation of original state of movement of the earth's mass centre,we suggest,that the basic cause of the tectonic movement originates from the force of the resilience of the two secondary mass centres,which also determines how the crust moves.
The basic problem of the tectonic movement is to trace its cause and the way it moves.In this paper,we consider that the earth consists of two independent components,the base body (the earths main part excluding the liquid on the surface) and the water body (the water of the ocean).The earth has a mass centre,while the base body and the water body each has its own mass centre,defined as "the secondary mass centres" in this paper.According to the principle of conservation of the original state of movement of the mass centre of a particle system and the conservation of original state of movement of the earth's mass centre,we suggest,that the basic cause of the tectonic movement originates from the force of the resilience of the two secondary mass centres,which also determines how the crust moves.
1980, 2(3): 90-97.
Abstract:
2.Dinophilidae (4) Dinophilus gyrociliatus O.Schmidt Dinophilus gyrociliatus O.Schmidt with sexual dimorphism,has been found in sediment at a depth of 200mm of the intertidal zone.This species was recorded for the first time from Chinese waters.Our specimens were obtained on 10th September,1964,when the temperature of sea water was 22℃.The worms were transferred into small dishes for culture.Three days after-wards one egg capsule was found (fig.10,C).The capsule looks like a deflated balloon with nine eggs inside,3 of which are small and may be the embryos of male.24 hours later,the egg capsule became large (fig.10,D).3 days later,four female juveniles were liberated from the,egg capsule,swim very actively in the culture dishes.There is a pair of red eyes (figs.10,E-F).The neotony female (fig.10,G) and the giant male (fig.10,H) Were hatched from the big eggs.but as they do not have any gut and are therefore short living.
2.Dinophilidae (4) Dinophilus gyrociliatus O.Schmidt Dinophilus gyrociliatus O.Schmidt with sexual dimorphism,has been found in sediment at a depth of 200mm of the intertidal zone.This species was recorded for the first time from Chinese waters.Our specimens were obtained on 10th September,1964,when the temperature of sea water was 22℃.The worms were transferred into small dishes for culture.Three days after-wards one egg capsule was found (fig.10,C).The capsule looks like a deflated balloon with nine eggs inside,3 of which are small and may be the embryos of male.24 hours later,the egg capsule became large (fig.10,D).3 days later,four female juveniles were liberated from the,egg capsule,swim very actively in the culture dishes.There is a pair of red eyes (figs.10,E-F).The neotony female (fig.10,G) and the giant male (fig.10,H) Were hatched from the big eggs.but as they do not have any gut and are therefore short living.
1980, 2(3): 98-110.
Abstract:
A further ecological survey of the coral reefs of the Xisha Qundao has been carried out during April-May,1976.The quantitative and qualitative data given in this paper were obtained by direct underwater observations using aqualung and skin diver,and by analyzing the transect work with quadar.ts.Transects were placed from the shore to seaward slopes along the NE,SW,SE,NW directions of the reef respectively.A wooden quadrat of 1 m2 was laid down at random at intervals of 50 m along the transect,thus numbers of species and percentage covered in per quadrat could be recorded.Shannon-Weaver's index was used to specify the divesity of the hermatypic corals.
A further ecological survey of the coral reefs of the Xisha Qundao has been carried out during April-May,1976.The quantitative and qualitative data given in this paper were obtained by direct underwater observations using aqualung and skin diver,and by analyzing the transect work with quadar.ts.Transects were placed from the shore to seaward slopes along the NE,SW,SE,NW directions of the reef respectively.A wooden quadrat of 1 m2 was laid down at random at intervals of 50 m along the transect,thus numbers of species and percentage covered in per quadrat could be recorded.Shannon-Weaver's index was used to specify the divesity of the hermatypic corals.
1980, 2(3): 111-122.
Abstract:
Between April,1974 and August,1977 an investigation on marine fouling organisms was undertaken in the bay of Bohai (Fig.1).Two sites,i.e Tientsin Hsinkang and Fourth platform,were selected,representing different environmental conditions,from coastal harbours to offshor waters.The method employed in this survey was panel test for short and long periods (monthly,seasonally,and yearly).In addition,a survey of fouling organisms on various ships and other underwater construction (including wharfs,gates,piles,etc.)was carried out.The dominant species of the fouling community of Hsinkang are Bdlanus irnprovisus and Molqnld mdnhdttensis.Their attachment occurs in summer and autumn.The monthly wet weght of fouling orgainsms fluctuates from 0-4975g/m2 whilst the seasonal wet weight ranges from 0-5559g/m2.
Between April,1974 and August,1977 an investigation on marine fouling organisms was undertaken in the bay of Bohai (Fig.1).Two sites,i.e Tientsin Hsinkang and Fourth platform,were selected,representing different environmental conditions,from coastal harbours to offshor waters.The method employed in this survey was panel test for short and long periods (monthly,seasonally,and yearly).In addition,a survey of fouling organisms on various ships and other underwater construction (including wharfs,gates,piles,etc.)was carried out.The dominant species of the fouling community of Hsinkang are Bdlanus irnprovisus and Molqnld mdnhdttensis.Their attachment occurs in summer and autumn.The monthly wet weght of fouling orgainsms fluctuates from 0-4975g/m2 whilst the seasonal wet weight ranges from 0-5559g/m2.
1980, 2(3): 123-136.
Abstract:
According to an analysis of the dynamic characteristics of ships moored at the offshore terminals under the action of wind-waves,the moored ship system may be simplified into a linear one.Introducing the transfer funtion Y√e(ω),the impact energy of moored ships to the terminals by the random sea may be obtained from the spectra of ocean waves.Furthermore,by using the directional function of ocean waves Y2 (α),the directional spectrum of the impact by ships can be estimated.From the experimental data a semi-empirical formula for calcufating the transfer function Y√e(ω) for oil-tanker with a displacement from 50,000 d.w.t.to 200,000 d.w.t.and an empirical formula for calculating the directional function of impact Y2 (α) are given in this paper.The results show that the spectrum of ocean waves has significant influence to the impact energy of ships.The value of impact energy calculated by the method of regular waves is compared to the method of irregular waves,and the influence of the directional distribution of ocean waves is also considered.
According to an analysis of the dynamic characteristics of ships moored at the offshore terminals under the action of wind-waves,the moored ship system may be simplified into a linear one.Introducing the transfer funtion Y√e(ω),the impact energy of moored ships to the terminals by the random sea may be obtained from the spectra of ocean waves.Furthermore,by using the directional function of ocean waves Y2 (α),the directional spectrum of the impact by ships can be estimated.From the experimental data a semi-empirical formula for calcufating the transfer function Y√e(ω) for oil-tanker with a displacement from 50,000 d.w.t.to 200,000 d.w.t.and an empirical formula for calculating the directional function of impact Y2 (α) are given in this paper.The results show that the spectrum of ocean waves has significant influence to the impact energy of ships.The value of impact energy calculated by the method of regular waves is compared to the method of irregular waves,and the influence of the directional distribution of ocean waves is also considered.
1980, 2(3): 137-152.
Abstract:
The method of estimating wave action on the pillar with rectangular section based on the linear wave theory has been developed,a pradical exmple is given.Comparision between calculated and experimental data shows good agreement.
The method of estimating wave action on the pillar with rectangular section based on the linear wave theory has been developed,a pradical exmple is given.Comparision between calculated and experimental data shows good agreement.
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