1979 Vol. 1, No. 1
Display Method:
1979, 1(1): 1-16.
Abstract:
Based on the methods of simulating single process in ocean waves proposed by Borgman,Goda,etc.,three simulation techniques for joint processes are presented.The first one is characterized by regression of the processes to be simulated;the second,as discussed by Borgman in his paper,is associated with the multiple linear system selected properly,with the vectorvalued white noise processes as its inputs the third is based on the superposition of an infinite number of component waves.These approaches can be considered as generalization of those methods for single process in ocean waves used before.In addition,design of numerical filters is described.
Based on the methods of simulating single process in ocean waves proposed by Borgman,Goda,etc.,three simulation techniques for joint processes are presented.The first one is characterized by regression of the processes to be simulated;the second,as discussed by Borgman in his paper,is associated with the multiple linear system selected properly,with the vectorvalued white noise processes as its inputs the third is based on the superposition of an infinite number of component waves.These approaches can be considered as generalization of those methods for single process in ocean waves used before.In addition,design of numerical filters is described.
1979, 1(1): 17-38.
Abstract:
This article deals with ocean currents and storm surges in a shallow sea from the point of view of atmosphere-ocean interaction.With ignoring heat transfer at the air-sea interface,a four layer quasi-balanced dynamical model for a satisfactory simulation of the structure of atmospheric and oceanic planetary layers is proposed.The velocity structures of both atmospheric and oceanic planetary boundary layers are obtained by an analytical approach.In addition,a formula to calculate the surface wind at sea is derived and discussed briefly.Based on the ocean current profiles thus obtained,an equation for numerical prediction of shallow water storm surges is separately given,in which physical factors such as baroclinity of atmosphere,roughness of sea surface,bottom configuration and dependences of coefficients of eddy viscosity in both fluid mediums upon the height or the depth are taken into account.The equation may be solved numerically under appropriate lateral boundary conditions and initial conditions,if the observed or the predicted air pressure and temperature over the Sea and the surface water temperature as well as other physical parameters are known.
This article deals with ocean currents and storm surges in a shallow sea from the point of view of atmosphere-ocean interaction.With ignoring heat transfer at the air-sea interface,a four layer quasi-balanced dynamical model for a satisfactory simulation of the structure of atmospheric and oceanic planetary layers is proposed.The velocity structures of both atmospheric and oceanic planetary boundary layers are obtained by an analytical approach.In addition,a formula to calculate the surface wind at sea is derived and discussed briefly.Based on the ocean current profiles thus obtained,an equation for numerical prediction of shallow water storm surges is separately given,in which physical factors such as baroclinity of atmosphere,roughness of sea surface,bottom configuration and dependences of coefficients of eddy viscosity in both fluid mediums upon the height or the depth are taken into account.The equation may be solved numerically under appropriate lateral boundary conditions and initial conditions,if the observed or the predicted air pressure and temperature over the Sea and the surface water temperature as well as other physical parameters are known.
1979, 1(1): 39-51.
Abstract:
Accurate estimation of marine surface winds is necessary to a numerical model for the prediction of oceanic wind waves.In this paper,a method of marine surface winds estimation based on a two layer model of the atmospheric boundary layer is described.The atmospheric boundary layer is assumed to be separated into two regions:surface layer and Ekman layer.According to the viewpoint of similarity theory of the boundary layer,the effects of thermal stratification on the surface layer wind distribution of the atmosphere are taken into account.The universal funtions,in the equation that represents the vertical wind profile in this layer,are gives from the relationships derived by Businger etc (1971).In the Ekman layer,the vertical wind profile is specified by the Ekman}s solution,taking into account the baroclinic effects.To examine the model computation of the winds has been made and it is found that the marine surface wind fields from the computation,in the main,agree with those obtained from the analysis based on ship observations.Forecasting tests were made by use of the boundary layer model combined with numerical weather prediction model and it is expected that this model can be used in the routine operation.
Accurate estimation of marine surface winds is necessary to a numerical model for the prediction of oceanic wind waves.In this paper,a method of marine surface winds estimation based on a two layer model of the atmospheric boundary layer is described.The atmospheric boundary layer is assumed to be separated into two regions:surface layer and Ekman layer.According to the viewpoint of similarity theory of the boundary layer,the effects of thermal stratification on the surface layer wind distribution of the atmosphere are taken into account.The universal funtions,in the equation that represents the vertical wind profile in this layer,are gives from the relationships derived by Businger etc (1971).In the Ekman layer,the vertical wind profile is specified by the Ekman}s solution,taking into account the baroclinic effects.To examine the model computation of the winds has been made and it is found that the marine surface wind fields from the computation,in the main,agree with those obtained from the analysis based on ship observations.Forecasting tests were made by use of the boundary layer model combined with numerical weather prediction model and it is expected that this model can be used in the routine operation.
1979, 1(1): 52-57.
Abstract:
An approximate method is suggested to calculate the transmission loss of sound field in homogeneous shallow water with sea bottom,the reflection loss of which is arbitrary monotonely increasing function of angle.The shallow water layer is considered as angular filter with beamwidth,varying with distance.An "equivilent rectangular filter" method is suggested and a simple relation between angular function of bottom-reflection-loss and range dependence of transmission loss of sound field is found.For the case of approximation in linear segments,the "transition ranges" of sound field correspond to the turning points of bottom-reflection-loss curve.The angular dependence of bottom-reflection-loss can be easily calculated from the transmission loss data.Results are compared with "three-parameter-model" as a special case.
An approximate method is suggested to calculate the transmission loss of sound field in homogeneous shallow water with sea bottom,the reflection loss of which is arbitrary monotonely increasing function of angle.The shallow water layer is considered as angular filter with beamwidth,varying with distance.An "equivilent rectangular filter" method is suggested and a simple relation between angular function of bottom-reflection-loss and range dependence of transmission loss of sound field is found.For the case of approximation in linear segments,the "transition ranges" of sound field correspond to the turning points of bottom-reflection-loss curve.The angular dependence of bottom-reflection-loss can be easily calculated from the transmission loss data.Results are compared with "three-parameter-model" as a special case.
1979, 1(1): 58-64.
Abstract:
In this paper,a series of "three parameters" model of boundary reflection loss has been considered.It is important,to determine in what a manner the prameters infiuence the averaged field structure.A "displacrnental structure control" effect was given for the averaged field intensity in a homogeneous layer.
In this paper,a series of "three parameters" model of boundary reflection loss has been considered.It is important,to determine in what a manner the prameters infiuence the averaged field structure.A "displacrnental structure control" effect was given for the averaged field intensity in a homogeneous layer.
1979, 1(1): 65-76.
Abstract:
The adsorption of reactive silicate in sea water on colloidal Fe(OH)3 and Al(OH)3 precipitates has been studied quantitatively in the laboratory in order to find out the extent of the adsorption under conditions similar to those occur in natural environments,the type of adsorption process,and also the more acceptable mechanism of the silicate removal in the estuarial region.Adsorption isotherms under different Cl‰,pH,and composition of electrolytes have been obtained and isosteric heats of adsorption have been calculated.Desorption experiments have been done by washing the adsorption residues with NaCl,Na2SO4,MgCl2 or NaOH solution.Some residues were re-dissolved by 0.02 N HC1 to determine the form of the adsorbed silicate.
The adsorption of reactive silicate in sea water on colloidal Fe(OH)3 and Al(OH)3 precipitates has been studied quantitatively in the laboratory in order to find out the extent of the adsorption under conditions similar to those occur in natural environments,the type of adsorption process,and also the more acceptable mechanism of the silicate removal in the estuarial region.Adsorption isotherms under different Cl‰,pH,and composition of electrolytes have been obtained and isosteric heats of adsorption have been calculated.Desorption experiments have been done by washing the adsorption residues with NaCl,Na2SO4,MgCl2 or NaOH solution.Some residues were re-dissolved by 0.02 N HC1 to determine the form of the adsorbed silicate.
1979, 1(1): 77-89.
Abstract:
This article suggests a "filmprogressive model" for inorganic ion exchange in sea water,whose features are simplicity and ease of mathematical treatment.It has a good straight line relationship when experimental data are plotted into graphs and there is a quantitative relationship between it and B.A.M theory and its formulae.Using this mudel and mathematical equations it has been decided that the rate of ion exchange of uranium (Ⅵ) and hydrous titanium oxide and/or Aluminium-Activated Carbon composite exchanger throughout the whole process is controlled by film-diffusion.Experiments prove "film progressive model" is correct under conditions of minor components and in sea water.It is at Least as effective as B.A.M theory.This model will exhibit its theoretical guiding effect in the comprehensive utilization of marine resources,in marine pollution and prevention,in marine geochemistry of elements and suchlike spheres in so far as the study of kinetical problems are concerned.
This article suggests a "filmprogressive model" for inorganic ion exchange in sea water,whose features are simplicity and ease of mathematical treatment.It has a good straight line relationship when experimental data are plotted into graphs and there is a quantitative relationship between it and B.A.M theory and its formulae.Using this mudel and mathematical equations it has been decided that the rate of ion exchange of uranium (Ⅵ) and hydrous titanium oxide and/or Aluminium-Activated Carbon composite exchanger throughout the whole process is controlled by film-diffusion.Experiments prove "film progressive model" is correct under conditions of minor components and in sea water.It is at Least as effective as B.A.M theory.This model will exhibit its theoretical guiding effect in the comprehensive utilization of marine resources,in marine pollution and prevention,in marine geochemistry of elements and suchlike spheres in so far as the study of kinetical problems are concerned.
1979, 1(1): 90-102.
Abstract:
This article is a study of the new method of direct determination of minor cadmium and chromium in seawater by means of colorimetry,using reline of Chinese manufacture.The basis of this method is that ion exchanger is a translucent body,which enriehes in diluted solutions and can be subjected to direct spectrophotometric determination,under certain conditions,after colouring appears on it,making it unnecessary to get its eluate for examination.Experiments prove that as to systems with high distribution ration,their density as against the concentration of resinphase sample complex to be identified shows a straight line relationship,and similarly with their density against the primary concentration in liquid phase.This is the basis of the quantitative analysis of this new method,which is tens of times higher in sensitivity than the conventional colorimetry of liquide.Its ease of manipulation,elimination of the use of expensive instruments (e.g.in our experiments speotrophotometer type 721.of Chinese manufacture was used) and poisonous reagents makes it suitable for exteasive adoption with promising prospects,such as for enviromental analysis.
This article is a study of the new method of direct determination of minor cadmium and chromium in seawater by means of colorimetry,using reline of Chinese manufacture.The basis of this method is that ion exchanger is a translucent body,which enriehes in diluted solutions and can be subjected to direct spectrophotometric determination,under certain conditions,after colouring appears on it,making it unnecessary to get its eluate for examination.Experiments prove that as to systems with high distribution ration,their density as against the concentration of resinphase sample complex to be identified shows a straight line relationship,and similarly with their density against the primary concentration in liquid phase.This is the basis of the quantitative analysis of this new method,which is tens of times higher in sensitivity than the conventional colorimetry of liquide.Its ease of manipulation,elimination of the use of expensive instruments (e.g.in our experiments speotrophotometer type 721.of Chinese manufacture was used) and poisonous reagents makes it suitable for exteasive adoption with promising prospects,such as for enviromental analysis.
1979, 1(1): 103-111.
Abstract:
This paper,based upon field observations,hydrological surveys and historical literture,is intended to reveal the development of the Chang Jiang River Estuary during the last 2000 years.According to the authors,the sequence of events in its development may be epitomized as follows:(1)gradual growth of shoals near by the south bank,(2)attachment of shoals and isIand to the north bank;(3)narrowing of the estuarine reach,(4)formation of a normal channel,(5)deepening of the channel.Such a developmental model is of great significance in the theory as well as in practice.
This paper,based upon field observations,hydrological surveys and historical literture,is intended to reveal the development of the Chang Jiang River Estuary during the last 2000 years.According to the authors,the sequence of events in its development may be epitomized as follows:(1)gradual growth of shoals near by the south bank,(2)attachment of shoals and isIand to the north bank;(3)narrowing of the estuarine reach,(4)formation of a normal channel,(5)deepening of the channel.Such a developmental model is of great significance in the theory as well as in practice.
1979, 1(1): 112-119.
Abstract:
A series of genetic experiments on parthenogenesis has been carried out in Undaria pinnatifita since 197.The nature of this investigation is quite similar to that done in Laminaria japonica,and similar results have been obtained.The.originai materials used to collect the zoospores were taken from the sea shore and the mature sporophytes were believed to be highly heterozygous in heredity.The methods applied were as follows:Isolation of single,individual female gametophytes was carefully made,one slide containing only one gametophyte.Cultivation of the gametophytes was mainly at 15-20℃.Light intensity was about 1500 luxes.Illumination with white fluorescent light was 10 hours a day.The culture medium was made by boiled sea water with the addition of suitable concentration of mineral salts such as P-0.4ppm and N-4ppm.
A series of genetic experiments on parthenogenesis has been carried out in Undaria pinnatifita since 197.The nature of this investigation is quite similar to that done in Laminaria japonica,and similar results have been obtained.The.originai materials used to collect the zoospores were taken from the sea shore and the mature sporophytes were believed to be highly heterozygous in heredity.The methods applied were as follows:Isolation of single,individual female gametophytes was carefully made,one slide containing only one gametophyte.Cultivation of the gametophytes was mainly at 15-20℃.Light intensity was about 1500 luxes.Illumination with white fluorescent light was 10 hours a day.The culture medium was made by boiled sea water with the addition of suitable concentration of mineral salts such as P-0.4ppm and N-4ppm.
1979, 1(1): 120-126.
Abstract:
(1)We treated the seedlings of Laminaria japonica with MnCl2 solution in various conceiitrations of 5,10,20,50,100,200 ppm.When treated with low concentrations of MnCl2 solutions of 5,10,20,50ppm,the growth of the seavreed both in length and in weight is evidently enhanced,The optimum concentrations are 10 and 20 ppm.Higher concentrations,such as 100,200 ppm,are inhibiting to the growth of the plant.But at the time of harvest,the contents of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus of all the seaweed treated with various concentra ons of Mn are higher than that of the control group.The carbon and nitrogen contents are the highest in the 10 and.20 ppm Mn treated groups,and ph sphorus contents are the highest in the 20 and 50 ppm Mn treated groups.
(1)We treated the seedlings of Laminaria japonica with MnCl2 solution in various conceiitrations of 5,10,20,50,100,200 ppm.When treated with low concentrations of MnCl2 solutions of 5,10,20,50ppm,the growth of the seavreed both in length and in weight is evidently enhanced,The optimum concentrations are 10 and 20 ppm.Higher concentrations,such as 100,200 ppm,are inhibiting to the growth of the plant.But at the time of harvest,the contents of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus of all the seaweed treated with various concentra ons of Mn are higher than that of the control group.The carbon and nitrogen contents are the highest in the 10 and.20 ppm Mn treated groups,and ph sphorus contents are the highest in the 20 and 50 ppm Mn treated groups.
1979, 1(1): 127-137.
Abstract:
1.In the present paper,synthetic records of 138 species of the Hydromedusae from the China Sea Areas (Table 1.),belonging to 71 genera in 32 families,has been reported.There have been found 55 species belonging to Anthomedusae,57 to Leptomedusae,8 to Limnomedusae,10 to Trachymedusae,and 9 to Narcomedusae.2.The number of species found along the coastal waters of China decreases with the increase of latitudes.According to the present records,there are 13 species found in the Pohai,55 in the Yellow Sea,95 in the East China Sea Areas,95 in the South China Sea.Based on the Zoogeographical distribution of the Hydromedusae of the China Sea Areas,23 species are West-Pacific-elements,25 are Indo-West Pacific elements,34 are Atlantic and Pacific elements,and 56 are widely distributed over the three great oceans.
1.In the present paper,synthetic records of 138 species of the Hydromedusae from the China Sea Areas (Table 1.),belonging to 71 genera in 32 families,has been reported.There have been found 55 species belonging to Anthomedusae,57 to Leptomedusae,8 to Limnomedusae,10 to Trachymedusae,and 9 to Narcomedusae.2.The number of species found along the coastal waters of China decreases with the increase of latitudes.According to the present records,there are 13 species found in the Pohai,55 in the Yellow Sea,95 in the East China Sea Areas,95 in the South China Sea.Based on the Zoogeographical distribution of the Hydromedusae of the China Sea Areas,23 species are West-Pacific-elements,25 are Indo-West Pacific elements,34 are Atlantic and Pacific elements,and 56 are widely distributed over the three great oceans.
1979, 1(1): 138-156.
Abstract:
To provide sufficient seeds for rapidly developing mussel culture,a series of experiments on large scale artificial rearing of mussel spats has been conducted since 1972.In 1973 and 1974,each year we produced over ten million spats in the seven indoor tanks with the total amount of sea water being 20 M3.In 1973,6.69 million spats were harvested from a single concrete tank holding 2.4 M3 of sea water,and in 1974,2.77 million spats were harvested from another concrete tank of the same capacity,giving outputs of 2.29 million and 1.15 million spats per cubic meter of tank water respectively.In 1974,the spats having been transplanted into the sea for some time,2.50 million seed mussels about 2 cm in size were collected and distributed over an area of 10 mow (2/3 hectare) for further growth.Since the artificially reared spats were produced earlier than the natural ones,their growth started earlier too.In the spring of next year,the mussels reached shell sizes of more than 5 cm and were successfully harvested.This early experfence proved that large scale artificial rearing of seed mussels is not only possible but also very promising.
To provide sufficient seeds for rapidly developing mussel culture,a series of experiments on large scale artificial rearing of mussel spats has been conducted since 1972.In 1973 and 1974,each year we produced over ten million spats in the seven indoor tanks with the total amount of sea water being 20 M3.In 1973,6.69 million spats were harvested from a single concrete tank holding 2.4 M3 of sea water,and in 1974,2.77 million spats were harvested from another concrete tank of the same capacity,giving outputs of 2.29 million and 1.15 million spats per cubic meter of tank water respectively.In 1974,the spats having been transplanted into the sea for some time,2.50 million seed mussels about 2 cm in size were collected and distributed over an area of 10 mow (2/3 hectare) for further growth.Since the artificially reared spats were produced earlier than the natural ones,their growth started earlier too.In the spring of next year,the mussels reached shell sizes of more than 5 cm and were successfully harvested.This early experfence proved that large scale artificial rearing of seed mussels is not only possible but also very promising.
1979, 1(1): 157-175.
Abstract:
The present paper deals with the characteristics of the embryonic,larval,juvenile and young fish stages of Mullet,with an emphasis on the correlation between their morphogenesis and ecological activities.It is notable that the change of feeding habit of the fry coincides closely with the development of some organs.Materials used are obtained partly by artificial fertilization and partly from the samples collected with plankton nets during the spawning seasons of the fish at Haichow Bay,Kiangsu Province in 1961-1963.The eggs and larvae reared successfully in our laboratory and outdoor cement ponds.
The present paper deals with the characteristics of the embryonic,larval,juvenile and young fish stages of Mullet,with an emphasis on the correlation between their morphogenesis and ecological activities.It is notable that the change of feeding habit of the fry coincides closely with the development of some organs.Materials used are obtained partly by artificial fertilization and partly from the samples collected with plankton nets during the spawning seasons of the fish at Haichow Bay,Kiangsu Province in 1961-1963.The eggs and larvae reared successfully in our laboratory and outdoor cement ponds.
Email alert
RSS