Response of tidal dynamics to geomorphic evolution and depositional effects in the Huanghe River Delta
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摘要: 近年来自然过程和人类活动显著改变了黄河入海流路以及近岸地貌格局，而剧烈的地貌演变对近岸水动力环境的影响尚未得到充分研究。为厘清近30年来黄河三角洲近岸水文动力格局对地貌演变的响应过程，本文基于Landsat系列遥感影像和多期测深数据，分析了1992–2020年黄河三角洲岸线和地形变化，并采用TELEMAC-2D建立了多套覆盖整个渤海的数值模型，研究了地貌演变对黄河三角洲邻近海域潮汐动力的影响及其沉积效应。结果表明，黄河三角洲近岸冲淤格局呈现显著的时空异质性，分布多个淤积和侵蚀中心，且2000–2020年南侧老清水沟外侵蚀中心向南移动9.6 km，1992–2015年北侧刁口河口外侵蚀中心东移6.4 km。中长时间尺度黄河三角洲岸线和地形变化主导了潮汐动态，三角洲北部刁口河口近岸潮差减小，清水沟河口外潮差增大，–5 m水深处的潮差变化增大幅度达0.27 m；黄河口近岸K1分潮振幅显著增加，M2分潮振幅明显减小，东营港附近无潮点向东迁移3.8 km。刁口河口和老河口外高流速区持续减弱，现行河口外逐渐发育形成另一高流速区，持续稳定的高流速区造成了水下三角洲的冲刷，南北侧高流速区沉积物粗化。Abstract: In recent years, natural processes and human activities have significantly altered the Huanghe River channel and the coastal geomorphic pattern, while the impact of the dramatic geomorphic evolution on the coastal hydrodynamics has not been fully studied. Based on series images captured by the Landsat satellites and bathymetric measurements, this paper analyzed the shorelines and topography changes of the Huanghe River Delta from 1992 to 2020. Several sets of numerical models covering the entire Bohai Sea were established by TELEMAC-2D to investigate the response of tidal dynamics to geomorphic evolution and its depositional effects in the Huanghe River Delta. The results show that the erosion and deposition had significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity, and there were multiple siltation and erosion centers. The erosion center outside the old Qingshuigou Estuary moved 9.6 km to the south during 2000–2020, and the one outside the Diaokou Estuary moved 6.4 km to the east during 1992–2015. The tidal dynamics were dominated by the coastline and terrain changes on the medium and long time scales. The tidal range of the Diaokou estuary decreased, while the old and the new estuary increased. And the tidal range at –5 m depth had a maximum variation of 0.27 m. The K1 tidal amplitude increased significantly, while the M2 tidal amplitude was considerably reduced, and the amphidromic point near Dongying port eastward migration of 3.8 km. The high velocity outside the Diaokou estuary and the old estuary continued to weaken, and another high velocity area gradually developed outside the current estuary. The continuous and stable high velocity area caused the erosion of the subaqueous delta and the coarsening of sediment.
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图 1 研究区概况
a. 黄河流域；b. 黄河三角洲及其邻近海域
Fig. 1 Sketch map of the study area
a. The Yellow River Basin; b. the Yellow River Delta and its adjacent seas
图 2 测深站点和地形插值结果（a）和沉积物粒径采样点分布（b）
Fig. 2 Distributions of bathymetric surveying stations and interpolated bathymetry (a) and surface sediment sampling sites (b)
图 3 部分研究区域边缘点分布（a），研究区缩略图（b），PlanetScope影像边缘点细节图（c），Landsat影像边缘点细节图（d）
Fig. 3 Layout of edge-points in the part of study area (a), local thumbnails (b), edge-points details of planetscope (c), edge-points details of landsat images (d)
图 5 2009年和2018年模型计算水位与潮位站观测结果对比
Fig. 5 Comparisons between the simulated water elevation and the observed values in 2009 and 2018
图 6 模型模拟2007年渤海分潮同潮图
Fig. 6 Simulated co-tidal charts of tidal constituents in the Bohai Sea in 2007
图 7 模型计算结果与观测站点流速流向对比
Fig. 7 Comparisons of computed and measured current velocity and direction
图 8 1992-2020年黄河三角洲岸线动态变化
Fig. 8 Shoreline dynamics of the Yellow River Delta from 1992 to 2020
图 9 黄河三角洲近岸水深典型断面分布及D1-D4断面水深变化
Fig. 9 Location of bathymetry profiles of the Yellow River Delta and variations of selected cross-shore profiles of D1-D4
图 10 1992–2020年黄河水下三角洲地貌演变过程
Fig. 10 Morphological changes of the Huanghe River Subaqueous Delta
图 11 1992–2000年（a）和2007–2020年（b）渤海平均潮差分布
Fig. 11 Tidal ranges in the Bohai Sea during 1992–2000 (a) and 2007–2020 (b)
图 12 三角洲近岸等距离潮差提取点位置（a）和对应潮差变化（b）
Fig. 12 Locations of equidistant points along the Huanghe River Delta (a) and changes in tidal range (b)
图 13 1992年与2020年K1、M2振幅和相位对比图
Fig. 13 Changes in M2 and K1 tidal amplitudes and phases between 1992 and 2020
图 14 1992年与2000–2020年各年份M2分潮振幅差对比
Fig. 14 Changes in M2 tidal amplitudes between 1992 and 2000–2020
图 15 黄河三角洲近岸涨急的流场分布
Fig. 15 Velocity distributions at maximum flood phases in the Huanghe River Delta
图 16 表层沉积物中值粒径空间分布图
Fig. 16 Spatial distribution of median grain size of surface sediment in the Huanghe River Delta
表 1 卫星遥感影像来源
Tab. 1 List of different satellite date
编号 成像时间 卫星传感器 潮高/cm 编号 成像时间 传感器 潮高/cm 1 1992年8月24日 TM 95.30 11 2007年5月14日 TM 120.80 2 1992年9月25日 TM 112.95 12 2007年5月30日 TM 118.8 3 1992年11月12日 TM 62.30 13 2015年3月1日 OLI_TIRS 82.73 4 1992年12月14日 TM 38.55 14 2015年5月4日 OLI_TIRS 96.15 5 2000年2月4日 TM 85.75 15 2015年10月11日 OLI_TIRS 112.32 6 2000年2月20日 TM 74.00 16 2015年10月27日 OLI_TIRS 96.83 7 2000年3月7日 TM 67.00 17 2020年5月1日 OLI_TIRS 144.37 8 2000年4月8日 TM 93.20 18 2020年5月17日 OLI_TIRS 133.27 9 2007年2月7日 TM 52.00 19 2020年7月20日 OLI_TIRS 138.22 10 2007年3月11日 TM 70.00 20 2020年10月24日 OLI_TIRS 42.80 
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表 2 精度验证结果
Tab. 2 Results of accuracy verification
类型 非水体 水体 小计 用户精度 总体精度 Kappa系数 非水体 118 13 131 0.901 水体 4 109 113 0.965 小计 122 122 244 0.930 0.861 生产者精度 0.967 0.893
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表 3 黄河水下三角洲冲淤体积和速率
Tab. 3 Erosion/accretion volumes and rates at the Huanghe River Subaqueous Delta
时间 淤积% 侵蚀% 淤积量（108 m3） 侵蚀量（108 m3） 净变化（108 m3） 净变化率（108m3/yr） 1992−2000 73 27 80.54 30.11 50.43 6.30 2000−2007 15 85 16.61 94.26 −77.66 −11.09 2007−2015 77 23 86.33 25.19 61.14 7.64 2015−2020 31 69 10.50 23.80 −13.29 −2.66
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