Spatial and temporal characteristics and trend of pH in the Bohai Sea
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摘要: 基于2011−2017年海水pH和环境参数数据，应用格网统计和时空矩阵方法，研究各环境单元内pH和环境因子同比变化及相关性，并对影响不同季节、区域和水体层次的相关因子作差异性分析，结果显示：(1) 2011−2017年间，渤海区域pH的空间分布整体相对稳定，各环境单元表层pH平均值为7.95～8.38，底层pH平均值为7.89～8.35，平均值绝对变化为1～1.5个标准差；(2)各环境单元pH时间序列趋于同步变化，由于空间分布不同，局部单元间存在差异，研究认为冬季表层pH低值和盐度高值空间分布特征一致；(3)渤海区域pH与叶绿素a浓度呈现显著正相关，表层pH季节性特征明显，且与叶绿素a时空分布特征一致，生物因素对近岸表层水体pH的调节起重要作用；(4) 8月间渤海底层出现pH局部低值的区域，分析发现这与水体层化形成低氧区域相一致，同时发现底层pH与溶解氧呈显著正相关；(5)利用格网化数据处理技术和时空矩阵分析方法，进一步显化了pH和环境因子特征信息，对气候变化下长时间尺度的分析研究提供了很好的技术支撑。Abstract: Based on the data of pH and environmental parameters from 2011 to 2017, using the method of grid statistics and time-space matrix, contrastive analysis of pH in each environmental unit and the correlation of pH and environmental factors were studied. Furthermore, the differences of relevant factors affecting different seasons, regions and water levels were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) during from 2011 to 2017, the spatial distribution of pH was relatively stable in the Bohai Sea, the average value of surface pH in environmental units was from 7.95 to 8.38, the bottom was from 7.89 to 8.35, the absolute variation of average value was 1−1.5 standard deviations; (2) the time series of pH in each environmental unit tend to change synchronously, but there were differences among the units due to the different spatial distribution, the distribution characteristic of surface pH in winter was consistent with the saline; (3) there was a significant positive correlation between pH and chlorophyll a content in the Bohai Sea, and the surface pH varied seasonally, which was obviously consistent with distribution and variation characteristics of chlorophyll a, therefore, biological factor played an important role in regulating the pH of surface water; (4) the low value region of pH in Bohai Sea bottom in August was consistent with the formation of hypoxic zones by regional water stratification, and it was found that the bottom pH was positively correlated with dissolved oxygen; (5) the characteristic information of acidification indicators was further displayed by gridding processing technology and time-space matrix analysis method, which provided a good technical support for long-time scale analysis and research under climate change.
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Key words:
- pH /
- Bohai Sea /
- distribution characteristic /
- environmental factor /
- time-space matrix /
- grid statistic
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图 1 格网环境单元分布及数据统计信息
图中黑色斜体数字标记的网格为研究格网单元，分别代表环境单元1～5；带有星号标记的黑色数据代表该格网内水质数据站位数，未带有标记的黑色数据代表格网内海水表层CO2分压（单位：μatm）记录数
Fig. 1 Grid environment unit distribution and data statistics
The grids with black italics in the figure were the research grid units, which represents unit one to unit five. Black data marked with an asterisk represents the water quality station numbers, and the unmarked black data represent the number of CO2 pressure (uint: μatm) records
图 3 叶绿素a含量时空矩阵分布
灰色单元表示数据缺失；白色单元表示指标值在正常含量范围（与长期历史值间存在0.5个标准差）之内；红色单元表示指标值高于正常含量；蓝色单元表示指标值低于正常含量；矩阵单元显示颜色越明显，表示异常幅度越大
Fig. 3 Temporal and spatial matrix distribution of chlorophyll a content
A grey cell indicates missing data; a white cell indicates anormal value (within 0.5 standard deviation of the long-term mean value); a red cell indicates above-normal conditions, and a blue cell indicates below-normal; more intense colours indicate larger anomalies
图 4 溶解氧含量时空矩阵分布
灰色单元表示数据缺失；白色单元表示指标值在正常含量范围（与长期历史值间存在0.5个标准差）之内；红色单元表示指标值高于正常含量；蓝色单元表示指标值低于正常含量；矩阵单元显示颜色越明显，表示异常幅度越大
Fig. 4 Temporal and spatial matrix distribution of dissolved oxygen content
A grey cell indicates missing data; a white cell indicates anormal value (within 0.5 standard deviation of the long-term mean value); a red cell indicates above-normal conditions, and a blue cell indicates below-normal; more intense colours indicate larger anomalies
图 5 盐度时空矩阵分布
灰色单元表示数据缺失；白色单元表示指标值在正常含量范围（与长期历史值间存在0.5个标准差）之内；红色单元表示指标值高于正常含量；蓝色单元表示指标值低于正常含量；矩阵单元显示颜色越明显，表示异常幅度越大
Fig. 5 Temporal and spatial matrix distribution of salinity
A grey cell indicates missing data; a white cell indicates anormal value (within 0.5 standard deviation of the long-term mean value); a red cell indicates above-normal conditions, and a blue cell indicates below-normal; more intense colours indicate larger anomalies
图 2 pH时空矩阵分布
灰色单元表示数据缺失；白色单元表示指标值在正常含量范围（与长期历史值间存在0.5个标准差）之内；红色单元表示指标值高于正常含量；蓝色单元表示指标值低于正常含量；矩阵单元显示颜色越明显，表示异常幅度越大
Fig. 2 Temporal and spatial matrix distribution of pH
A grey cell indicates missing data; a white cell indicates anormal value (within 0.5 standard deviation of the long-term mean value); a red cell indicates above-normal conditions, and a blue cell indicates below-normal; more intense colours indicate larger anomalies
表 1 pH平均值和变化特征
Tab. 1 Mean value of pH content and changing characteristics
环境单元 层次 pH平均值 月份 周期特征 阈值 标准差 2 6 8 10 1 表层 7.98～8.38 0.095 
显著 底层 8.04～8.34 0.071 局部显著 2 表层 8.03～8.36 0.098 显著 底层 7.93～8.28 0.094 显著 3 表层 7.96～8.35 0.094 显著 底层 7.94～8.35 0.094 局部显著 4 表层 8.06～8.35 0.095 显著 底层 7.89～8.33 0.101 局部显著 5 表层 7.95～8.28 0.071 显著 底层 7.95～8.27 0.077 不显著 注：表格中实心黑圆表示最大值出现的月份，实心灰圆表示最小值出现的月份。 
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表 2 pH与环境因子相关性分析表
Tab. 2 The correlation analysis between pH and environmental factors
环境因子 相关系数（r） 显著性水平（p） 表层 底层 表层 底层 叶绿素a 0.417 0.325 <0.01* 0.001* 溶解氧 −0.198 0.285 0.033** 0.002* 盐度 −0.226 0.016 0.014** 0.862 表层海水温度 0.460 <0.01* 表层海水CO2分压 −0.436 <0.01* 注：*p<0.01，**p<0.05。
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