Global tidal current energy assessment based on unstructured mesh model
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摘要: 利用网格有限体积海洋模式，在非规则网格模型中考虑内潮黏性和自吸−负荷潮联合作用，建立了包括M2、S2、N2、K1、O1、Q1共6个分潮的天体引潮力驱动全球纯动力潮汐模型。在全球潮汐模型结果验证的基础上，系统计算和统计评估全球潮流能平均密度，并给出全球范围内潮流能较大区域的潮流能分布。结果显示，英吉利海峡处存在面积接近33 000
$ {{\rm{k}}{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ ，最大潮流能密度达到1 100$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ 的大潮流能带；加拿大巴芬岛西侧海域最大潮流能密度超过了1 150$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ ；阿拉斯加沿海库克湾海域最大潮流能密度达到了500$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ ；俄罗斯白海入口处潮流能带面积较大，最大潮流能密度达到了500$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ ；澳大利亚沿海潮流能带面积不大，但数量众多，潮流能密度普遍超过了100$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ ；中国近海在长江口杭州湾海域以及台北以北海域潮流能密度达到了100$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ 。Abstract: Using the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) numerical model, considering the combination of parameterization of internal tidal dissipation and self-attraction and loading tide in the unstructured mesh model for the first time, a total of six tide-generation forces including M2、S2、N2、K1、O1、Q1 are established to drive the global forward tidal model. Based on the verification of the global tidal model results, we calculate and statistically estimate average density of the global tidal current energy, and show the tidal current energy distributions where there is greater tidal current energy in the world. The results show that there is a large tidal current energy belt with an area of nearly 33 000$ {{\rm{k}}{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ and a maximum tidal current energy density of 1 100$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ in the English Channel. The maximum tidal current energy density in the western side of Baffin Island in Canada exceeds 1 150$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ . The maximum tidal current energy density in the Cook Bay waters of Alaska is 500$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ . The tidal current energy belt at the entrance to the White Sea in Russia is large, where the maximum tidal current energy density reaches 500$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ . Australia's coastal tidal current energy belts have small area but large amount, and their tidal current energy density generally exceed 100$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ . In China's offshore waters, the tidal current energy density in the Hangzhou Bay waters of the Changjiang River Estuary and the north of Taipei reaches 100$ {\rm{W}}/{{\rm{m}}}^{2} $ .-
Key words:
- tidal current energy /
- tidal current energy density /
- tidal simulation /
- FVCOM
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图 2 本文模式在仅有底摩擦项情况下的潮汐耗散分布
Fig. 2 Tidal dissipation with bottom drag only of the model in this paper
图 3 本文模式在底摩擦项和内潮耗散项共同作用下的潮汐耗散分布
Fig. 3 Tidal dissipation with bottom drag and internal−tide drag of the model in this paper
图 4 本文模式计算得到的
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ 分潮自吸−负荷潮等振幅线（单位：mm）Fig. 4 Co-amplitude charts of
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ self-attraction and loading tide of the model in this paper (unit: mm)
图 5 本文模式计算得到的
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ 分潮自吸−负荷潮同潮时线（单位：（°））Fig. 5 Co-phase charts of
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ self-attraction and loading tide of the model in this paper (unit: (°))
图 11 本文模型计算的全球
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ 分潮同潮图Fig. 11 Global
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ co-tidal map of the model in this paper
图 12 本文模型计算的全球
$ {{\rm{K}}}_{1} $ 分潮同潮图Fig. 12 Global
$ {{\rm{K}}}_{1} $ co-tidal map of the model in this paper
图 14 加拿大东北海域潮流能密度分布
Fig. 14 Tidal current energy distribution of the northeastern Canada coast
图 15 俄罗斯西北部海域潮流能密度分布
Fig. 15 Tidal current power distribution of the Northwestern Russia coast
图 17 澳大利亚北部沿海潮流能密度分布
Fig. 17 Tidal current power distribution of the Northern Australia coast
表 1 加入内潮耗散项前后的
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ 分潮耗散Tab. 1 Dissipation of
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ before and after adding parameterization of internal tidal dissipation仅有传统底摩擦项 传统底摩擦项加内潮耗散项 总耗散/TW 2.60 2.59 深海耗散/TW 0.02 0.95 深海耗散/总耗散 0.77% 36.68% 
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表 2 模型中各分潮平衡潮水位参数
Tab. 2 Constituent-dependent parameters in the model
分潮 频率/10−4 s−1 振幅/cm 体潮Love数 周期/d $ { {{\rm{M}}}_{2}} $ 1.405 189 24.2334 0.693 0.517 5 $ {{{\rm{S}}}_{2} }$ 1.454 441 11.2743 0.693 0.500 0 $ {{{\rm{N}}}_{2} }$ 1.378 797 4.6397 0.693 0.527 4 $ {{{\rm{K}}}_{1} }$ 0.729 211 14.1565 0.736 0.997 3 $ {{{\rm{O}}}_{1}} $ 0.675 977 10.0661 0.695 1.075 8 $ {{{\rm{Q}}}_{1} }$ 0.649 585 1.9273 0.695 1.119 5
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表 3 模型中各分潮振幅相对于TPXO.9的均方根误差
Tab. 3 The RMSE of tidal amplitudes relative to TPXO.9 in the model
分潮 水深大于1 000 m海域
均方根误差/cm水深小于1 000 m海域
均方根误差/cm$ { {{\rm{M}}}_{2} }$ 6.51 18.5 $ { {{\rm{S}}}_{2}} $ 4.49 10.4 $ { {{\rm{N}}}_{2}} $ 1.50 4.4 $ { {{\rm{K}}}_{1} }$ 2.80 6.0 $ { {{\rm{O}}}_{1} }$ 1.81 4.1 $ {{ {\rm{Q} } }_{1} }$ 0.37 1.1
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表 4 常见纯动力全球潮汐模型
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ 分潮振幅相对于TPXO.8的误差[7]Tab. 4 The RMSE of
$ {{\rm{M}}}_{2} $ tidal amplitudes relative to TPXO.8 in other common forward models[7]模型 水深大于1 000 m海域
均方根误差/cm水深小于1 000 m海域
均方根误差/cmHIM 5.25 22.3 OTIS-GN 6.76 18.6 STORMTIDE 7.76 27.9 OTIS-ERB 4.65 24.0 STM-1B 7.74 25.8 HYCOM 7.00 26.2
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